Drip irrigation - drip irrigation installation diagram 

 
    Drip irrigation installation
       Drip irrigation technology is to drip water slowly to the soil under low pressure through the drippers (flow stabilizer or pressure compensation dripper, drip irrigation belt, drip irrigation pipe) on the main pipe (PE pipe), branch pipe (PE pipe) and capillary pipe (PE pipe); it is an irrigation system that directly supplies filtered water, fertilizer or other chemicals to the soil. It does not have water spraying or ditch water, but only allows water to drip out slowly and enter the soil under the action of gravity and capillaries. The water dripped into the vicinity of the roots of the crops keeps the soil in the main root zone of the crops in the optimal water content. This is an advanced irrigation method. 
(I) Characteristics of drip irrigation technology Compared with surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation has the following characteristics:
      1. Drip irrigation saves water and labor, increases production and income. Because during irrigation, water does not move in the air, does not wet the leaves, and does not evaporate from the soil surface outside the effective wetted area, the amount of water directly lost to evaporation is minimal; it is easy to control the amount of water, and does not cause surface runoff and deep soil seepage. Therefore, it can save 35-75% of water compared with sprinkler irrigation. It has opened up a new way to realize water conservancy in mountainous areas with few water sources and water shortage. Since there is not enough water between plants, weeds are not easy to grow, so the interference of crops and weeds competing for nutrients is greatly reduced, and the labor for weeding is reduced. Since the crop root zone can maintain the best water supply and fertilizer supply state, it can increase production.
     2. The cost of drip irrigation system is low. Due to the influence of precipitation of impurities and minerals, the capillary dripper will be blocked; so the first part should add a mesh filter, a centrifugal filter, or a laminated filter, a mesh centrifugal filter. These are necessary equipment for the large-scale promotion of drip irrigation technology. At present, the drip irrigation products generally used for economic crops such as tea and flowers are: suspended micro-sprinklers, ground-inserted micro-sprinklers, drip arrows, pressure-compensated drippers and other micro-spraying equipment.
(III) Classification of drip irrigation systems
     1. Fixed drip irrigation system. This is the most common. In this system, the capillary tubes and drippers are stationary throughout the irrigation period.
     2. Mobile drip irrigation system. Plastic pipes are fixed on some brackets, and the pipe brackets are moved by certain equipment. The other type is similar to the hourglass sprinkler, with a branch pipe rotating around the center of 200 meters long and supported by five towers. The above belongs to the mechanical mobile system. The artificial mobile drip irrigation system is a drip irrigation system in which the branch pipe and capillary pipe are moved by hand day and night. It has the least investment, but it does not save labor.
(III) Composition of the drip irrigation system The drip irrigation system mainly consists of three parts: the head hub, the pipeline and the dripper 
     . 1. The head hub: including the water pump (and the power machine), the fertilizer tank, the venturi fertilizer suction device, the control and measuring instruments, etc. Its function is to pump water, fertilize, filter, and send a certain amount of water into the main pipe at a certain pressure.
     2. Pipeline: including the main pipe (PE pipe), branch pipe, capillary pipe and necessary regulating equipment (such as pressure gauge, gate valve, flow regulator, etc.). Its function is to evenly deliver pressurized water to the dripper.
     3. Dripper: Its function is to make the water flow through the tiny hole, forming energy loss, reducing its pressure, and making it drip into the soil in a dripping manner. The dripper is usually placed on the soil surface, and can also be shallowly buried for protection.
     The most commonly used ones are: drip irrigation belt, drip irrigation pipe, micro sprinkler, flow stabilizer, small tube outflow, pressure compensation dripper, diverter, etc.
Drip 

Arrow
     Drip Arrow is an important component of the drip irrigation system. There are combinations of single straight arrow, 1/2 drip arrow, 1/4 drip arrow, etc. The arrows are curved drip arrows and straight drip arrows, which can be set according to the needs of the project.
1. Features of drip arrows
     1. Labyrinth long flow channel drip arrow handle structure, diaphragm type steady flow dripper, double protection, to ensure uniform water output.
     2. Drip Arrow unique guide disc, infiltration irrigation.
     3. Single drip arrow, 1/2 drip arrow, 1/4 drip arrow, etc. can be combined at will, easy to construct.
     4. Drip Arrow working pressure: 0.8-1.5bar, single arrow flow: 1.0L/hr.
     The combination of drip arrow capillary tube and water distributor can be freely distributed in multiple irrigation points, especially suitable for potted crops. Single arrow: flow rate Q=1.0L/h, pressure P=50-150KPa. The length of the capillary tube can be freely customized according to the irrigation needs
     . The main irrigation features of the drip arrow micro-irrigation equipment are: greatly reducing labor intensity, realizing the automation of irrigation and fertilization, saving up to 95% of labor; uniform irrigation, uniformity can reach 85-95%; saving water, saving 50%-70% of water compared with manual irrigation; high water and fertilizer utilization rate, reducing pollution to the environment, small water evaporation, reducing air humidity, and reducing pests and diseases. It is suitable for potted flowers with small irrigation volume each time, but frequent irrigation times throughout the production cycle, even 3-5 times a day.
2. Types and characteristics of drip arrows:
     drip arrows are divided into two models: straight drip arrows and curved drip arrows.
     ① Curved drip arrows can freely distribute multiple irrigation points, especially suitable for potted crops.
     ② Features of straight drip arrows: The flow channel adopts a maze-type turbulent flow channel, which effectively reduces pressure and ensures uniform irrigation. The outlet of the flow channel is equipped with a unique guide disc to allow water to flow along the rod and avoid scouring the soil or substrate.  
3. The difference between adjustable drippers (pressure compensating drippers, turbulators) and drip arrows in the application of drip irrigation systems.
      Systems composed of drippers or drip arrows are all drip irrigation systems, which are a water-saving irrigation method that directly and accurately delivers water and nutrients to the roots of crops at a lower flow rate. Adjustable drippers (pressure compensating drippers, turbulators) can be adjusted according to the water demand of plants, while drip arrows deliver water to the roots of plants through a constant flow of a flow stabilizer.
      In agricultural production, since the plants planted are in rows and columns, they are very regular, and they are of the same variety and have the same water demand, there is no need to consider the water difference problem at all. Mastering the water demand of one plant means mastering all, so drip arrows are widely used in agricultural production.
     However, in the process of drip irrigation in farmland orchards, since most of them are mainly fruit trees, the phenomenon of mixed planting of plants of different types and different water demands is very common. At this time, adjustable pressure compensating drippers or flow stabilizers + small tube outflow drip irrigation can meet the irrigation needs.
      In short, for different occasions, different types and water requirements, the reasonable selection of drippers or drip arrows is an ideal water-
saving  irrigation method.

