Pests and diseases are inevitable problems in flower cultivation, which may cause complete failure of planting. Pest and disease control is one of the keys to successful flower cultivation. Pest and disease control should first start with strengthening cultivation management and improving the resistance of flowers to pests and diseases. They should be discovered in time and measures should be taken immediately.
            Flower diseases are generally caused by parasitic bacteria. If the site is sunny, well-ventilated, and clean, it is not easy for bacteria to invade. If flowers are sick, they should be isolated and sprayed with pesticides immediately. Sometimes, in order to prevent the spread of diseases, diseased plants or diseased branches and leaves should be burned immediately.

            Common diseases of flowers include the following:
            ⑴ Powdery mildew: It usually occurs during the rainy season. At the early stage of the disease, white spots appear on the leaves, which gradually cover the entire leaves and eventually turn gray. The disease can be prevented and controlled by improving ventilation, lighting and drainage, spraying sulfur powder in the early morning and other comprehensive measures.
            ⑵ Canker: When the disease occurs, round reddish-brown spots appear on the leaves, the branches become light-colored, and the leaves fall after a long period of illness. Excessive fertilization and excessive growth of branches and leaves can easily cause this disease. If the disease occurs, 0.4￣0.2% ferrous sulfate solution or Bordeaux mixture can be sprayed. Attention should be paid to reasonable fertilization and enhanced ventilation.
            ⑶ Anthracnose: At the early stage of the disease, small green spots with water stains appear on the leaves, which gradually expand into brown circular spots. The prevention and control method is to spray carbendazim solution to improve ventilation and light transmission.
            ⑷ White rot: When this disease occurs, white silk-like mycelium appears at the base of the stem or the root of the plant, and the leaves gradually wither from the bottom to the top, or even die completely. This disease is easy to occur when the temperature is too high, the air is too humid, and the soil is waterlogged. The temperature and humidity conditions should be improved, watering should be controlled, and the diseased plants should be isolated. Lime powder can prevent this disease.
            ⑸ Damping-off: When the disease occurs, water-soaked patches begin to appear at the base of the seedlings, and then turn yellow-brown. The seedlings suddenly fall down because the lesion shrinks, and the infection is rapid. Water should be controlled, ventilation should be strengthened, and the diseased plants and soil should be burned. Lime can be spread for protection.
            There are quite a few types of insects that harm flowers, the most common of which are:
            ⑴ Aphids: The individuals are very small, and they parasitize on the leaves and new shoots in groups, sucking their juice and secreting a kind of venom that causes the leaves to shrink, the buds and flowers to fall, and even the death of the plants. They can be killed manually, or sprayed with 600 times dimethoate solution of alcohol, or with cigarette butts soaked in water and sprayed with alcohol.
            ⑵ Scale insects: There are many kinds of scale insects, which live densely on stems and leaves to absorb nutrients and juice, causing the affected parts to wither and turn yellow. You can use an eraser dipped in water to remove them or spray 600 times of dimethoate solution.
            ⑶ Scarab beetles: The larvae eat the roots in the soil, and the adults bite the leaves, affecting the growth and beauty of flowers. They can be sprayed with 800 times of trichlorfon solution. In winter, the soil should be deeply plowed to freeze the larvae to death and weeds should be removed.
            ⑷ Earthworms: They lurk in the soil during the day and come out at night to eat the roots of flowers or young stems, causing the plants to wither. They can be caught manually or 666 powder can be sprinkled in the soil.
            Other pests include chrysanthemum tigers, caterpillars, green worms, caterpillars, etc. The prevention and control methods are similar to those mentioned above. Generally, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, and dimethoate are used
            after diluting 600-2000 times. It is better to choose to spray the medicine in the evening on a sunny day. You can also use the "using insects to control insects" method to control certain pests. For example, the seven-spotted club moss and the multicolored club moss can both prey on aphids and scale insects.

