1. Cultivation technology

   1. Soil

    Choose sandy loam with low groundwater level, loose and ventilated soil. The soil should contain rich organic matter, preferably 10-15%. The soil pH value should be between 5.5 and 6.5. Plant in plots with an effective tillage layer of 80-100 cm. Improve the soil before planting roses, and keep the soil in good physical and chemical properties during the cultivation period. Soil improvement is to improve and maintain the permeability and water-fertility properties of the soil through deep plowing and applying a large amount of organic matter, so as to promote the long-term good growth of the rose root system. The types of organic fertilizers for improving the soil can be selected from cow dung, pig dung, sheep dung, chicken dung, bone meal, leaf mold, compost, etc.

    Rose cut flowers like water but are afraid of waterlogging. Poor soil drainage and waterlogging will affect the growth of rose roots. In combination with Yunnan's soil characteristics and cultivation methods, it is advisable to dig deep trenches to make planting beds, and make planting beds high. The planting beds in clay soil are generally 35 to 40 cm high, and the planting beds in sandy soil are generally 20 to 25 cm high. In places with high groundwater levels, the planting beds can be as high as 50 cm or more. The width of the bed is 100 to 120 cm or 80 to 100 cm, and the width of the bed ditch is 50 to 60 cm.

    (ii) Planting

    Cultivation method and planting density High-quality rose cut flower production mostly adopts the branch-breaking cultivation method, which is single-bed double-row cultivation, with a plant spacing of 13 to 15 cm, a row spacing of 50 to 60 cm, and 4,500 to 4,800 plants per mu. Planting is best in cloudy and low-temperature weather, morning and evening. When planting, plant in a straight line to ensure that the seedlings in each bed are straight after planting. When planting, pay attention to the incision of the grafted seedlings facing the bed, and the grafted seedling scion is 2 to 3 cm higher than the bed surface to prevent the scion from sending out adventitious buds; the main bud of the cutting seedling is parallel to the soil. Planting can be done in plastic greenhouses all year round. Generally, planting is done from March to September. The seedling acclimatization period is short and the survival is fast in summer, while the seedling acclimatization period is long and the survival is slow in winter.

    Management after transplanting: Water the roots in time after transplanting. When transplanting in hot weather, pay attention to shade and cool down, and spray water on the leaves. The day after transplanting, support the seedlings, straighten and straighten the seedlings that are crooked, high, slanted, and changed after watering. Ensure that the root soil and topsoil are fully moist within one week after transplanting, spray water on the leaves during the day, and shade appropriately. After 3 to 5 days, check whether white new roots have emerged. If a large number of white new roots have emerged, it means that the transplanting is successful. After 7 days, gradually reduce the amount of leaf watering, but keep the topsoil moist; after 15 days, gradually reduce the amount of soil watering. After that, water in time according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil, keep the soil moist, and spray carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl pesticides for disease prevention and control, and pay attention to inter-row cultivation and weeding. After 20 days, when a large number of new roots have sprouted, the amount of watering can be reduced, and the seedlings can be squatted appropriately to promote further growth of the root system. Normal management can be carried out after 30 days.

    3. Temperature management

    The most suitable growth and development temperature for rose cut flower production is 24-26℃ during the day and 14-16℃ at night. In winter, when the night temperature is lower than 8℃, many varieties grow slowly, branches become shorter, and deformed flowers increase. When the night temperature is lower than 5℃ for a long time, most rose varieties cannot produce new branches, or the new branches produced are shorter, and the number of blind branches increases. Therefore, low temperatures in winter seriously affect the branch length, germination and flower bud differentiation of cut flowers, thereby affecting the yield and quality; in summer, when the night temperature is higher than 18℃ and the daytime temperature is higher than 28℃, the growth of most rose varieties is shortened, the number of petals of cut flowers is reduced, the flowers become smaller, and the vase life is shortened, which has a greater impact on the quality of cut flowers; the ideal day and night temperature difference is 10-12℃, and too large a temperature difference will cause black edges on the petals. In the actual production in central Yunnan, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 26-28℃ in summer and the nighttime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 14-16℃ in winter, which can ensure high-yield and high-quality annual production of export rose cut flowers.

    4. Soil moisture management

    Roses are crops that love water but are afraid of waterlogging. Insufficient soil moisture will affect the yield and quality of rose cut flowers; on the contrary, excessive soil moisture will cause insufficient root ventilation and affect root development. Therefore, scientific water management is necessary.

    Choose unpolluted river water, spring water or well water as the irrigation water for rose cut flowers, and it is advisable to use a drip irrigation system. The watering time, watering frequency and watering amount of rose cut flowers are affected by the season, weather, soil and plant growth conditions. Producers mainly determine it based on production experience or continuous observation and detection of soil moisture content and plant growth conditions by instruments. The instrument can use a soil tensiometer that can quickly measure soil moisture. The tensiometer can be used to monitor soil moisture and serve as a reference for watering.

    In the winter and early spring in central Yunnan, the temperature is low and dry, and the rose plants grow slowly and require less water. Water once a day on sunny days (the soil water tension PF is maintained at about 1.8). The watering time is chosen at noon, not in the morning or evening to avoid lowering the soil temperature due to low water temperature; the amount of watering should be such that a small amount of water seeps out of the aisle (furrow). From April to early June, the temperature is high and dry at the turn of spring and summer, and the cultivation soil is also relatively dry. The growth of rose plants accelerates and water consumption also increases. Mainly increase the water content of the soil by increasing the number of watering; water 2 to 3 times a day, and the soil water tension PF is maintained at 1.6 to 1.8. Watering should be chosen in the morning, noon, and before 16:00 in the afternoon on sunny days. The amount of watering should be such that water seeps out of the aisle (furrow) and there is a little water accumulation. From mid-June to early September, the temperature is high, it is rainy, and the humidity is high. The cultivation soil is relatively humid, but the rose plants grow very fast and need to consume a lot of water. By increasing the amount of watering each time, the large amount of water required for the growth of rose plants can be met. Water 2 to 3 times a day on sunny days, and keep the soil water tension PF at 2.2. Watering time is selected in the morning, noon, and before 16:00 in the afternoon on sunny days. The amount of watering should be such that water seeps out of the aisle (furrow) and there is a slight accumulation of water in the low-lying areas of the aisle (furrow); water once in the morning on cloudy days, and the amount of watering should be such that no water seeps out of the aisle (furrow) to reduce air humidity and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Stop watering on consecutive rainy days, and wait for the rain to stop and the weather to clear up before watering in time, which is conducive to the regulation and control of greenhouse air humidity; the cool weather in autumn is more suitable for the growth of rose cut flowers, and watering should be maintained 1 to 2 times a day, and the soil water tension PF should be maintained at about 1.8. Watering time is selected in the morning and before 14:00 in the afternoon on sunny days, and the amount of watering should be such that a small amount of water seeps out of the aisle (furrow).

    (V) Fertilization management

    The demand of rose cut flowers for the macroelements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium during the vegetative growth period is N:P:K ratio of 3:1:2, and during the flowering period it is 3:1:3. Medium elements and trace elements can be applied regularly every month.

    The amount of fertilizer should be considered based on factors such as soil fertility, plant growth conditions and yield; the fertilization method should be based on facility conditions. The following two fertilization methods and fertilizer amounts are for reference only.