 Safety precautions for laying drip irrigation tape

Safety precautions

1. When laying the drip irrigation tape, keep the labyrinth side facing up (i.e. the embossed protrusion side facing up)

Lay it flat on the film. Do not lay it upside down or twist it.

  2. When laying drip irrigation tape, if it is laid mechanically, the pulley and rotating mechanism must be

The bearings should be placed to ensure that the pulley can rotate flexibly and the drip irrigation belt should not be stretched to cause the maze to deform and affect the dripping amount.

  3. After the system is installed, water should be supplied to the drip irrigation system in time to prevent the ultraviolet rays from the sun from accelerating the aging of the pipes and drip irrigation tapes.

 4. During installation, the staff must carefully read the instructions for use of each component and connect the components using the correct installation method.

 5. Once the main pipe, branch pipe and auxiliary pipe are installed on the land, be careful to prevent them from being crushed or scraped by agricultural machinery or tools to avoid external damage that reduces their service life.

 6. After the drip irrigation equipment is installed, a dedicated person should be arranged to manage it and it is strictly forbidden for others to disassemble or open or close the valve without permission.

7. The plot where the drip irrigation equipment is installed should be finely tidied and the roots and stubble should be picked out. Roots and stubble, stones, weeds and other objects can easily pierce the drip irrigation belt and lift the ground film, causing water vapor to accumulate in the ground film, forming a lens effect.

8. When laying, the drip irrigation tape can be buried shallowly to avoid focal burns. You can also lay a layer of soil about 1 mm thick on the drip irrigation tape or the ground film to destroy the formation of the lens and avoid burns.

9 When irrigation, it should be carried out strictly according to the rotation irrigation group, otherwise it may cause uneven water output or poor operation of the water pump, resulting in energy waste, and failing to achieve the purpose of saving water, electricity, fertilizer and labor.

10. After drip irrigation is completed, the stem, main pipe and connecting parts should be collected and stored for use next year.

11. When dirt accumulates in the filter, the flow loss increases. When the pressure difference at both ends of the filter reaches 0.2-0.3MPa, it must be cleaned.

12. Open the end of the drip irrigation line regularly to flush dirt from the drip tube.

Pay attention to the following text signs when using:

Warning: Indicates that there is a special danger here.

Note: Indicates that there is a potential danger here, reminding the operator to pay attention.

Warning:

1. Paste on the fertilizer tank

2. Paste it on the inlet pressure gauge of the drip irrigation equipment

3. Paste it on the outlet pressure gauge of the drip irrigation equipment

4. Paste on the filter

5. Water flow direction signs are pasted on each pipe

Drip irrigation belt | Drip irrigation pipe | Water and fertilizer integration 

 In many countries, sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation is a widely used irrigation technology. The new technology of using sprinkler or drip irrigation system to fertilize at the same time of irrigation (referred to as fertigation) has many advantages. 

     The characteristics of sprinkler fertilization are: 1. Liquid fertilizer is conducive to the absorption and utilization of crops through roots and leaves, which can promote a significant increase in crop yields;

Second, it is to reduce the number of times that fertilizer machinery passes through the field, thereby maintaining the soil structure of the tillage layer and reducing mechanical damage;

Third, you can apply fertilizer multiple times with small doses;

Fourth, it can be used to fertilize crops that are difficult to fertilize, tall crops, and crops with compact plant types. Drip irrigation fertilization can make crops use water and fertilizers applied with water more concentratedly and effectively, so drip irrigation fertilization has many advantages such as saving water, labor, fertilizer, and increasing production. According to research, under the same conditions, compared with surface irrigation fertilization, sprinkler irrigation fertilization can save 11%-29% of nitrogen fertilizer, while drip irrigation fertilization can save 44%-57% of nitrogen fertilizer.

　　Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation require special irrigation equipment, but when combined with irrigation for fertilization, only certain equipment needs to be added. When using sprinkler equipment for irrigation and fertilization, a centrifugal pump is used to send the fertilizer solution to the equipment through the water suction branch pipe for irrigation and fertilization. The branch pipe of the fertilizer solution should be made of metal materials that are not corroded by the fertilizer solution. When combined with drip irrigation for fertilization, a large bucket is used to mix the fertilizer with the irrigation water, and the solution is injected into the main pipe of the drip irrigation with a nozzle.

　　Drip irrigation is the most promising fertilization technology. Currently, drip irrigation is mainly used to irrigate economic crops such as fruit trees and vegetables. According to comparative tests in small communities, compared with surface irrigation, drip irrigation can increase the yield of fruit trees by 30%-40% and that of vegetables by 30%-50%. The effect of increasing the yield of grain crops is also very obvious.

Soilless cultivation of greenhouse vegetables can also be regarded as a kind of irrigation and fertilization. The specific method is: first use clay pots, small tanks, flower pots or cement pools as seedbed containers, first lay a layer of 10-15 cm sandstone blocks at the bottom of the container, then fill it with ordinary river sand, and then sow the soaked vegetable seeds on the sand bed of the container. After the seedlings emerge, they are planted in the container for growth, and irrigated with nutrient solution or automatic liquid supply 1-2 times a day, and the number of times is appropriately increased during the fruiting period. 