Hibiscus cultivation method
                             Hibiscus, scientifically known as Hibiscus mutabilis, is a highly ornamental flower plant. Hibiscus flowers bloom vigorously and have a long flowering period. They can be planted in the courtyard to beautify the environment. They can also be potted and placed indoors for a pleasing sight. Hibiscus is so popular, so how to grow it? Below, the editor will introduce the cultivation method of hibiscus. Hibiscus
                             growth habits
                             Hibiscus likes a warm and humid environment, likes fertilizer, and is suitable for growing in fertile, well-drained sandy soil. Hibiscus is slightly shade-tolerant and not cold-tolerant, and is suitable for growing in sunny places. Hibiscus management is extensive and easy to cultivate. Under normal circumstances, ground-planted hibiscus can meet its growth needs with rainwater. It only needs to be fertilized 1-2 times during the growth period of hibiscus. All kinds of fertilizers can be applied. If some phosphorus fertilizer is applied appropriately, the color of hibiscus flowers can be made more colorful.

                             Growth habits of hibiscus

                             How to grow and water hibiscus
                             : Hibiscus is not drought-tolerant, and needs to maintain sufficient water during the growing season to ensure the growth needs of hibiscus. When the buds are translucent, water should be appropriately withheld to control the growth of its leaves and concentrate nutrients on the flowers. Watering should be reduced in winter.
                             Temperature: Hibiscus has poor cold resistance, so it should be moved indoors in winter to ensure that the temperature is controlled at 0-10℃ to allow hibiscus to hibernate naturally.
                             Fertilization: Hibiscus needs more fertilizer and water during the budding period in spring, and a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied before and after the flowering period. Every winter or spring, dig trenches around the plants and apply some decomposed organic fertilizers to facilitate the vigorous growth of the plants and lush flowers and leaves.

                             How to grow hibiscus

                             Pests: The most common pest of hibiscus is the common red spider mite, which can be sprayed with 3000 times of 73% propargite or 1000 times of 20% dimethyl ether emulsifiable concentrate. Green leafhoppers and cotton leafhoppers are also common pests of hibiscus, which can be sprayed with 5% carbaryl powder.
                             Pruning: Hibiscus is resistant to pruning and can be pruned into shape according to needs. Cut the dead branches and leaves into pieces to ensure light transmission, and it is best to cultivate its plant shape into a shrub.
                             Cultivation method of ground-planted hibiscus
                             Hibiscus is generally planted by the pond or in the sunny place of the courtyard
                             , and extensive management is also acceptable. Water more in the dry season. Before winter, all hibiscus branches should be cut off, or the plant should be shortened 5 cm from the ground, and soil should be added to the roots of the hibiscus to ensure safe wintering. Dig up the soil in the spring of the following year, and new branches will grow on the old plants.

                             Hibiscus cultivation method　

                             Hibiscus should be weeded once in summer and winter every year, and topdressed 2-3 times. Hibiscus sprouts very slowly and should not be exposed to direct sunlight. Shading measures should be taken in the hot summer sun. Hibiscus can be shaped and pruned according to the required plant shape, and dead branches and leaves can be cut off to ensure that the whole plant can be exposed to sunlight.
                             How to grow potted hibiscus
                             : After flowering, the branches of potted hibiscus should be cut short to facilitate the sprouting of side branches. Move the hibiscus indoors before frost, keep the room temperature between 3-10℃, do not water too much, and keep the pot soil slightly moist. Move the hibiscus outdoors around the Qingming Festival.

                             Hibiscus flower pictures

                             In addition, hibiscus can be propagated by cuttings, divisions, layering and other methods, and is generally propagated by cuttings.
                             Summary: This is how to grow hibiscus, and everyone has a certain understanding of the cultivation methods of hibiscus. Hibiscus has high ornamental value, and it is easy to manage and cultivate. Everyone can try to grow a few hibiscus plants to beautify the living environment.