    For drip irrigation, you should choose fertilizers with high solubility. During the flowering period, each acre of greenhouse needs 10 kg (kg) of potassium nitrate (or potassium treasure), 10 kg (kg) of ammonium nitrate, 5 kg (kg) of urea, 1 kg (kg) of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 kg (kg) of magnesium sulfate, 100 g (g) of chelated iron, and 100 g (g) of boric acid to make a fertilizer solution for application. Other micro-fertilizers should be adjusted according to the condition of the plants. Prepare the fertilizer into a fertilizer solution with an EC value of 1.2-1.5 and a pH value of 5.5-6.0. Before fertilization, drip clean water for 5-10 minutes, then drip the fertilizer solution, and drip clean water for 5-10 minutes after the fertilizer solution is applied. Generally, fertilize once a day in winter at noon; fertilize 1-2 times a day in other seasons, in the morning and at noon respectively.

    In the absence of drip irrigation fertilization system, the soil deep burial fertilizer method is adopted. The reference fertilizer application amount is 10-15 kg (kg)/2 months of slow-release three-element compound fertilizer (N:P:K is 3:1:3), 100 g (g)/2 months of boric acid, and 1 kg (kg)/2 months of zinc sulfate per mu of greenhouse. When the plants are deficient in iron or manganese, 0.05% chelated iron or 0.05% chelated manganese can be sprayed on the leaves.

    In actual production, attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizer. Soil planting needs to add decomposed organic fertilizer once a year to ensure the growth of rose cut flowers. The total amount added each year is generally 8 to 10 tons/mu to supplement the decomposition of organic matter and make the soil organic matter reach more than 5%. The best time to add organic fertilizer is in autumn and late winter every year. When adding organic fertilizer, dig a shallow trench 30 cm deep and 25 to 30 cm wide in the middle of the bed surface (between rows), then add organic fertilizer directly, and finally mix it evenly with the soil.

    (VI) Humidity management

    The relative humidity required for high-quality rose cut flowers during budding and foliage growth is 70-80%, and the relative humidity required during flowering is 40-60%. The humidity should be controlled at 40% during the day and 60% at night. The humidity in the greenhouse mainly affects the color of the flowers. Some complex color varieties, such as Konfetti and Ambiance, will fade in color when the humidity and light are insufficient, and the original color of the complex color will not be revealed; red and yellow varieties will also fade in color when the humidity and light are insufficient, and the flower color will not be bright, and the quality will be affected. When the humidity in the greenhouse is above 90%, water droplets begin to form on the greenhouse film, water tank, plants and leaves, which is easy to induce a variety of diseases, such as gray mold, downy mildew, brown spot disease, etc.

    (VII) Light management
Rose cut flowers like light, especially scattered light. The sunlight intensity is 125,000 to 142,000 lux from 12:00 to 14:00 on sunny days in central Yunnan in summer. The strong ultraviolet rays in the sunlight are one of the main reasons for the black edges of petals of some varieties. Every year, there are 7 to 10 consecutive rainy days in summer and 7 to 10 consecutive cloudy (rainy, snowy) days in winter, which causes periodic light shortage and affects the growth and quality of cut flowers. Use high-quality rose-specific film, which can block a large amount of ultraviolet light while ensuring high light transmittance, and ensure a certain amount of scattered light entering the greenhouse on rainy days. Do not use shading nets during the rose branching period to ensure that the plants have sufficient light; after budding, you can use 60-75% silver-gray shading nets from 10:00 to 16:00 on sunny days; do not shade on consecutive rainy days in summer, do not shade in winter, and do not shade when the greenhouse soil surface is too wet, downy mildew, or gray mold.