Implement drip irrigation technology products: drip irrigation tape | drip irrigation pipe | micro sprinkler | PE pipe | mesh centrifugal filter | Venturi fertilizer absorber or fertilizer tank | PE pipe fittings and other products.  

Centrifugal mesh filter 
The main models of centrifugal mesh filter are: 3 inches, 4 inches, and 6 inches.
     Centrifugal mesh filter is mainly used in large-scale drip irrigation and greenhouse drip irrigation concentrated areas, with a large area, and equipped with 100-200L fertilizer tank.
     The main combination of centrifugal mesh filter is: cone, sand collection tank, U-tube, L-tube, mesh filter, gate valve, check valve, such as matching fertilizer tank, with corresponding parts.
     The use of centrifugal mesh filter, through the water pump, water enters the centrifugal filter, through the centrifugal principle to precipitate the silt in the sand collection tank, and then passes through the mesh filter to filter the finer particles and enter the main pipeline.
 Tree irrigation-drip irrigation 

      tree uses drip irrigation to save water-unscrew the control valve of the drip irrigation pipe, and a clear tap water, along the drip irrigation pipe, rushes to each loquat tree. Modern water-saving irrigation measures make it so convenient to water and fertilize fruit trees.  
     In the past, it took 3-4 people several days to water a few acres of fruit trees before they could finish watering. Now we use the drip irrigation system. Once the drip irrigation valve is turned on, the problem can be solved in 1-2 hours. Today's water conservancy facilities are becoming more and more convenient, fast, time-saving, labor-saving, and
     tree-saving. The drip irrigation measures adopted for water-saving irrigation generally use drip irrigation pipes or small-tube flow stabilizer drippers. The drip irrigation pipe-type embedded drippers have been installed, and the water output is generally 3L/hour. Relatively speaking, the small-tube flow-stabilizer drip irrigation is more suitable for fruit tree drip irrigation. The specifications of the flow stabilizer dripper are 3L-60L, which can be selected according to the water source and the water demand of the fruit trees. The small-tube flow drip irrigation system consists of several parts such as PE main pipe, PE branch pipe, and flow stabilizer dripper. The small-tube flow drip irrigation has low investment and simple installation. The flow stabilizer has the function of regulating water flow and can be used in mountainous areas with large drop. Drip irrigation pipes are widely used in greenhouse vegetable drip irrigation, grape drip irrigation, vegetable drip irrigation, etc.
Micro-spray belt | Field, greenhouse irrigation 

       The fastest-growing and most widely covered water-saving irrigation technology for greenhouse vegetables is the micro-sprinkler irrigation system. The micro-sprinkler micro-irrigation system is an irrigation system that uses porous tubes as sprinklers. The micro-sprinkler is a sprinkler that directly processes small holes for irrigation on a flattened thin-walled plastic hose. One of the characteristics of this micro-sprinkler is that it can be used for drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation. Covering it under the ground film and using the ground film to refract the water flow can make the water output of the micro-sprinkler form a drip irrigation effect. Laying it directly on the ground can form a micro-sprinkler irrigation effect similar to drizzle. In the greenhouse, it can be covered under the ground film for drip irrigation in the low temperature season, and can be used for micro-sprinkler irrigation by uncovering the ground film in the high temperature season. It is an economical and practical greenhouse irrigation equipment, especially suitable for production greenhouses such as plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses that do not require high irrigation requirements. The advantages of the micro-sprinkler micro-irrigation system are good anti-clogging performance and no need for good water purification and filtration equipment. It only requires some simple gauze or simple filter settings, can drip or spray, and has low investment. In greenhouse cultivation, watermelon and strawberry are the most commonly used. 

Potato drip irrigation - drip 

irrigation potato fertilization plan under film
1. Problems in production:
     In recent years, through the joint efforts of growers, the production level of drip irrigation potatoes has made great progress, with an average yield of 2.5 tons per unit area, and the highest can reach 3 tons or even higher. The management level has also been greatly improved. However, some outstanding problems have also appeared in production in the past two years, as shown in:
1. Late potato formation and small number of potatoes.
     Some bases have late potato formation (some even start to form potatoes in early August), with about 3 potatoes. There are many reasons for this situation. Differences in temperature, moisture content and nutrient management may cause small number of potatoes. If there are adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature or drought during the potato formation period (25-45 days after germination), the number of potatoes will be small and the runners will easily grow to form secondary growth; in addition, if there is a lack of available phosphorus in the soil, the number of potatoes per plant will also decrease.
2. Insufficient maturity.
     The main manifestation is that the vegetative growth is excessive in the middle and late stages, the branches and leaves grow too long, which affects the growth of the underground part. In the end, not only the yield is reduced, but also the dry matter content is reduced, affecting the quality and sales price. The reason is that the nitrogen fertilizer is applied too much, while the application of other elements such as potassium and phosphorus is too small.
3. Poor quality.
     It is manifested as: deformed tubers, poor internal quality and storage resistance, and high rotten potato rate. The main reasons are uneven water supply and lack of nutrients such as potassium and calcium.
4. Trace element deficiency is common.
     In recent years, trace element deficiency in the field has been boron deficiency, zinc deficiency, manganese deficiency, iron deficiency, etc.
 