Gerbera? Gerbera? Sunflower

Scientific name: Gerbera jamesonii
      Other names: Fulang flower, Helichrysaceae
      Genus: Asteraceae Gerbera genus
      Category: Perennial herbaceous flower    
      Morphological characteristics:
      It is a perennial herbaceous plant with fine hairs all over the plant, and the plant height can reach 0.6m. The leaves are basal, obliquely growing, with
      long petioles, and the leaf margins are pinnately lobed with sparse serrations. The whole leaf is about 20cm long, and the back of the leaf has long hairs. The head inflorescence is solitary
      at the top of the inflorescence peduncle. The inflorescence peduncle is long and is often more than one time higher than the leaf cluster. The ligulate flowers of the head inflorescence are large, oblanceolate or ribbon-shaped, mostly in two rounds, and there are also multi-round double-petal varieties. The tubular flowers are smaller, with dichotomous forks at the tip
      , and the flower color is the same as the ligulate flowers. The diameter of the head inflorescence can reach 8-10cm. The flower colors are white, yellow, orange, red, pink and other different colors. It can bloom in all seasons, with the peak flowering period in May-June and September-October.
      Gerbera was discovered in South Africa, and later many excellent cultivars were obtained through hybrid breeding by horticulturists from Britain, France, Japan and other countries.  
      Origin and distribution: Originated in Africa.
      Growth habits:
      It likes warm and humid climate, is not cold-resistant, avoids frost, likes light and air circulation, and the growth temperature is suitable for 15~25C. It stops growing below lOC and can withstand short-term low temperatures of OC. It can be planted
      outdoors , covered to prevent cold in East China, and placed in cellars or cold beds in North China for wintering. It can be cultivated in greenhouses for viewing. It likes fertile
      , loose, well-drained, humus-rich sandy loam, avoids heavy clay, and is suitable for acidic soil. It can also be planted in neutral and slightly alkaline soil. In alkaline soil, the leaves are prone to iron deficiency symptoms. 
      Application:
      Gerbera is one of the top ten cut flowers in the world, and there are potted varieties and cut flower varieties. Potted varieties have short flower stalks, many flowers, and most of them are single-petal varieties, which are suitable for home cultivation and flower bed arrangement; while cut flower varieties have very long flower stalks, thick stems, large flowers, many varieties, long flowering period, high yield, and rich flower shapes and colors, and are mainly used for cut flower production.