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    (VIII) Pruning and management
    In order to ensure the high quality and high yield of rose cut flowers, cutting seedlings are generally replaced every 3 to 4 years, and grafted seedlings are replaced every 5 to 6 years. In recent years, the planting of rose cut flower varieties in Yunnan has accelerated with the changes in popular varieties in the market. The leaf shape, axillary bud morphology, axillary bud growth rate and flower shape of different varieties of rose branches are different. The buds at the top of the branch develop into flower buds and bloom first. The 1 to 6 axillary buds below the flower will successively produce new branches and grow successively to form flower buds and bloom; the quality of the flower branches formed by the axillary buds at the base and middle of the branch is not much different, but the flowering time of the flower branches from the middle to the base is successively extended. Pruning can be carried out according to these characteristics to adjust the flowering period. Rose cut flowers have the habit of continuous flowering, and most of the tops of new branches can bloom. Only branches with insufficient supply of temperature, light, nutrients, water, etc. will not bloom, forming blind branches. Within the suitable growth and development temperature range, the number of corollas and petals decreases as the temperature rises, and the quality of cut flowers decreases accordingly; conversely, when the temperature drops to the appropriate range, the number of corollas and petals increases and increases, and the quality of cut flowers improves accordingly.
    The pruning of rose cut flowers mainly adopts the methods of branch breaking and pruning. According to the branching level of rose cut flower plants, rose cut flower plants are divided into first, second, and third levels (or first, second, and third branches). After the seedling plants are broken, the foot buds from the base of the plant are called first-level branches, the branches from the first-level branches are called second-level branches, and the branches from the second-level branches are called third-level branches. According to the function and use of the branches of rose cut flower plants, they are divided into cut flower branches and nutrient branches. The branches that are about to be cultivated for cut flowers are called cut flower branches; the branches used as nutrition after being broken on the rose cut flower plants are called nutrient branches. The plants with high-quality rose cut flower and high-yield plant types have 4 to 5 cut flower branches, 5 to 6 uniform and full nutrient branches, and the plant height is 50 to 60 cm. According to the plant structure of high-yield and high-quality cut flowers, the plant type is gradually cultivated in stages and the reasonable structure of the plant type is maintained. The cultivation techniques are as follows.
    1. The branch
    -breaking and branch-pressing rope (iron wire or nylon line) is 25 to 30 cm away from the seedlings, and is tightened and fixed with iron stakes or wooden stakes on both sides of the planting bed. All branches used as nutrient branches are pressed under the branch-pressing rope. All flower heads are removed when they are pea-sized during the seedling stage, and the leaves are retained. When the branch length is 40 to 50 cm, the branches are pressed down, and be careful not to break the branches. Newly sprouted branches that are too thin are pressed as nutrient branches; branches on nutrient branches continue to be pressed. When pressing branches, pay attention to the fact that the plants and branches cannot cross each other. The number of branches to be broken should be enough to cover the surface of the bed so that the leaves can get sufficient light. Branch breaking can be done all year round, morning and evening, and is a regular job. Generally, branches are more brittle in the morning and are easy to break when pressed, so try to prevent them from breaking. Operation of branch folding: Use one hand to grasp the part of the branch that needs to be folded, and use the other hand to twist it downwards and press the branch under the branch pressing rope. For thick branches, you can twist the branches 10 cm away from the root and then press them down. Pay attention to using both hands when twisting to avoid breaking the branches.
    2.
The cultivation method of flowering plants in the seedling stage is mainly branch pressing, which is conducive to the rapid cultivation of cut flower plant types. When the branches are 40 to 50 cm high, they can be pressed. Press the branches down and remove all the flower heads when they are pea-sized. Continue to press the new branches from the pressed branches. After the plants are pressed, water branches (foot buds) will grow quickly. Thick water branches are used as cut flower branches. They can also be cut short with 4 to 6 leaves after the water branches bud and used as cut flower mother branches; thin water branches continue to be pressed for nutrition.
    3. Plant type cultivation in the early flowering period
    After the cultivation of flowering plants in the seedling stage, some plants begin to harvest cut flowers, and most plants send out a large number of new branches. During this period, the main focus is on cultivating plant type and taking into account the harvesting of cut flowers. The method of cultivating plant type is to cultivate branches at all levels. For the thick water branches, 25 to 30 cm (4 to 5 5-leaflets) are left to be pinched to cultivate them into the first-level branches of the plant. For the branches that emerge from the first-level branches, the thick ones can be used as cut flowers, and the thin ones can be pressed as nutrient branches; for the cut flower branches that sprout from the first-level branches, 10 to 15 cm (1 to 2 5-leaflets) are left to be cut high when picking flowers, and they are cultivated into second-level branches; for the branches that emerge from the second-level branches, the strong ones can be used as cut flower branches, and the thin ones can be pressed as nutrient branches. When picking flowers, 5 to 10 cm (1 to 2 leaves) are left to be cut high and cultivated into third-level branches; generally, the cultivation of third-level branches for rose cut flower varieties can achieve high-yield and high-quality plant types, and some rose cut flower varieties can be formed by cultivating second-level branches. It is very important to reasonably retain the height of branches at all levels during plant cultivation. They are closely related to the yield and quality of cut flowers. Generally, the stronger the branches, the higher the branches, the more branches will be produced after cutting, and the more branches will reach the cut flower standard; on the contrary, the weaker the branches, the shorter the branches, the fewer branches will be produced after cutting, and the fewer branches will reach the cut flower standard. If the branches are too high and too many branches are produced, the yield will be high and the quality will be low; on the contrary, if the branches are too low, the yield will also be low. When there are too many nutrient branches, the bottom branches or branches with diseases and insect pests should be gradually eliminated. The plant has new water branches every year, and the original aging main branches should be eliminated during the gradual increase of new water branches.
    4. Pruning during the flowering period
    To ensure the quality and yield of exported rose cut flowers, the broken branches and cut flower branches are selected and retained in a certain proportion during the flowering period. Generally, the plant has 3 to 5 main branches for cutting flowers, 5 to 6 uniform and full nutrient branches, and the plant height is 50 to 60 cm. The cultivation of plant type in winter is very important. Generally, the height of the plant is gradually increased from October every year to form more flowering branches. After the Valentine's Day flower cutting is over, the plant is trimmed back to the normal cutting height of 50-60 cm.
    During the flowering period, new nutrient branches should be continuously pressed and cultivated. Be careful not to break the nutrient branches and cut off the crossed and overly dense branches. After each cutting peak, proper pruning and tidying should be done. The new branches on the nutrient branches should be kept for flowering in winter, and the rest should be pressed as nutrient branches.
Diseased, insect-infested, dead, old and weak branches should be cut off in time, and the side buds and side buds on the cut flower branches should be wiped off in time. After the Valentine's Day flower production in spring, some of the aged main branches should be cut off, and attention should be paid to cultivating the water branches from the base as new main branches for flowering.
   (IX) Seasonal management
    Winter is mainly sunny, with strong light and large temperature difference between day and night. There will be a short period of extreme low temperature at the end of December. The temperature difference between day and night in many areas of Yunnan is large, which is very beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter of rose cut flowers. Rose cut flowers have large flower heads, many petals, and bright colors. However, the temperature difference between day and night in winter often reaches more than 20℃. If the temperature difference between day and night is too large, the edges of the petals of many rose cut flower varieties will turn black and the flowers will be deformed. The lowest night temperature requirement for rose cut flowers is above 8℃. Too low night temperature is not conducive to the growth of rose cut flowers, mainly affecting germination and branching, resulting in low yield. From mid-December to the Spring Festival every year, some areas of Kunming, Qujing, and Yuxi will experience extreme low temperatures, with the lowest temperature reaching -5 to -1℃, which is prone to frost damage to simple greenhouses with poor thermal insulation performance.
    Spring and summer From spring to early summer, it is mainly sunny, with strong light, large temperature difference between day and night, high temperature, low humidity and strong wind. It is very necessary to use natural ventilation to cool down and add certain ventilation and cooling facilities to make the high temperature period of the rose season too short. The low humidity climate (relative humidity of the air is less than 40%) in late spring and early summer has a great impact on roses that need a certain humidity to grow well. Too low humidity affects the color of rose cut flowers, and even causes the outer petals of the flowers to burn, seriously affecting the quality of rose cut flowers. In addition, low humidity is suitable for the occurrence and spread of pests such as red spiders and aphids. The best solution is to install certain equipment to increase ground humidity and air humidity. Practice has proved that the quality of rose cut flowers can be significantly improved by increasing humidity in spring and autumn.           
    Summer In summer, the temperature is high, rainy, and the light is insufficient. When the central Yunnan region enters summer, there will be continuous rainy weather for a long time, which is not conducive to the growth of roses. High humidity and low light often cause outbreaks of diseases and pests. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, dehumidification and pest control facilities.
    Autumn In autumn, the temperature gradually turns cooler, the rainfall decreases, the sunlight is sufficient, and the pests and diseases are also light. The climate environment is more suitable for the growth of rose cut flowers, and the plants grow faster. Attention should be paid to maintaining a balanced supply of water and fertilizer to ensure high yield and high quality of rose cut flowers; the plants that have passed the peak period of cutting flowers should be broken and pruned, and organic fertilizer should be added to promote rapid growth of plants to prepare for winter cut flowers. After entering late autumn, the temperature becomes colder. The humidity in the greenhouse increases due to the low temperature at night, which is easy to induce gray mold and downy mildew. Attention should be paid to taking good insulation measures at night and controlling the humidity in the greenhouse at night.
   (X) Management of physiological diseases
    1. Nutrient elements
   (1) When nutrients are lacking, the main reasons for the lack of nutrients are generally the following: the difference or error in the effective ingredients contained in the fertilizer does not match the actual fertilizer requirement; improper fertilizer matching and fertilization operations cause precipitation and loss, which makes the nutrient ratio unbalanced; factors such as soil pH, soil temperature and poor permeability affect the effectiveness of nutrients, so that roses cannot effectively absorb nutrients. Therefore, in soil cultivation, as long as normal fertilization is adhered to, it is generally not easy to lack large and medium elements. Sometimes it occurs because the rose grows fast, consumes a lot of fertilizer and water, and is not fertilized in time. It can be solved by increasing the frequency and amount of fertilizer supply. The more easily lacking are trace elements such as iron, manganese, boron, calcium, and magnesium. When iron or manganese is lacking, in addition to increasing the amount of iron fertilizer or manganese fertilizer, it is more important to adjust the pH value of the soil so that the pH value is between 5.5 and 6.5, thereby increasing the activity of iron or manganese. In severe deficiency, 0.2-0.5% chelated iron or chelated manganese can be used for foliar spraying at the same time; the lack of boron, calcium, and magnesium is mainly solved by increasing the amount. In severe deficiency, boric acid and calcium nitrate can be used for foliar spraying; by applying a large amount of decomposed farmyard manure and combining it with soil improvement, the occurrence of deficiency symptoms can be reduced. After the deficiency symptoms occur, the nutrient elements need to be adjusted for 2 to 3 weeks, or even longer. During the adjustment period, soil testing and observation of leaf color changes are required. After the plant resumes normal growth, normal fertilizer and water management can be resumed.