2. Adjustment ideas:
      Analyzing the causes of the above problems, most of them are related to nutrient imbalance, which can be solved by improving potato nutrition management measures, that is, fertilization plans.
     According to the causes of the above problems, combined with SQM's many years of crop nutrition management practices around the world, the following fertilization adjustment suggestions are given:
      Increase the use of soluble phosphate fertilizers with high utilization rate in topdressing.
     Phosphorus is a very important macronutrient. Applying it in the early stage of potato growth can promote rooting and tuber formation and increase the number of tubers. Applying phosphorus fertilizer in the middle and late stages of growth can control the growth of plants, promote natural aging of plants (just the opposite of the effect of nitrogen), and promote the transfer of nutrients to the underground part.
     It is recommended to apply 5 kg of water-soluble phosphorus fertilizer Gumi Phosphorus (12-61-0) per mu during the budding period (generally at the end of June) to ensure the demand for phosphorus during the tuber formation period and the number of tubers;
     when applying potassium fertilizer for the last time in the later period, use 4 kg of phosphorus-containing water-soluble fertilizer Zhanjia (12-6-40) to reduce the promoting effect of nitrogen on nutritional growth and balance the growth of the aboveground and underground parts;
     apply 3 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in mid-August to further control the growth of plants, promote natural aging of plants and accelerate the accumulation of dry matter to ensure the quality indicators of potatoes.
      Reduce the total application of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of potassium.
     Potatoes are fertilizer-loving crops, especially with a high demand for potassium. According to the>
time

Growth stage

fertilizer

component

Dosage

Purpose (Function)

usage

Remark

End of April

sowing

Compound Fertilizer

12-19-16

20kg

Provide nutrition for germination and seedling stage

Broadcasting

 

Granular Potassium Sulfate

0-0-50

20 kg

Provides some potassium

Early June

Cultivation

Compound Fertilizer

12-19-16

20 kg

Provide some nutrients for the seedling stage and some phosphorus needed in the later stage

Broadcasting

 

Mid to late June

Seedling/Tuber stage

Gumiphos

12-61-0

6 kg

Provide nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients for the seedling stage to promote rooting and tuber formation.

Three-step drip irrigation

 

Late June to early July

Bud stage

Cardin water soluble fertilizer

25-15-10

6 kg

Mainly provides nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, supplying nutritional growth before flowering

Twice

 

Coffee

N13.6%，Ca16%，Mg6%，B0.1%

5 kg

Provides nitrate nitrogen, calcium and magnesium nutrients, provides the calcium needed for potatoes in the early stages, and improves quality.

Apply twice

Urea

48-0-0

10 kg

Supplement nitrogen to quickly promote seedling growth.

3-5 times

 

Early July

Early flowering period

Cardin water soluble fertilizer

18-8-24

10 kg

Provides nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus nutrients.

3-4 times

 

Nishitani

B+Mn+Zn+Fe≥10%

30g

Provides trace elements such as boron, manganese, zinc and iron.

Spraying machine

Mid-July to early August

Full bloom/rapid expansion period

Potassium Nitrate

13.5-0-45

10 kg

Quickly and in large quantities provide the potassium and nitrogen needed for tuber enlargement.

Fertilize three times

 

Cuenca water soluble fertilizer

12-6-40

4 kg

Provide potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. at the end of the expansion period to ensure balanced nutrients.

 

Coffee

 

5 kg

Provides calcium required for potato tubers, improves potato tuber quality and enhances storage performance.

Twice

Nishitani

 

30g

Supplement the trace elements needed in the later stage

 

Mid-August

Terminal pleuropneum

Gumi Phosphorus Potassium

0-34-51

2 kg

Rapidly replenish phosphorus and potassium, promote dry matter conversion, and allow plants to age naturally

 

 

 
Total nutrients per mu: 16.75 kg nitrogen, 14.24 kg phosphorus, 26.18 kg potassium. Ground-
inserted micro- 

    sprinklers. Ground-inserted micro-sprinklers - greenhouse ground-inserted micro-sprinklers - large field 
    ground-inserted double-side wheel micro-sprinklers - movable micro-sprinklers. Ground-inserted micro-sprinklers - greenhouse ground-inserted micro-sprinklers - large field ground-inserted double-side wheel micro-sprinklers - movable micro-sprinklers.
    Micro-sprinklers use a unique rotating mechanism and scientific hydraulic flow channels to form fine and uniform water droplets, which can fully irrigate crops.
There are mainly the following types of micro-sprinklers:
    bow-shaped double-side wheel micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped light mist micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped refraction micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped single-side wheel micro-sprinklers, square large wheel micro-sprinklers, cross-atomizing micro-sprinklers.
    There are two main ways to install micro-sprinklers:
    ground-inserted and inverted (hanging) types.
Applicable situations of micro sprinklers:
    1. Micro sprinklers can be used for sprinkler irrigation of fruit trees, flowers, vegetables, greenhouses and nurseries, etc.
    2. Micro sprinklers are used for sprinkler irrigation of flowers and vegetables in greenhouses, orchards, home gardens, landscaping and other places
    3. Micro sprinklers can be used for cooling and humidification in greenhouses and sheds (with anti-drip devices, heavy hammers, micro-spray capillary tubes)
    4. Micro sprinklers can be used for agricultural seedling irrigation
    5. Micro sprinklers are used for temperature control in greenhouses or poultry farms.
    Ground-inserted micro sprinklers are suitable for greenhouse flower planting, seedling cultivation, leafy vegetable irrigation, fungus cultivation, field economic crops, and high value-added crop irrigation. The whole set of ground-inserted micro sprinklers consists of micro sprinklers, PVC micro-spray capillary tubes, insertion rods, crosses, and micro-spray bypasses. According to the different micro sprinklers installed, they are divided into ground-inserted refractive atomization micro sprinklers, ground-inserted cross atomization micro sprinklers, ground-inserted double-side wheel micro sprinklers, and ground-inserted large rotor micro sprinklers. The length of the micro-spray capillary tube is usually 50cm. In the actual application process, the required capillary tube length can be selected according to the needs, and then assembled.
Application of drip irrigation system 