Representative varieties of succulent plants
            1. Desert Rose (Adeniumobesum)
            is a plant of the genus Desert Rose in the Apocynaceae family. It is produced in Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and other places. In its place of origin, it grows into a small tree 2 meters high, with thick, fleshy stems, slightly swollen at the base of the stem, and short and fleshy branches. The epidermis is light green to grayish yellow. The leaves are alternate at the top of the branches, with short petioles, lanceolate, and cuneate at the base. The front is shiny and dark green, and the back is rough and light green. The leaves are 3-10 cm long and 1.8-3 cm wide. There are 2-10 flowers in an umbel, the flower tube is long and cylindrical, and the corolla is rose red.
            　　Desert Rose has a strong habit and beautiful flowers. In addition to being suitable for greenhouse layout, it is also suitable for home cultivation. In summer, the red flowers, green leaves and plump stems are very interesting. Compared with ordinary oleanders, it is not only short in shape, but also suitable for long-term indoor placement.
            　　It likes warmth and sunshine. It can be planted outdoors in summer and watered and fertilized regularly. In the Yangtze River Basin and the areas to the north, the leaves fall in winter. It should be placed indoors and the soil should be kept dry. After repotting in spring, the leaves sprout until May. The planting pot should be larger and the soil should be loose and fertile. It can be propagated by sowing or cuttings, but the stem base of the plants that survive the cuttings will not swell.
            2. Cooper's Adromischuscooperi
            is a plant of the genus Adromischus in the Crassulaceae family. Also known as Jinlingdian. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. It is a highly fleshy small plant with short gray-brown stems. The leaves are basically oblong, with a long section at the bottom that is almost cylindrical, and the upper part is slightly wider and slightly flat, nearly oval, 2.5-5 cm long and 1.2-2 cm wide. The back of the leaf is round, the front of the leaf is relatively flat, and the top leaf margin is wavy. The epidermis is glabrous and shiny, with dark purple spots in the green. Inflorescence is 2 cm high, the flower tube is cylindrical,
            1 cm long, green on the upper part and purple on the lower part, the corolla is 5-lobed, purple, and white on the edge.
            　　This species is a newly introduced succulent plant of the Crassulaceae family in recent years. It is small and delicate, with peculiar leaf shape, and is a good choice for small
            　　potted plants. It does not require much light and is extremely suitable for family cultivation and appreciation. It is suitable for planting in shallow pots. It does not require much culture soil. It is semi-dormant in summer, and cannot be watered too much, and ventilation should be maintained. The growing season is a cool season. In winter, if it can maintain above 7°C, it can be watered normally. Leaf cuttings are propagated, take a strong leaf and place it flat on the substrate, and it will soon take root and sprout, but it is not suitable to transplant too early.
            3. Black Master (Aeoniumarboreum cv.Atropurpureum)
            is a plant of the genus Aeonium in the Crassulaceae family. The original species of Aeonium is produced in the Canary Islands, and Black Master is a cultivated variety of Aeonium. The stem is 1 meter high and has many branches. The leaves are integrated into rosette leaf disks at the stem end and branch tops. The leaf disks can reach 20 cm in diameter. The leaves are black-purple and turn green in dim light. There are small tips on the leaf tops and eyelash-like cilia on the leaf margins. The flowers are integrated into large racemes with yellow flowers. The plants usually die after flowering.
            　　This is a cultivar with beautiful and special leaf color. It should not only be collected as a specimen, but also cultivated in ordinary families. In particular, it is used to assemble bonsai with other succulent plants of the Crassulaceae family, which doubles the ornamental value. It
            　　can be planted in fertile, well-drained and breathable culture soil. Volcanic ash is even more ideal. It grows in cool seasons and dormant in summer, but the time is not long. For reproduction, the rosette leaf disk can be cut off in early spring for cuttings, and the remaining stems will have a group of suckers. If the cuttings are taken in early summer, not only will the survival rate be affected, but there will also be fewer buds on the stems. Leaf cuttings are not easy to propagate.
            4. Aeonium tabulaeforme
            is a plant of the genus Aeonium in the Crassulaceae family. Also known as the mirror. It is produced in Tenerife Island in the Canary Islands. The plant is low, and the rosette leaf disk can grow up to 50 cm. It is composed of 100-200 leaves arranged closely. The leaves are sessile, all grow horizontally, spoon-shaped, grass-green, and have cilia on the leaf edges. The entire leaf disk is horizontal like a mirror without a single gap. Because the leaf edge color is slightly darker and the outer whorl of leaves is large and the inner whorl of leaves is small, the mirror-like leaf disk is like an exquisite geometric pattern, which is amazing. When flowering, the leaves in the center of the leaf disk gradually separate from the leaf disk and grow alternately. At the same time, a cylindrical scape begins to appear in the middle, and finally develops into a huge inflorescence 60 cm high. The small flowers are yellow, and the whole plant dies after flowering.