   (2) Salt damage: When the nutrients are excessive, the chemical balance of the soil will be destroyed. If the soil EC value is high and the soil is salt-damaged, a large amount of clean water must be used to clean the soil. At the same time, the soil needs to be tested and the growth changes of the plants need to be observed. Normal fertilizer and water management can only be carried out after the plants resume normal growth.
   2. Elbow (bird's head)
    Elbow refers to the first leaflet or sepal under the flower bud being attached to the wrong position, which makes the flower stem and flower bud not vertical, and the flower bud looks like a bird's head when it grows up. The occurrence of elbows is related to the variety and cultivation time. For example, the yellow varieties Treasure Island and Babylon appear more frequently, and Horizon occurs less frequently; the red varieties Royal Flower occur more frequently, First Red, Red France occur less frequently, and Naomi also occurs more frequently. Generally, the elbow rate of newly planted rose plants is higher on the thicker branches in the first year, and the elbow rate gradually decreases after two years. In addition, it is also related to the season. The incidence of basal branches from the base of roses is higher in spring, and the probability of elbows is lower in summer. The way to reduce the number of curved flower branches is to pay attention to observation. Generally, the branches that produce curved flower branches are relatively sturdy and are good mother branches and nutrient branches for cutting flowers. If it is a basal branch, you can leave 4 leaves and cut it as a mother branch for cutting flowers or replace the old mother branch for cutting flowers; the first and second level branches can leave 3 to 4 leaves and cut it as a mother branch for cutting flowers, or break the branches and use them as nutrient branches. The method of dealing with the curved flower branches that have appeared is to cut them directly when the flower head is pea-sized so as to quickly form the next level of branches; when the flower head is pea-sized, remove the leaflets that make the flower buds bend, and the flower head will gradually straighten as it continues to grow, or pinch the first 3 leaflets under the flower buds to promote short branches to bloom and shorten the time for cutting flowers.
    3. Curved branches
    Curved branches are when the branches of rose plants grow in the process of growth, causing the quality of cut flowers to decline. Low temperature, low light, uneven water and fertilizer, failure to remove side buds in time, and plants facing the light are all likely to cause curved branches. In addition, improper operation when removing side buds can cause wounds on the main branches, and the branches can be bent when the wounds heal. These problems can be solved through strict standardized operations.
    4. Double-hearted flowers and flat-headed flowers
    Double-hearted flowers refer to the formation of two or more flower centers in a rose during its growth and development. The double-hearted flower phenomenon is related to the variety and temperature. Black Magic varieties are more common, while Red France, First Red, and Corolla are less common. Generally, they occur more frequently during low temperatures in winter and spring, and less frequently in summer and autumn, but long-term high temperatures can also cause the appearance of double hearts. Flat-headed flowers refer to the high-core flower varieties of roses. During the growth and development process, the inner petals and outer petals grow to the same height, and the flowers form flat heads after opening, losing the original high-core flower characteristics of the variety. The occurrence of flat-headed flowers is related to temperature and light. Generally, in winter, the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 5°C, the daily light time is shorter than 10 hours, and the light intensity is lower than 40,000 lux for a long time, which is prone to flat heads; individual varieties will also have flat heads when they produce flowers in the seedling stage.
    Both double-hearted and flat-headed flowers have lost their good commodity value and cannot be sold as export cut flowers. They can only be sold at low prices domestically. In production, choose varieties that are resistant to low temperatures and weak light. In winter, mainly increase the temperature in the greenhouse and increase the light time and light intensity to reduce the occurrence of double hearts and flat heads. In the hot summer season, pay attention to ventilation and cooling in the greenhouse during the day to avoid long-term growth of roses in a high temperature environment. Double-hearted and flat-headed flower branches are generally treated as cut flower mother branches and nutrient branches. Most of the double-hearted and flat-headed flower branches are used as nutrient branches after being broken, and a small number of sturdy first and second-level branches are used as cut flower mother branches.
    5. Blind branches (blind buds)
    Blind branches (blind buds) of rose cut flowers refer to the buds of rose plants that are affected by temperature, light, nutrition, etc., and cannot develop into flower buds and bloom. They are called blind branches and blind buds. Treatment methods for blind branches: Generally, blind buds occur on plants with weaker growth potential or on branches at the bottom of plants. According to the location of blind bud branches, branches with good locations can be broken off and used as nutrient branches, and branches with poor locations can be directly cut off. Choose appropriate planting density according to the characteristics of the variety. For varieties with tall plants and wide leaves, increase the spacing between plants and rows, reduce the planting density, and improve the ventilation and light transmittance between plant groups in the greenhouse; carry out reasonable pruning and branch breaking measures to reduce mutual shading between plants, which can improve the light of cut flower branches. Strengthen temperature and light management in winter and spring, and replace greenhouse plastic film in time to improve the light transmittance and heat preservation of plastic film. Use silver-gray shading nets to improve the heat preservation effect and increase the scattered light in the greenhouse to promote plant growth and flower bud differentiation.
    6. Leaf fall
    refers to the abnormal shedding of rose cut leaves. There are many factors that cause leaf fall, mainly pests and diseases, low temperature, insufficient light, malnutrition and physiological diseases, improper use of pesticides, etc. In central Yunnan, downy mildew damage is the main cause of leaf fall, followed by low temperature and insufficient light.
    Most rose deciduous cut branches cannot be sold as cut flowers, and deciduous branches caused by diseases and insects must be promptly cut off and destroyed; for deciduous branches caused by low temperature, insufficient light, improper use of pesticides, etc., the leaves on the branches are very important for restoring the growth of the plants, and they should be protected and used as nutrient branches; for deciduous branches caused by malnutrition and physiological diseases, severely deciduous branches can be cut off, and slightly deciduous branches can be retained as nutrient branches. Strengthen pest and disease control and use pesticides correctly to reduce leaf fall caused by pests and diseases and pesticides; increase insulation and heating measures in autumn and winter to reduce leaf fall caused by diseases, low temperature and insufficient light; reasonable fertilization and watering and maintaining element balance can prevent the occurrence of physiological diseases.
    7. Pest control: Pest
    control causes physiological diseases of plants, which manifests as yellowing leaves, scorched petals, etc.