Application of drip irrigation system:
     Greenhouse drip irrigation: mainly refers to indoor drip irrigation such as solar greenhouses, multi-span greenhouses and plastic greenhouses without natural precipitation. It is required that the laying form of drip irrigation pipes (belts) should be combined with the planting methods of crops such as vegetables and flowers to ensure good irrigation effects. Taking the solar greenhouse as an example, the solar greenhouse is generally 50-100 meters long and 5-10 meters wide. It can be laid in long ridges from east to west or short ridges from north to south. The drip irrigation pipe should be laid along the crop row, 5-10 cm away from the root of the plant, and one should be laid for each row of crops. If the row spacing between two rows of crops is less than 40 cm and the soil is clay or loam, only one row of crops can meet the irrigation requirements. Under the condition of ensuring the uniformity of irrigation, in order to facilitate the adjustment of crop row spacing, the drip irrigation pipe (belt) can be laid in an S-shaped coil. Multi-span greenhouses and plastic greenhouses are generally 40-60 meters long. It is recommended to plant long ridges from north to south and lay drip irrigation pipes. Greenhouse drip irrigation crops are mainly vegetables and flowers. It is recommended to use drip irrigation pipes (belts) with a dripper spacing of 30 cm and a single dripper flow rate of 1-2 liters/hour. When the row spacing is 0.8-1.2 meters, 600-800 meters of drip irrigation pipes are laid per mu, and the hourly drip volume is 3-5 tons/mu. The recommended irrigation time is 4-110 hours. The dripper is laid under the mulch to irrigate, which is conducive to reducing evaporation.
     Orchard drip irrigation: Fruit tree drip irrigation was promoted earlier. At present, there are two types of commonly used irrigation devices: one is the tube dripper or pressure compensation dripper, with a flow rate of 2-8 liters/hour. The drippers are arranged according to the actual position of the fruit tree, which is flexible and flexible. Generally, 1-4 drippers are arranged for each tree, especially the pressure compensation dripper, which can meet the requirements of uniform irrigation under different pressures, and is suitable for mountainous areas or orchards with large terrain undulations. The installation workload of the tube dripper is relatively large and the construction speed is slow. The second is the drip irrigation pipe with a dripper spacing of 40 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm, a dripper flow rate of 2-4 liters/hour, and a pipe wall thickness of 0.6-1.2 mm. Fruit trees are perennial crops, and the drip irrigation environment is poor. The drip irrigation pipe wall is required to be thicker and the service life is 5-10 years. Thin-walled drip irrigation belts are not suitable. Generally, the tree shape is small (such as grape trees) and the soil is loam clay. One drip irrigation pipe is laid in each row to form a wet belt to meet the irrigation requirements. When the fruit trees such as apples and citrus have large plant spacing or the soil is sandy, two drip irrigation pipes are laid to avoid excessive concentration of the root system of the fruit trees. If the spacing between fruit trees exceeds 5 meters and the drought is severe, the arrangement of the drip irrigation pipe around the tree may be considered. In order to facilitate mechanical operation, the drip irrigation pipe can be considered to be erected and fixed on the upper part of the fruit tree. In mountainous areas, reservoirs are sometimes built on the top of the mountain or high terrain to achieve self-pressure drip irrigation by using the height difference, which can effectively save the operation cost of Huyuan. The investment per mu of drip irrigation in orchards should be 500-1000 yuan. At present, drip irrigation for grape trees is more common in drip irrigation in orchards.
     Field drip irrigation: In contrast, field drip irrigation started late and was only promoted in cotton producing areas such as Xinjiang. In view of the drought characteristics of Xinjiang and other places, sub-film drip irrigation is widely promoted. Generally, a drip irrigation belt is laid for each row of crops. If the row spacing is less than 1 meter, consider laying a drip irrigation belt for two rows of crops. If the row spacing is less than 0.3 meters, consider laying a drip irrigation belt for multiple rows of crops. From the current situation, it is unlikely that grain crops will use drip irrigation. However, cash crops with slightly higher economic value will likely use drip irrigation more.
Today, we recommend to the majority of demonstration households a new water-saving technology that combines the advantages of Israeli drip irrigation technology and domestic film covering technology-sub-film drip irrigation. Sub-film drip irrigation, as the name suggests, is the application of drip irrigation technology under agricultural film. This is a kind of drip irrigation belt that directly acts on the root system of crops through water, fertilizer, pesticide, etc., and with the mulch covering, the evaporation of soil moisture is very small, which is very beneficial to the growth and development of crops. After using it in the field, it can save about 50% of water, 20% of fertilizer, 10% of pesticide, increase production by 10-20%, and increase comprehensive economic benefits by more than 40% compared with conventional irrigation.
    The water-saving technology of drip irrigation under film has been promoted and applied in more than 1.7 million mu of Xinjiang, the most arid area, making it the country with the largest scale of drip irrigation water-saving technology in the world. In 2002, 1.2 million mu of the 1.65 million mu of cotton fields in Shihezi Reclamation Area adopted drip irrigation under film, and the average cotton yield per mu reached 300 kilograms, a record high. The average yield per mu increased by 50 kilograms, and the income per mu of land can be increased by 175 yuan. Not only in Xinjiang, but also in western provinces such as Gansu and Shaanxi, this new water-saving technology has begun to be applied.
     Drip irrigation under film: a water-saving technology that farmers can afford. It has always been a dream for farmers to have modern agricultural high-efficiency technology enter the fields and ordinary farmers' homes, and the advent of sub-film drip irrigation technology has made this dream come true. The superiority of drip irrigation has long been recognized by the world, but it has never been widely promoted. Even in agriculturally developed countries such as the United States and Israel, it is only used for high-value-added crops such as gardening and vegetables. The main factor is the high investment cost. An important support for the rapid promotion of sub-film drip irrigation technology in the fields is the breakthrough in the localization of drip irrigation equipment. This drip irrigation tape costs only a few cents per meter, which is only one-fifth of the price of similar foreign products. The average investment in drip irrigation equipment per acre using this drip irrigation tape is only 170-350 yuan, while the investment in drip irrigation equipment per acre in Israel is 2,400 yuan. The substantial reduction in equipment investment costs has made it possible for drip irrigation, a "noble technology", to enter ordinary farmers' homes.
    Sub-film drip irrigation: will trigger an agricultural revolution in our county. The successful promotion and application of drip irrigation technology on a large scale has brought a big exclamation mark to agriculture and even the world agriculture. Its significance is not only in water saving itself. With the advancement of this technology on a larger scale, it will bring about an inevitable agricultural revolution. The promotion of drip irrigation technology will fundamentally change the traditional way of agricultural water use and greatly improve the utilization of water resources. The advent of sub-film drip irrigation technology has changed the traditional flooding method of people for thousands of years, and truly realized a meaningful irrigation, that is, to make the input-output ratio of water reach an ideal level. For areas in the west where water resources are seriously scarce, the 50% water-saving effect will mean that the existing water can support twice as much land as the existing arable land. This has important demonstration significance for water saving in the vast arid and semi-arid areas in the west and north. The
    large-scale promotion and application of drip irrigation technology in farmland has achieved significant economic and social benefits: first, the water use efficiency has been greatly improved. From ditch irrigation to immersion irrigation, from watering the land to watering the crops, sub-film drip irrigation saves 40-50% of water compared with conventional irrigation. Second, the cost of agricultural production has been greatly reduced. The application technology of sub-film drip irrigation completes sowing, film laying, and laying drip irrigation tape at one time, and mechanized operation; realizes the integration and controllability of watering, fertilization, and pesticide application, reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides; due to water saving, fertilizer saving, pesticide saving, labor saving, and land saving, the production cost is greatly reduced, saving 100-130 yuan per mu, and the average yield per mu is increased by about 20%, and the yield of medium and low-yield fields is increased by 30-40%. Third, it improves the ecological environment. Sub-film
drip irrigation technology 