            　　It likes cold and cool, and the growth period is vigorous from autumn to spring. It requires fertile, well-drained and breathable culture soil. The pot should be large rather than small, and the light should be sufficient. It is best to maintain above 10℃ in winter. If the temperature is lower than this, watering must be restrained. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilization. In addition to collecting seeds, it should be prevented from flowering. If the growth point is seen to be elongated, it should be quickly pinched to force the lateral buds to reproduce:
            5. Agavelophantha
            is a plant of the Agave family. It is native to Mexico. It has short stems and sword-shaped leaves that form a loose rosette leaf disk. The leaves are 50-70 cm long, yellow-green, leathery, with horny leaf margins, 2 cm long gray-brown apical thorns at the tip of the leaves, and a very wide, very light-colored stripe in the center of the leaves. The inflorescence is 3-4 meters high, and the small flowers are white-green to yellow.
            　　Agave plants and cactus plants are also unique to the Americas, and are essential when arranging the American plant area in botanical gardens. Agavelophantha is a species introduced only in recent years, and is different from the common Agave species.
            　　The cultivation requirements of this species are not high. The culture soil can be mixed with leaf mold, garden soil, and coarse sand in equal parts. The pot should be small at the beginning but should be gradually changed to a larger one according to the growth situation. There should be sufficient light. Except for scale insects, other diseases and pests rarely occur. Maintain above 3℃ in winter.
            　　Sowing is used for propagation, but it is difficult to collect seeds by yourself. You can separate the buds at the base of the large plant for cuttings.
            6. Agave parviflora Agave parviflora
            is a plant of the Agave genus of the Agave family. Also known as Ji Luanxue. Native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. This is a small agave with a rosette-shaped plant, a plant width of 15 cm, and an inconspicuous main stem. The leaves are hard-tipped, narrowly lanceolate, 10
            cm long and 1.2 cm wide, with gray-brown thorns at the tip of the leaves, dark green leaves, irregular white longitudinal lines on the leaf surface, and white drooping filaments on the leaf margins, occasionally with sparse teeth. The spike inflorescence is 1-1.5 meters high, with yellow or yellow-green flowers. This species is small in shape, and the drooping white silk on the leaf margins is very beautiful. It is difficult to propagate. It is a rare species in the genus Agave and is currently listed as a first-class protected plant. Botanical gardens should collect and display it as a precious specimen, and it is also suitable for some enthusiasts to cultivate at home.
            　　Cultivation is not difficult. It likes warmth and plenty of sunshine. Early spring to early summer and autumn are the periods of rapid growth. It can be fully watered when cultivated in sandy loam. In winter, it should be maintained above 5℃ and exposed to sufficient light. It is mainly propagated by sowing. Occasionally, there are buds at the base of the plant, which can be divided or cut.
            7. Aloe juveuna
            is a small aloe in the genus Aloe of the Liliaceae family. It is native to Madagascar. It is a small aloe with an erect stem at first and then creeping. The leaves are spirally alternate, and the top of the stem is arranged into a relatively tight rosette leaf disk. The leaves are triangular, concave on the surface and convex on the back, with an acute tip. They are light green to yellow-green, and turn brown-green when the light is too strong.
            　　There are 0.5 cm long white teeth on the leaf margins, and there are irregular white stars on the leaf surface and back, which are sometimes connected into a line.
            　　Peicuidian is small and delicate and easy to cultivate. Therefore, it has become a new species of Aloe that has rapidly become popular in recent years. It can be cultivated by ordinary families, but its medicinal value is not great.
            　　It is advisable to use garden soil mixed with some plant ash as the culture soil. Water it fully from spring to autumn and keep the environment semi-shaded. Propagation is done by cuttings.
            8. Aloe variegata
            is a plant of the genus Aloe in the Liliaceae family. Also known as Chiyoda Nishiki. It is native to southern Africa. It is a perennial succulent herb with a plant height of 30 cm or even higher and a very short stem. The leaves grow from the roots, spirally stacked, triangular sword-shaped, but the front of the leaves is deeply concave,
            12 cm long and 3.5
            cm wide, and the leaf margins are densely covered with short and thin white fleshy thorns. The leaves are dark green with irregularly arranged silver-white spots. It blooms in winter and spring, with loose racemes and 20-30 small flowers, orange-yellow to orange-red. The three-lobed capsule is large and peculiar in shape. The seeds are straw hat-shaped and winged.
            　　Aloe variegata is widely cultivated, especially in the north because of the suitable climate. It is very elegant to be cultivated at home to decorate desks and tables.