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    II. Disease and Pest Control
   (I) Integrated Rose Disease and Pest
    Control Measures Soil Sterilization Soil diseases are important diseases of roses. Sterilization of the soil before planting is the primary method for preventing and controlling such diseases. Common methods for soil sterilization include steam disinfection and fumigation with chemicals such as methyl bromide and Weibaimu.
Field operation and hygiene Pay attention to good indoor ventilation and keep the leaves dry. Do not splash water and fertilizer on the leaves when watering and fertilizing, and avoid watering by pouring. Water in a timely and appropriate manner to avoid excessive moisture or water accumulation in the field, which may induce various root and stem diseases. Remove weeds inside and outside the shed in time to prevent pests from overwintering. Remove susceptible plants and diseased leaves in time, and treat with chemicals to control the further spread of the disease. After each flower picking, the plants should be sprayed with protective chemicals.
    Facility management Regularly check the isolation measures of greenhouses to control the invasion of pests; the design and construction of greenhouse facilities should consider sufficient ventilation and dehumidification capacity; a reasonable irrigation system should be used to avoid wetting the plants; the greenhouse film should be cleaned in time, and ventilation and dehumidification should be carried out in time with temperature changes. In winter, the contradiction between heat preservation and ventilation and dehumidification should be resolved.
    Combination of pesticides When using chemical pesticides for prevention and control, fumigation (sulfur fumigation, smoke fumigation) should be used as much as possible. When using spray methods, pesticides that are not easy to leave stains should be used as much as possible, such as water-based, emulsifiable concentrates and other types of systemic insecticides and fungicides. Powdered pesticides are prone to drug stains, so pay special attention to the spraying area. Pesticides should be sprayed on the parts below 20 cm of the plant to avoid direct contamination of cut roses by pesticides. Cut roses are sensitive to certain pesticides and are prone to pesticide damage, such as cypermethrin and pyrethroids, so they should be used with caution during prevention and control. When using pesticides, spraying protective broad-spectrum fungicides and insecticides should be combined with the use of therapeutic pesticides for specific diseases and pests.
   (II) Prevention and control methods for major rose diseases and pests
    1. Main diseases
    Rose powdery mildew
    Rose powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca rosae) first starts from the middle and upper parts, on leaves, flower buds and tender shoots. In the early stage, chlorotic yellow spots appear on the leaves, which gradually expand and white powdery mold spots appear. Then a layer of white powdery substance grows. In severe cases, all leaves are covered with a white powder layer. When infected, the young leaves curl up, shrink, thicken, and sometimes turn purple-red. When infected, the petioles and tender shoots swell and bend on the back, and the young leaves cannot unfold. Old leaves develop round or irregular white powdery spots, but the leaves are not twisted. Old leaves are usually not easily infected. Some pathogens cause inconspicuous needle-shaped necrotic spots on the leaves of certain rose varieties. When the flower buds are infected, the surface is covered with a white powder layer, development is stagnant, the flowers are deformed, shrink and fall off. After infection, the plant grows weak. White mildew spots cover the entire leaf, the leaf becomes uneven or twisted, the leaf color begins to turn gray, the new shoots are poorly developed, the flower branches and stems are soft and drooping, the lower part of the buds is densely covered with mold, and the flower stems are discolored. The open petals are less likely to be infected, but some dark-flowered varieties have small, round, discolored spots.
    Disease pattern: The pathogen overwinters on buds, leaves, and branches as mycelium. In spring, ascospores or conidia are the first to infect. The suitable temperature for conidia germination is 17-25℃, and it is inhibited above 30℃. Powdery mildew can occur when the room temperature is above 2-5℃. The humidity range of the disease is very wide, and the disease can occur at a relative humidity of 23-99%. The disease is most likely to occur in a humid environment, but water flushing the leaf surface is not conducive to spore germination. Therefore, May, June, September, and October are the peak periods of the disease. The disease is prone to occur when the planting is too dense, there is too much nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, and there is insufficient potassium fertilizer. The disease can occur all year round in the greenhouse (shed). In Kunming, Yuxi, Qujing and other places in Yunnan, the disease occurs all year round in poorly managed greenhouses. Generally, individual plants begin to get sick in March and April each year, and then gradually spread rapidly until October and November. The disease naturally decreases after winter. Varieties with large and thin leaves are susceptible to the disease. Susceptible varieties include Red Success, Red Victory, Cardinal, Babylon, Hollywood, Holiday Princess, etc.; disease-resistant varieties include Corolla, Marina, Tannic, and Sonya.
    Prevention and control methods: Select disease-resistant varieties; strengthen ventilation in the greenhouse, the temperature should not be too high, and the humidity of the greenhouse should be reduced; balance fertilization, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriately increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; cut off diseased branches and leaves in early spring, and after each peak period of flower cutting, combine pruning to remove diseased branches and leaves and conduct a thorough pesticide control to reduce the source of disease infection. The main prevention and control method is to use 99% sulfur fumigation, using a sulfur evaporator for 3 to 5 times a week, and fumigate each time in the greenhouse for 5 to 8 hours at night. The number and time of sulfur fumigation are determined according to the incidence of the disease. In addition, for prevention and control, during the growth period, spray 70% methyl tobacillus methyl 700-1000 times, 20% rust prince wettable powder 1000-1500 times, 50% carbendazim 1000 times, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray 2-3 times continuously. You can also use 1000-1200 times of Baolian (polyoxin PS emulsion); spray with 0.02-0.03% potassium nitrate aqueous solution to prevent and control rose powdery mildew. Spraying on the surface and back of the leaves at the same time can greatly improve the prevention and control effect, and the leaf surface moisture retention for 2 to 4 hours after spraying can produce better results.
    Rose downy mildew
    Rose downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) occurs on leaves, new shoots, and flowers. Initially, irregular light green spots appear on the leaves, which then expand and become yellow-brown and dark purple, and finally gray-brown with darker edges. They gradually expand and spread to healthy tissues without obvious boundaries. In humid air, a sparse gray-white downy mildew layer can be seen on the back of diseased leaves. The leaves are easy to fall off, and the axillary buds and pedicels are deformed and spots appear. In severe cases, cracks appear at the base of the new shoots, and the shoots die along the incision. Some spots are purple-red with a grayish white core. When new shoots and flowers are infected, the spots are similar to those of diseased leaves, with the upper spots slightly sunken. In severe cases, the leaves wilt and fall off, and the new shoots rot and die.
    Disease pattern: The pathogen overwinters and summers as oospores, and infects as conidia. The spore germination temperature is 1-25℃, and the optimum temperature is 18℃. The germination rate decreases above 21℃, and it does not germinate at all above 26℃. The spores die at 26℃ for 24 hours. The pathogenic spores invade from the stomata on the back of the leaves. Water droplets are required for invasion, and the invasion process takes about 3 hours. After the invasion, when the temperature is 10-25℃ and the air humidity is 100%, new spores begin to form after 18 hours. In Kunming, Yuxi, Qujing and other places in Yunnan, the disease mainly occurs in greenhouses (rooms) during the rainy season from June to September; the disease is also prone to occur when the humidity in the greenhouse is too high at night in autumn and winter. The disease is particularly prone to occur when there is insufficient light, dense plant growth, poor ventilation, large temperature difference between day and night, high humidity, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer.
    Prevention and control methods: Excessive humidity in the greenhouse is the main factor that induces downy mildew. Adjusting and controlling the humidity in the greenhouse is the main measure to prevent and control the disease. Use drip irrigation facilities for water and fertilizer supply. Choose to water and fertilize before noon on sunny days. Avoid low temperature and high humidity, reduce the time of leaf moisturizing, control air humidity, and open skylights for ventilation. Strengthen ventilation at night in the greenhouse throughout the year to avoid fog, dew on leaves, and dripping in the greenhouse. In winter and spring, the night temperature is low. Combining hot air heating in the greenhouse (room) can reduce the condensation of plants and leaves in the low-temperature greenhouse (room) at night. At the same time, pay attention to closing the skylight to leave ventilation gaps for ventilation and dehumidification. At present, there is no specific medicine for downy mildew. It can be protected and prevented by fungicides such as 70% thiophanate-methyl 700-1000 times solution, 58% Ridomil 1000 times solution, and 80% mancozeb. Use thiophanate-methyl, ethylene phosphate aluminum manganese zinc and other drugs for smoke fumigation.
    Gray mold of roses
    Gray mold of roses (Botrytis cinerea) in the early stage of the disease, the leaf margins and leaf tips are small water-soaked spots, smooth and slightly sunken, and the leaves change color in the later stage, densely covered with gray mold spots, and the buds do not open, turn brown, rot and fall off. When the flowers are infected, small fire-like spots appear, which soon become large brown spots and rot, and the petals turn brown, wrinkled and rot. When the plants are infected, they rot in the middle of the stem nodes, wither and die. In warm and humid environments, the infected parts are covered with gray mold layers. The general symptoms occur on the petals, wounded stems, leaves and twigs.
    Disease pattern: The pathogen hibernates in the diseased parts as hyphae or sclerotia, produces conidia to infect, and the breeding temperature is 2-21℃, the optimum is 15℃. High air humidity and water on the leaves are necessary conditions for the disease. The disease can occur within 1-2 days. When grafting, it is covered with moisture retention. Poor ventilation is prone to disease. It is easy to get sick when it rains a lot in open-field cultivation and it is easy to get sick when the cultivation is too dense. Susceptible varieties: Toscana, Horizon, Ossena, Naomi, Snow Mountain, etc. Resistant varieties: Corolla, Cardinal, Tannic, Versilia, etc. Gray mold occurs annually in central Yunnan, with more severe cases during the hot and rainy period from May to September each year and less severe cases during the dry winter and spring. During the storage and transportation of cut roses after harvest, the heat generated by the flowers' breathing is not easy to dissipate, making gray mold more likely to occur, and petals will develop spots and rot.
    Prevention and control methods: basically the same as the prevention and control methods of downy mildew, regulating and controlling the humidity in the greenhouse is the main measure to prevent and control the disease. Reduce the air humidity in the greenhouse (room), reduce the moisturizing time of the leaves, pay attention to ventilation in the greenhouse (room), and the humidity should not be too high. During the cut flower period, the air humidity in the greenhouse (room) should be controlled below 70%; in hot and rainy seasons, open the side windows and skylights as early as possible on sunny days, and open the side windows as early as possible on rainy days to ventilate and dehumidify the greenhouse, and reduce the air humidity in the greenhouse (room) and between plants; in winter and spring, the night temperature is low, and the hot air heating in the greenhouse (room) can reduce the condensation water on the plants and leaves in the low-temperature greenhouse (room) at night. In the greenhouse without heating conditions, on sunny mornings, after dawn and before the sun comes out, the side windows and skylights should be opened in time for ventilation and dehumidification, which can prevent the condensation water on the greenhouse in the morning from dripping directly onto the plants and flowers. When it rains, prevent the greenhouse film and water tank from leaking, and water droplets from dripping directly onto the plants and flowers to induce diseases. In the greenhouse, the diseased and damaged plants should be removed in time to reduce the source of infection. The diseased plants should be cut below the symptom site. Chemical control agents include fumigation with chlorothalonil and spraying with gray mold and chloranil. The pathogen of
    rose root cancer
    is Agrobacteriumtumefaciens Smith et Towns. When the disease occurs, the rhizomes and roots develop irregular tumors of different sizes, which are nodular and woody and can reach several millimeters. The plants grow poorly, the leaves are small and dwarfed, and they turn yellow and fall early.
Disease pattern: The optimum growth temperature is 25-30℃. The pathogenic bacteria invade through wounds such as insect bites, mechanical damage, and grafting sites. Some genes are integrated into the host genome. Even if the bacterial tumor is eliminated, it cannot be eliminated. It can be spread with water and has a wide host range. Rose root cancer was previously mistaken for nematodes in Yunnan. The disease was mainly introduced through purchased rose seedlings. At present, growers are beginning to discover the disease. Rose root cancer has a wide range of hosts, and plums, peaches, apples, and grapes are susceptible to infection. It is recommended not to plant roses in soil where these fruit trees have been planted.
Prevention and control methods: When purchasing rose seedlings, pay attention to check the root system, and destroy the diseased plants immediately if found; do not plant roses in diseased areas or thoroughly disinfect the soil, and the cultivation site should be well drained; immerse the roots in a 5 million unit solution of streptomycin for two hours before planting; for biological control, A. radiobacter strain K84 can be used to spray the diseased plants, which is harmless to the plants; when grafting, tools should be thoroughly disinfected, using boiling water with 5% formalin or 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for 8 to 10 minutes. In the field, diseased plants can first use a sharp knife to remove the diseased block, deep into the wood part, and then use 5 million units of agricultural streptomycin to irrigate the roots, which can inhibit the disease.
    2. The main insect
    pests
    are mainly rose long-tube aphids (Macrosiphumrosivorum), rose green aphids (Rhodobiumporosum), and peach aphids (myzus persicae). Most of them are wingless aphids, and there are few winged aphids. The wingless adult is about 3 to 4 mm long and is generally light green. Aphids mostly concentrate on flower buds, young shoots and young leaves, young leaves concentrate on the back of the leaves, and a few on old leaves. The damaged flower buds, young leaves and young shoots are difficult to stretch. When aphids are in large numbers, they excrete a large amount of honeydew, which is prone to mildew.