      Sub-film drip irrigation technology is an irrigation form that uses drippers installed on capillary tubes under the ground film to drip water drop by drop, evenly and slowly into the soil near the root zone of crops. The investment is relatively large, about 1,500 yuan per mu. It is suitable for use in vegetables with higher planting benefits in solar greenhouses. The advantages are:
    1. Water saving. Compared with flooding irrigation, sub-film drip irrigation can save more than 70% of water.
    2. Fertilizer saving. Compared with flooding irrigation, drip irrigation can save more than 50% of fertilizer.
    3. Protect the soil. After the integration of drip irrigation and fertilizer, it will not cause soil salinization or soil compaction.
    4. Reduce crop diseases. Using drip irrigation in a solar greenhouse or shed can significantly reduce crop diseases because there is no excessive water evaporation and the air humidity is low.
    5. Save labor. When using drip irrigation products, all drippers drip water at the same time after the valve is turned on, and no human supervision is required, saving labor and effort.
    6. Increase production. Using drip irrigation will not reduce soil temperature, the disease will occur less, and the crop will grow well, which can generally increase production by more than 30%.
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Drip irrigation system 
. Drip irrigation system 
　　1.1 Water source The underground water supply project can be implemented in the continuous shed, and valves are installed in each shed, and the water pump is controlled by a microcomputer. A single shed can build a reservoir, which is generally built on the side wall of the shed with a volume of not less than 3 cubic meters. 
　　1.2 The head is equipped with a water pump, filter, pressure regulating valve, flow regulator and fertilizer tank. 
　　1.3 The water delivery pipeline determines the installation level of the drip irrigation pipeline according to the water source pressure and the drip irrigation area. Generally, three-level pipelines are used, namely, main pipes, branch pipes and capillary pipes. Thin-walled PE pipes can be used for pipelines to reduce the project cost without affecting the service life. 
　　1.4 The bypass has a pressure regulating function, which is convenient for connection and can adjust the position and spacing of the drip irrigation pipe at will. 
　　1.5 The dripper of the drip irrigation pipe is detachable, which is convenient for cleaning if blockage occurs; the dripper has a small flow rate and can form a better wet body. 
　　2. Drip irrigation form 
　　2.1 Under-film drip irrigation, the drip irrigation pipe (belt) is laid on the ground surface and covered under the film. 
　　2.2 Buried drip irrigation The drip irrigation pipe is buried 30 to 35 cm underground. Water slowly drips out through the dripper of the buried capillary pipe and infiltrates into the soil, and then infiltrates the roots of crops through capillary action. This technology has little disturbance to the soil, which is conducive to the crops to maintain a loose and transparent environment for the root layer, dry the surface soil, and reduce the growth of weeds. 
　　3. Technical measures 
　　3.1 Drip irrigation technology Formulate irrigation plans based on crop water demand and soil conditions, including irrigation quota, irrigation time, irrigation cycle, irrigation times, etc. 
　　3.2 Fertilization technology Determine the fertilization system based on crop nutritional physiology and soil conditions, such as fertilizer addition time, quantity, ratio, fertilizer addition times and total amount. 
　　3.3 Water-fertilizer coupling The operating procedures of water-fertilizer coupling: Determine the target yield based on crop growth conditions and previous season yield; formulate fertilizer formula based on theoretical style="border: 0px none;; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">

Mainly used for primary filtration of sandy water, it can separate sand and stones in water. This filter is installed beside wells and pump stations, and is most suitable for separating large amounts of sand and stones in water. Under the condition of meeting the requirements of filtration conditions, the sand separation effect is: 60-150 mesh sand and stone 98-92℅. It is generally not used alone, but only as the front filter of the filtration system.

Filtration principle:
The filter works based on the principle of gravity and centrifugal force to remove solid particles heavier than water. Water enters the centrifugal body tangentially from the water inlet pipe, and the rotation generates centrifugal force, pushing the silt and other solid particles with higher density to move to the pipe wall, forming a vortex, prompting sand and stones to enter the sand collecting tank, and the clean water flows into the outlet, completing the separation of water and sand. Sand should be discharged regularly, and the time of sand discharge should be determined according to the water quality. Precautions for use: 1. At the moment of starting and stopping the pump and using the centrifugal filter, the filtration effect is affected by the unstable water flow, so it is often used together with the mesh filter for better effect. 2. When installing, a straight pipe with the same diameter as the water inlet should be installed in front of the water inlet of the filter, and the length should be 10-15 times the diameter of the water inlet to ensure the stability of the water flow. Primary filtration of the flow can separate the sand in the water.