            　　It has a strong habit. In the Yangtze River Basin and the areas south of it, it should be placed outdoors in summer, but it is best to avoid too much direct sunlight. When spending the summer in the greenhouse, attention should be paid to ventilation and appropriate water conservation, especially to avoid water accumulation in the heart of the leaves, otherwise it is easy to rot. It can be planted in general culture soil, and there is no need to apply too much fertilizer. The common methods of reproduction are division and cutting, that is, the sucker buds sprouting from the base of the stem and the root are divided or cut.
            9. Aloe (Aloe vera)
            is a plant of the genus Aloe in the Liliaceae family. It is also called Curacao aloe. It is widely distributed in tropical areas of Africa and tropical areas of America. Large aloe, without stems or with short stems, with 16 leaves arranged in a loose large leaf disk. The leaves are triangular sword-shaped, thick flesh, 40-50 cm long and 6-7 cm wide. The front of the leaves are slightly concave and the back is slightly round and convex. They are grass green and have white powder when growing vigorously. The seam buds that grow at the root neck have white spots on the leaves. The spots disappear on their own after growing up. The inflorescence is 60-70 cm high, and the small flowers are 3 cm long, tubular, and yellow. This is the most widely used type of aloe vera, which is used in cosmetics, medicines, and foods.
            　　It has a strong habit. As long as the soil is not waterlogged, the air is not too humid, and the minimum temperature in winter can be maintained at around 5°C, it can be successfully cultivated. If it is planted in an agricultural greenhouse, it will grow faster. When potted, the pot should be large. When the air is humid, it is easy to cause black spot disease, so pay attention to control.
            　　For reproduction, the buds that naturally sprout from the stem base can be cut. When the plant grows too high, it can also be cut off. The upper rosette leaf disk is potted separately, and the lower part will produce a group of tillers.
            10. Tang Fan (Aloinopsis schooneesii)
            is a plant of the genus Aloinopsis in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in the Cape Province of South Africa. It is a small perennial fleshy herb. It has fleshy roots and is almost stemless. The leaves are 8 to 10, which are approximately spoon-shaped, with a blunt-rounded triangle at the tip. The flesh is obviously thicker than the lower part of the leaf, and is blue-green. The leaves are generally small and arranged in a loose rosette. The flowers are 1-1.5 cm large, yellow-red, and the petals have a silky sheen.
            　　This species is small and exquisite, and the size and arrangement of the leaves are very similar to the famous species of Aizoaceae, Tiannv, but it is easier to cultivate than Tiannv. It is an easy-to-popular Aizoaceae succulent plant, very suitable for home cultivation.
            　　The culture soil can be mixed with 2 parts of leaf humus and 1 part of vermiculite. Shade and ventilation are required in summer. Normal watering can be done in winter if the temperature can be maintained above 10℃. Propagate by sowing or division.
            11. Anacampserostomentosa
            is a plant of the genus Anacampserostomentosa in the family Portulaceae. It is produced in Namibia. It is a perennial succulent herb. The roots are thick and the plant height is only 5 cm. The brown-green leaves are obovate, 1 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, and 0.5 cm thick, with a small tip at the top. There are white silky hairs in the axils of the leaves that are as long as the leaves. The inflorescence is 15 cm high, and the small flowers are 3 cm and rose red.
            　　The plant is small, and the shape of the leaves and the white silk between the axils are very peculiar. There are also variegated varieties in cultivation, with plum-red spots on the leaves, which are more ornamental.
            　　It likes soft light and is very easy to cultivate except in summer. In summer, attention should be paid to ventilation and water conservation and stop fertilization. Propagation is by cuttings or sowing.
            12. Golden Bell (Argyrodermadelaetii)
            is a plant of the genus Argyroderma in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in South Africa and Namibia. The plant is very fleshy and has no stems. There are 2-4 semi-ovate leaves, which are alternately arranged, and the lower part is united and the upper part is separated by a considerable distance. The leaves are yellow-green, without spots, the epidermis is relatively thick, and there are no patterns. Whether it is the back of the leaf, the leaf surface, or the leaf edge, the stripes are round. The flowers bloom from the middle seam between the two leaves, with short petioles, large flowers, yellow or white.
            　　Golden Bell is a rare species in the Aizoaceae family with a peculiar plant shape and high fleshiness. It is difficult to cultivate and is suitable for experienced enthusiasts to cultivate and enjoy.
            　　It likes cool weather. Its main growing season is from late autumn to early spring. Starting from mid-spring, as the new opposite leaves grow slowly, the old opposite leaves gradually shrink. At this time, you can only add a little water to the edge of the pot. Do not water enough or spray too much. The culture soil should be sandy loam with good drainage, which should not contain too much fertilizer. It is best to maintain above 10℃ in winter. If the plant is properly managed in winter and early spring, it will grow strong and successfully pass the summer dormancy period. Pay attention to ventilation and cooling in the indoor season. Propagation is by sowing.