    Occurrence pattern: In the central Yunnan region, damage occurs all year round in greenhouses (rooms). Adult aphids and nymphs overwinter on leaf buds and leaf backs, and reproduce on tender shoots and leaves of roses in early spring from February to March, harming tender shoots, flower buds and tender leaves. The average temperature from March to April is 20℃, and the relative humidity is 70-80%, which is the fastest reproduction. May is the first peak period of damage. High temperature and heavy rain in summer are not conducive to the reproduction of aphids, and the damage is relatively light. The temperature becomes warmer and drier in autumn, which is suitable for the reproduction of aphids. September to October is the second peak period of high damage. Therefore, there are two peaks in spring and autumn from April to May and September to October every year. In greenhouses (rooms), damage occurs from mid-February to November every year, and the damage is relatively light only in winter. In water-deficient and dry plots in the field, the branches and plants grow weakly, and varieties with light green leaves and soft mesophyll are prone to aphid damage.
   Prevention and control methods: After each peak of flower cutting, prune and cut off branches and leaves with aphids for centralized destruction. Chemical agents use 80% dichlorvos for fumigation, use a sulfur vaporizer to fumigate for 1 hour every night (15-20 ml/100 m2), close the greenhouse until dawn, and continue for 2-3 days to effectively control aphid damage. Pay attention to sealing the greenhouse around during fumigation. In addition, spray acephate, 20% aphidicide, 40% omethoate, 50% fenitrothion, etc. on the leaves for prevention and control. The main
    mites
    in the central Yunnan region are Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urtice (commonly known as red spiders). The adult body is 0.3-0.5 meters long, with a variety of body colors such as dark red, vermilion, green, yellow, and brown. It has 4 pairs of legs, fine hairs on the back and legs, and piercing and sucking mouthparts. It has a strong reproductive capacity, and can produce 10 to 20 generations a year. It can reproduce sexually or parthenogenetically, and can reproduce a generation every 7 days when conditions are suitable. Symptoms: In the early stage, there are a large number of yellow-brown spots of needle-sized green on the front of the leaves. In the later stage, the leaves lose green and curl up from the bottom to the top, causing a large number of fallen leaves. Sometimes it starts from the leaves in the middle of the plant, and the leaves gradually turn yellow and do not fall early (apple spider mite).
    Occurrence pattern: mites suck juice on the back of the leaves, mainly through air dispersion or crawling and human transmission. The peak of reproduction is during drought and high temperature. When the humidity of the plant and air is higher than 85%, the damage is greatly reduced. It can cause damage throughout the year in protected areas, and generally appears first in places where there is a lack of water and fertilizer, poor plant growth, and yellowing leaves. In the greenhouse, it first occurs in a dotted manner, first harming the leaves at the base of the plant, and then spreading from the branches and leaves to the flower heads.
    Prevention and control methods: Keep the humidity in the greenhouse appropriate. Regularly check the occurrence and harm of mites in the greenhouse, take timely measures to prevent and control them when harm is found, and control the mites in the early stage of occurrence (when individual plants are distributed in dots). Combined with pruning, branches and leaves with mites should be removed in time and processed in a centralized manner. Plants with sporadic occurrences of red spiders in the greenhouse must be sprayed with pesticides in time for prevention and control. Chemical control: Young mites, nymphs, and adult mites can be treated with pesticides, such as 1.8% aifudin 1200-1500 times solution, 1.8% avermectin 1500-2000 times solution; insect and mite light control. To improve the control effect, vinegar can be used to adjust the pH value of the solution to between 6 and 6.5.
    Thrips
    The thrips that harm roses are mainly flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) and others. The body length is 1 to 3 meters, the female adult is light brown to brown, the male adult is light yellow to yellow; the nymph is milky white to light yellow. Thrips are piercing and sucking insects, and thrips absorb nutrients by piercing and sucking petals. When the petals are slightly damaged, it is not easy to be found. When the damage is severe, the petals will have pink or red spots that continue to expand, and even the petals will turn brown. The flowers will gradually shrink into a ball, and the cut flowers will lose their commercial value. The damage caused by thrips to the petals also causes the further occurrence of gray mold on the petals. Thrips are the key plant inspection targets for international imports and exports.
    Occurrence pattern: The damage occurs all year round in the greenhouse (room). Thrips hibernate on the roses in various insect forms. The peak period is from March to November each year, and the damage is more serious during the high temperature period; the damage is reduced from December to February (winter). In the general life history, eggs are laid in the flower buds, and there are four nymph stages from eggs to adults. Before maturity, the nymphs leave the plants twice and drill into the soil. The adults have wings and have strong flying ability. Thrips especially like to damage flowers with strong fragrance. During the flowering period, they mainly damage the petals. When there are no flowers, they transfer to damage new shoots and young leaves. Thrips grow and reproduce quickly. It takes 28 and 25 days to complete a generation at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively.
    Prevention and control methods: Prevention and control are difficult due to the protective effect of flower buds and the two stages of nymphs entering the soil. Prune the plants and flowers with insects in time, clean up the waste flowers in the greenhouse (room) in time, and destroy them in a centralized manner to reduce the insect sources in the greenhouse (room). Fumigation of pesticides in the greenhouse is the best prevention and control method. Fumigation of thrips can be carried out in the morning or evening when the temperature in the greenhouse is slightly higher to achieve good efficacy. Fumigation with methyl bromide again before transporting cut flowers can basically meet the export quarantine requirements. For pesticide control, use 80% dichlorvos 300-400 ml per mu for fumigation for 1 hour, and close the greenhouse for 8-10 hours; imidacloprid pesticides such as 5% imidacloprid 1500-2000 times solution, 5% thiamethoxam 1500-2000 times solution, and 250EC Jiejiang 1500-2000 times solution can be used for spraying control. In addition, use 38% acephate 1000 times solution + 24% fenvalerate 1500 times solution in the evening, spray in the greenhouse in the air, and close the greenhouse for 8-10 hours for control.
    The larvae of Lepidoptera
    are mainly Noctuidae, including silver-striped moth, lithuri, and blue moth. The larvae are light green, green, dark green, yellow-brown, etc. Symptoms: Adults lay eggs on the back of leaves and live on the back of leaves to feed, causing perforation or notch in the leaves. When buds and flowers are damaged, buds are perforated or petals are notched, affecting plant growth and the commercial value of cut flowers.
    Occurrence pattern: It starts in March every year, with the peak period of damage from May to August. After September, the damage gradually decreases, and the pests hibernate in the soil as pupae. They are active at night and migrate into the greenhouse (room). They lay eggs in blocks on the back of leaves and have a strong phototaxis to black light. The 1st to 2nd instar larvae like to live in groups on the back of leaves to feed. After the 3rd instar, they feed dispersedly and their food intake increases sharply. At the same time, they have strong resistance to pesticides and are prone to explosive damage.
    Prevention and control methods: Use black light to lure and kill adults in the greenhouse, do a good job of sealing the greenhouse, and use insect-proof nets on the side windows and skylights to prevent adults from entering. Cut off the egg masses and larvae on the leaves. Pesticide control: Before the larvae reach the third instar, the pesticide can be 50% zinc sulfophosphide emulsifiable concentrate diluted 1000-1500 times; 10% insect elimination spray 2000-2500 times for control.
    Scarab beetles
    are also known as iron bean worms, earth silkworms, and grubs. The larvae are fat and thick, white, and curved into a C shape. The adults are copper-green and shiny. The eggs are white to light yellow, nearly spherical, and the pupae are oblong and light yellow. Symptoms: Adults harm flowers and leaves on the ground, causing notches on flowers and leaves. Larvae and grubs bite the underground roots of plants, affecting plant growth and the commercial value of cut flowers.
    Occurrence pattern: One generation per year, with larvae overwintering in the soil, and adults appearing from April to June. They lurk in the soil during the day and emerge from the soil at dusk. They have phototropism and suspended animation characteristics. The newly hatched grubs in July and August are more serious, mainly harming the root system of the plant.
    Prevention and control methods: Use black light to kill adults, check plants at night during the peak period, shake off and capture. Insect-proof nets can be used in greenhouses or sheds to prevent scarab beetles, and they can be caught manually in open-field production; planting castor beans around will paralyze them, so they can be caught in the early morning; tillage and winter plowing can eliminate larvae. The pesticide can be 50% zinc sulfophos emulsifiable concentrate 1000-1500 times diluted, 50% phosphine emulsifiable concentrate 1500-2000 times diluted, 50% chlorpyrifos 1000 times diluted, directly irrigate the root zone or apply through drip irrigation.