Note:
　　1. When the well pump is working or stopped, the centrifugal filter will affect the filtering effect due to the unstable water flow. Therefore, it is often used together with the mesh filter for better results.
        2. A straight pipe with the same diameter as the well water outlet should be installed in front of the well water outlet, and the length should be 10-15 times the diameter of the well water outlet to ensure the smooth flow of the well water.
        3. This type of filter is based on the working principle of gravity and centrifugal force to remove solid particles heavier than water. Water enters the centrifugal filter body tangentially from the well pipe, and the rotation generates centrifugal force, which pushes the silt and solid particles with higher density to move through the pipe wall, forming a vortex, so that sand and stones enter the sand collecting tank, and the clean water flows out along the outlet downstream without sand separation. The filter needs to be regularly discharged and cleaned, and the time depends on the local water quality. 

Selection of Drop Arrow Equipment 

 At present, the automation of the technology of drip-arrow micro-irrigation equipment is developing rapidly, mainly in the integration of drip irrigation and fertilization; the more advanced control system adopts highly computerized intelligent management, which can automatically implement irrigation and fertilization according to plant growth factors, existing substrate water resources, external climate and other conditions; this type of equipment has high investment, each control software can only be applied to one flower or flowers of the same subject, the development cost of the control software is high, the operating system is relatively simple, and the control software performance is different from that of flower cultivation agronomy, as long as it is manifested in the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is difficult to promote in flower production, and is currently mainly used in scientific research units. With general computer intelligent management, this type of equipment is currently widely used and belongs to general equipment, suitable for the production of flowers, vegetables, and fruits; the program control of this equipment is relatively complex, and the corresponding operator quality requirements are high, and many functions in the equipment are rarely used, which invisibly causes a lot of investment waste.

 At present, science and technology are developing rapidly, intelligent control systems are constantly updated, and various types of precision irrigation systems have appeared, which is dazzling. When users choose such products, they should mainly adapt to current production, consider whether the equipment's operating system is simple and easy to use, whether the performance is reliable and durable, and consider the investment cost, the comprehensive quality of the operators, etc., so as to select control equipment that meets the flower planting requirements of the unit.

 In view of the influence of traditional flower cultivation agronomy, the drip arrow micro-irrigation equipment control system required by users adopts a combination of intelligent control and manual operation. Various irrigation parameters such as irrigation volume, fertilizer solution dosage, EC value, and pH value are intuitively displayed, and operators can adjust these parameters at any time. 

Technical requirements and specifications for laying drip irrigation tape 

 1. Preparation before sowing drip irrigation tape

1. Check whether the drip irrigation tape is consistent with the design drawings. Pay special attention to the drip irrigation tape with the same flow rate. The same pump room and the same site number must use the drip irrigation tape with the same drip head spacing and the same flow rate;

2. Check whether the guide wheel and control ring on the seeder are adjusted correctly. The drip irrigation belt must be staggered 5-10 cm from the duck mouth of the hole seeder;

3. Check whether all equipment of the seeder rotates flexibly, whether the bracket and control ring are smooth, and pay special attention to whether there are welding slag, burrs and sharp hard objects to prevent scratches on the drip irrigation belt.

4. Before laying the tape, the sundries and cotton residues in the cotton field should be cleaned up to prevent the drip irrigation tape from being punctured or scratched during laying.

5. Check whether the baffles, plugs and other protective plates of the drip irrigation tape are complete to prevent wear and tear of the drip irrigation tape.

2. Technical requirements for tape broadcasting

1. The drip irrigation tape expands and contracts with heat and cold, and the shrinkage rate is between 1.5% and 2%. It must be noted that when laying the tape, a surplus of (1.5-2.0) meters should be left at both ends;

2. Before starting the field, the drip irrigation belt must be fixed with a steel chisel or a wooden stake to prevent the drip irrigation belt from running away when the locomotive starts. When the drip irrigation belt is changed or broken, it should be marked and connected with a quick pass after sowing;

3. The locomotive must start smoothly and slowly;

4. The labyrinth of the sowing belt should face upwards to prevent the labyrinth from facing downwards. If the labyrinth faces downwards, the water from the dripper will flow down the lower part, causing uneven dripping. The drip irrigation belt should be laid in the middle of the row and cannot be offset, otherwise it will cause uneven dripping;

5. The tape should not be too tight, otherwise it will shrink too much when the drip tape is cut off during laying the ground pipe, making installation difficult. At the same time, the tape should be straight, without knots or twists, and defective tape should be replaced in time;

6. During the sowing process, if the drip irrigation tape is left outside the film, it must be moved under the film in time or pressed with soil to prevent the film from being torn when the wind blows;

7. The end interface of the drip irrigation belt is made by three horizontal folds and one vertical fold, inserted into a short drip irrigation pipe of about 5-8 cm, and then the end is buried under the soil layer of 10 cm. At the same time, prevent foreign objects such as sand and soil from entering the drip irrigation pipe;

8. The laying and installation of drip irrigation tape should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the design drawings. 

Use of fertilizer tank 

How to use the fertilizer tank:   

   ① Calculate the amount of fertilizer to be applied based on the specific area or number of crops (e.g. fruit trees) in each irrigation area. Weigh or measure the fertilizer in each irrigation area.

   ② Use two pipes, each equipped with a valve, to connect the bypass pipe to the main pipe. To facilitate movement, each pipe can be equipped with a quick connector.

   ③ Pour liquid fertilizer directly into the fertilization tank. If solid fertilizer is used, it should be dissolved first and injected into the fertilization tank through the filter. When using a smaller tank, solid fertilizer can be directly poured into the fertilization tank to dissolve the fertilizer during irrigation, but more than 5 times the amount of water is required to ensure that all fertilizer is used up.

   ④ After adding the fertilizer solution, tighten the tank lid.  

   ⑤ Check that the inlet and outlet valves of the bypass pipe are closed and the stop valve is open, and then open the stop valve of the main pipeline.