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    III. Harvesting and post-harvest processing
   (I) Harvesting
    1. Harvesting standards
    Flowering index 1: Sepals are tightly embraced and cannot be harvested.
    Flowering index 2: Sepals are slightly loose, petals are tightly embraced at the top, and are not suitable for harvesting.
Flowering index 3: Seal is loose, suitable for long-distance transportation and storage.
   Flowering index 4: Petals extend out of sepals, and can be used for both long-distance and short-distance transportation.
    Flowering index 5: Outer petals begin to loosen, suitable for short-distance transportation and nearby wholesale sales.
    Flowering index 6: Inner petals begin to loosen, and must be sold nearby quickly.
    According to the characteristics of the variety and the harvesting season, the harvesting standards can be adjusted appropriately, such as varieties with fewer petals should be harvested earlier; harvesting should be done earlier in summer when the temperature is high, and harvesting should be done more maturely in winter when the temperature is low. Harvesting too early or too late will affect the quality of cut flowers for vase insertion.
For multi-headed rose varieties, when used for storage or long-distance transportation, the harvesting period is relatively early, generally when one-third of the flowers have loose calyx, tightly embraced petals, and begin to show color. When used for short-distance transportation or nearby sales, the harvesting period is relatively late, generally when two-thirds of the calyx is loose and one-third of the petals are loose.
    2. Harvesting time and method
    The requirements for the same variety and the same batch of cut flowers are basically the same. The harvesting time and frequency of rose cut flowers vary with the season. In spring, summer and autumn, they are generally harvested twice a day, at 6:30-8:00 in the morning and 18:00-19:30 in the afternoon, respectively. In winter, they are generally harvested once a day in the morning. When harvesting, the correct harvesting method should be used. According to the overall plant shape, 2-3 leaf axil buds should be left at the base of the flower branches for cutting. After cutting, it needs to be inserted into a container containing a preservative within 5 minutes, and transported as soon as possible for freshness preservation and refrigeration in a cold storage.
   (II) Sorting and grading
    After the harvesting is completed, the same batch of rose cut flowers are transported to the grading workshop for sorting and grading. The grading and packaging workshop requires sufficient light, a flat and smooth ground, and is equipped with grading and packaging tables, shears, tools for removing leaves and thorns, and facilities for preservation and packaging. The sorting work includes removing the lower 15-20 cm leaves, thorns, axillary buds on branches, and removing diseased leaves. Then the rose cut flowers are classified according to the length of the harvested cut flowers, the size of the flowers, the thickness of the flower stems, whether the flower stems are bent, the balance of the stems and leaves, and pests and diseases, including the classification of grades according to the standards of the export destination country. After
    grading, 20 branches of single-headed cut roses are bundled into a bunch. The flowers packaged into bunches have all the flower heads flush or divided into two layers. When divided into two layers for packaging, the upper and lower layers of buds cannot squeeze each other, the base of the flower stems should be flush, and the length difference of the flower branches should not exceed 5 cm. 10 branches of multi-headed roses are bundled into a bunch. For the flowers packaged into bunches, the longest flower head in each flower should be flush. The base of the flower stems is flush, and the length difference of the flower branches in each bunch is no more than 5 cm. The flowers in the bundles are packed in conical transparent plastic bags with heat dissipation holes. Finally, the lower part of the cut flowers is placed in the preservative and prepared to be moved to the cold storage for precooling.
    The grading standards for rose cut flowers are divided into the following specifications according to the length and appearance of the cut flowers according to different target markets: for example, Japan is divided into four grades: excellent, beautiful, good, and acceptable. The current standards for export to Japan are excellent, beautiful, and good grades.
    Excellent: The balance of the branches and leaves is particularly good, without bending, the flower shape and color are good (fully showing the characteristics of the variety), no diseases and insect pests, no damage, timely harvest, medium and long branches are more than 50 cm, and short branches are more than 40 cm.
    Beautiful: The balance of the branches and leaves is good, without bending, the flower shape and color are good, there are no confirmed diseases and insect pests, no confirmed damage, timely harvest, medium and long branches are more than 40 cm, and short branches are more than 30 cm.
    Good: The balance of branches and leaves is second to beautiful, the flower shape and color are second to beautiful, there are only very few confirmed diseases and pests, only very few confirmed sunburns and drug damages, and they are harvested in time. The medium and long branches are more than 40 cm, and the short branches are more than 30 cm.
   (III) There are
    many varieties of rose cut flowers that are kept fresh after harvest. The "bends", "blue changes" (appearing in red varieties) or "brown changes" (mostly appearing in yellow varieties) and the inability to open normally when vase-inserted are global preservation problems. The graded and packaged cut flowers should be transported to the cold storage for pre-cooling as soon as possible after the initial packaging is completed to remove the field heat, reduce the respiration of the cut flowers, and extend the vase life of the cut flowers. The temperature of the cold storage is 5±1℃, and the air humidity is 85-90%. While pre-cooling, the cut flowers should absorb the pre-treatment solution containing STS or aluminum sulfate for at least 4-6 hours. 8-Hydroxyquinoline citric acid is an effective preservative ingredient for rose cut flowers. Its main function is to sterilize and prevent the vascular bundles at the base of the stem from being blocked; at the same time, the pH of the preservative solution is reduced to about 3.5, making it difficult for microorganisms to survive. Usually, before storage or long-distance transportation, pre-cooling in a cold storage and absorbing the pre-treatment solution at the same time, or using bottle insertion solution after storage or transportation, are effective measures for preserving rose cut flowers after harvest.
If the harvested rose cut flowers need to be stored for more than two weeks, it is best to store them dry in a moisturizing container, keep the temperature at 0.5-0.0°C, and the relative humidity requirement is 90-95%. Packing with 0.04-0.06 mm polyethylene film can reduce the oxygen concentration to 3% and increase the carbon dioxide concentration to 5-10%, which can achieve a good anti-aging effect. After the cut flowers are taken out of storage, the stem base needs to be cut again and placed in the preservative solution, and the flowers need to absorb water for 4-6 hours at 4°C.
   (IV) Packaging and transportation
    Rose cut flowers are packaged in one or two layers of round or square bouquets. Generally, each bouquet contains 20 flowers. For large flower heads and some cut flowers sent to Japan, each bouquet contains 10 flowers (depending on the seller's requirements). Each layer of cut flowers is stacked in the box in reverse order, with the flowers facing outwards and 5 cm away from the edge of the box. A small box contains 10 or 20 bundles, and a large box contains 40 bundles. When packing, the middle part needs to be tied and fixed. Holes need to be punched on both sides of the carton, with the hole 8 cm away from the box opening. The width of the carton is 30 cm or 40 cm.

The outer packaging label must indicate the cut flower type, variety name, flower color, grade, flower stem length, packing capacity, production unit, harvesting time, etc.
   Rose cut flowers are one of the flower varieties that must be quarantined when imported into EU countries as stipulated in the "EU Special List" in the new import quarantine regulations implemented by the EU on April 1, 2003. The quarantine objects of rose cut flowers are mainly viruses and insect pests, especially living insects, such as thrips, spider mites (mites), aphids, lepidoptera larvae, beetles and other pests. Therefore, necessary fumigation treatment must be carried out before export. Rose cut flowers that fail to meet the fumigation standards or are not fumigated cannot be exported. The fumigation agent uses methyl bromide, and the producer performs fumigation treatment in a dedicated fumigation room built or in a fumigation room designated by the plant quarantine department. Each country has detailed records of the quarantine of imported cut roses, including varieties and quantities, origins, growers, and dealers. Only rose cut flowers that pass the quarantine can be allowed to be exported.
There are two ways to transport rose cut flowers, namely dry transportation (i.e., dry transportation) by wrapping them with wrapping paper and placing them horizontally in cartons, and wet transportation by placing them vertically in water. Dry transportation is mostly used for long-distance transportation; wet transportation can be used for short-distance transportation. It is important to create a low-temperature environment throughout the transportation process. The temperature is required to be controlled at around 10°C during high-temperature periods and around 5°C during other periods. In summer or when transporting cut flowers to cities with high temperatures, ice packs and other refrigerants are placed in the packaging box for cooling and fresh-keeping transportation.