   ⑥ Open the inlet and outlet valves of the bypass pipe, then slowly close the stop valve while paying attention to the pressure gauge to see the required pressure difference (1-3m water pressure).

   ⑦ For users who have the conditions, the time required for fertilization can be measured with a conductivity meter. Otherwise, use the empirical formula of AmosTeitch to estimate the fertilization time. After fertilization, close the inlet and outlet valves of the fertilizer tank.

   ⑧ Before applying the next tank of fertilizer, the accumulated water in the tank must be drained in advance. A 1/2" (1" = 1in = 2.54cm, the same below) vacuum drain valve or 1/2" ball valve should be installed at the water inlet of the fertilizer tank. Before opening the drain switch at the bottom of the tank, the vacuum drain valve or ball valve should be opened first, otherwise the water cannot be drained out.  

Water-saving technology-drip irrigation technology 
1. Scope of application

     Drip irrigation technology is applicable to any soil, any terrain and any crop that is not densely planted. It is particularly effective in hilly and arid mountainous areas, and the effects are very obvious for crops such as fruit trees, vegetables, cotton, soybeans, and corn.
2. Operation steps
    (1) Design of drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system consists of four parts: water source, head hub, water pipeline system and dripper. The head hub includes water pump, power machine, fertilizer applicator, filter, and various control and measurement equipment. The filter is one of the key components of drip irrigation equipment. The water pipeline system consists of three levels of pipelines: trunk pipe, branch pipe and capillary pipe. The trunk and branch pipes are made of high-pressure polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride pipes with a diameter of 20 to 100 mm and doped with carbon black. They are generally buried underground with a soil cover of not less than 30 cm. The capillary pipes are mostly made of carbon black high-pressure polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride semi-hose with a diameter of 10 to 15 mm. The dripper is an important equipment of the drip irrigation system and an important component that affects the quality of drip irrigation. Generally, the dripper is required to have a moderately uniform and stable flow rate, good anti-clogging performance, and be durable, cheap, and easy to assemble and disassemble. The flow rate of the dripper can be determined according to the water requirements of the crops. When drip irrigation is used for fruit trees, the flow rate of the dripper can be larger; when drip irrigation is used for vegetables and field crops, it can be smaller.

    (2) Layout of drip irrigation system. The layout is mainly based on the type of crop, so as to minimize the length of the entire system, maximize the control area, minimize the head loss, and minimize the investment. First, choose a good drip irrigation system. Drip irrigation systems are divided into fixed and mobile types. The fixed type has fixed trunk, branch, and capillary tubes; the mobile type has fixed trunk and branch tubes, and the capillary tubes can be moved. Fruit tree drip irrigation can be either fixed or mobile; fixed type is better for vegetables; mobile drip irrigation is generally used for field crops. Second, layout of drippers and pipes. The dripper flow rate is generally controlled at 2 to 5 liters/hour, and the dripper spacing is 0.5 to 1.0 meters. For clay, the dripper flow rate should be large and the spacing should also be large, and vice versa. In flat areas, the trunk, branch, and capillary tubes are preferably perpendicular to each other, and the capillary tubes should be consistent with the crop planting direction. In mountainous and hilly areas, the trunk is arranged parallel to the contour line, and the capillary tubes are perpendicular to the branch tubes. In the drip irrigation system, the capillary tube is the largest, which affects the project cost and management operation. Generally, the length of the drip irrigation capillary tube in orchards is 50 to 80 meters, and that in fields is 30 to 50 meters, with an additional 5 to 10 meters of auxiliary capillary tubes.

3. Notes:
    First, the pipes and drippers of drip irrigation are easy to be clogged, and the water quality requirements are high, so a filter must be installed;
    second, the investment in drip irrigation is high, and the economic benefits of crops must be considered;
    third, drip irrigation cannot adjust the microclimate of the field, and is not suitable for irrigation during the freezing period. The drip irrigation system cannot be used to apply manure in vegetable irrigation.

Ground-inserted micro-

      sprinklers - ground-inserted micro-sprinklers for gardening - ground-inserted micro-sprinklers for greenhouses - ground-inserted double-side wheel micro-sprinklers for large fields - movable micro-sprinkler equipment
      Micro-sprinklers use a unique rotating mechanism and scientific hydraulic flow channels to form fine and uniform water droplets, which can fully irrigate crops.
There are mainly the following types of micro-sprinklers:
      bow-shaped double-side wheel micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped light mist micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped refraction micro-sprinklers, bow-shaped single-side wheel micro-sprinklers, square large-wheel micro-sprinklers, and cross-atomizing micro-sprinklers .
There are two main ways to install micro-sprinklers:
      ground-inserted and inverted (hanging) types.
Applicable situations of micro sprinklers:
    1. Micro sprinklers can be used for sprinkler irrigation of fruit trees, flowers, vegetables, greenhouses and nurseries, etc.
    2. Micro sprinklers are used for sprinkler irrigation of flowers and vegetables in greenhouses, orchards, home gardens, landscaping and other places
    3. Micro sprinklers can be used for cooling and humidification in greenhouses and sheds (with anti-drip devices, heavy hammers, micro-spray capillary tubes)
    4. Micro sprinklers can be used for agricultural seedling irrigation
    5. Micro sprinklers are used for temperature control in greenhouses or poultry farms.
     Ground-inserted micro sprinklers are suitable for greenhouse flower planting, seedling cultivation, leafy vegetable irrigation, fungus cultivation, field economic crops, and high value-added crop irrigation. The whole set of ground-inserted micro sprinklers consists of micro sprinklers, PVC micro-spray capillary tubes, insertion rods, crosses, and micro-spray bypasses. According to the different micro sprinklers installed, they are divided into ground-inserted refractive atomization micro sprinklers, ground-inserted cross atomization micro sprinklers, ground-inserted double-side wheel micro sprinklers, and ground-inserted large rotor micro sprinklers. The length of the
micro-spray capillary  is usually 50cm. In actual use, you can choose the required capillary length according to your needs and then assemble it.