            13. Bowiea bosubilis
            is a plant of the genus Bowiea in the Liliaceae family. It is produced in the arid areas of southern Africa. It is a perennial succulent herb. It has a large light green fleshy bulb with a diameter of 20-30 cm. The top of the bulb is clustered with long green branches like asparagus, which are twined and climbed. There are small green linear leaves on the branches, which fall off in the dry season. The flowers are green and white, only 0.8 cm in size.
            　　This species has a peculiar plant shape and is a famous representative species among succulent plants. It is also one of the most popular representative species of stem-shaped succulent plants in the world. It does not require much light and is very suitable for home cultivation. The bulb contains medicinal ingredients for treating heart disease.
            　　It likes cool weather and its main growing season is early spring and late autumn. It requires well-drained sandy loam. When the branches and leaves turn yellow during the dormant period, watering should be restrained, but it does not require particularly dry conditions like some Aizoaceae species. The common methods of propagation are division and sowing.
            14. Caralluma burchardii
            is a plant of the genus Caralluma in the family Asclepiadaceae. It is produced in the Canary Islands and Morocco. It is a perennial succulent herb with a low plant and many branches. The stem has four ridges, is 20-40 cm long, has an olive green or gray-green epidermis, and has small and early-falling leaves on the top. The flowers are brown, 1.3 cm in size, and are clustered on all four sides of the stem.
            　　The epidermis of the genus Cheiridopsis is usually dull and often has dark patterns. The epidermis of this species is brighter and has no patterns. The stem is thinner and reversed, which is different from the common species of the genus Cheiridopsis. It is suitable for cultivation in botanical gardens and some enthusiasts.
            　　The main growing season is spring and autumn. In summer, ventilation and water conservation should be maintained, and in winter, the temperature should be kept above 5℃. It can be planted in well-drained plain sandy soil, and fertilizer is generally not required. Propagation is by cuttings. Cut the branches and wait for the wound mucus to dry up before inserting them into vermiculite or coarse sand. Roots will take root after 3 weeks.
            15. Cheiridopsis candidissima
            is a plant of the genus Cheiridopsis in the Aizoaceae family. Also known as shrimp flower. It is produced in the Cape Province of South Africa. It is a highly fleshy perennial herb with 1 to 2 pairs of opposite leaves, usually two pairs. The two pairs of leaves have different shapes. The lower pair extends horizontally, and the upper pair extends vertically upward; the lower pair is shorter, and the upper pair is longer. Each pair of leaves is two-fifths united and has a sheath outside. The leaves are 8-10 cm long, 1.2 cm wide and 1.5 cm thick. The keel on the back of the leaves is semicircular, white-green, with a slightly red tip, smooth and hairless but with countless dark green oil spots. The flowers are white and about 3 cm in size.
            　　This species has a peculiar plant shape and the leaves are plain and elegant, making it a good choice for small potted plants. Among the highly fleshy small succulent plants of the Aizoaceae family, the genus Cissus is an important genus after the genus Coneflower and the genus Lithops. Botanical gardens and succulent plant enthusiasts should pay attention to collecting and cultivating it.
            　　It grows in cool seasons and can be watered appropriately during the growing period. It is suitable to be planted in well-drained plain sandy soil, and the fertilizer in the soil should not be too much. It is best to maintain a temperature above 12°C and continue to water in winter, but it can also tolerate a low temperature of 5°C under dry potting soil conditions. Propagate by sowing or division.
            16. Cissus quadrangularis
            　　is a plant of the genus Cissus in the grape family. Also known as Jade Pavilion. It is widely distributed in South Africa, Arabia and India. The stem is creeping and segmented, and can extend to several meters long. The stem nodes are 4-ribbed, 8-10 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide on each side, and the ridges are keratinized, smooth or slightly wavy. There are tendrils and leaves between the nodes. The leaves are heart-shaped, deeply notched, and fall early. The flowers are green.
            　　The square-stemmed green purple kudzu has been cultivated for a long time and is cultivated as a representative species of succulent plants in the grape family in most places. It has a strong habit, does not dormant in summer, and is relatively cold-resistant in winter. Under the condition of weak light at home, its leaves and stems are more verdant, and it is a popular succulent plant. It is easy to propagate by cuttings.
            17. Major General (Conophytumbilobum)
            　　is a plant of the genus Conophytum in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in South Africa and Namibia. The plant is very fleshy. The flat heart-shaped opposite leaves are 3-4.5 cm long and 2-2.5 cm wide, with a saddle-shaped suture at the top, the suture is 0.7-0.9 cm deep, and the tips of the two leaves are obtuse. Old plants often grow densely in clusters. The leaves are light green to gray-green, with slightly red tips. The flowers bloom in the middle seam, yellow, and 3 cm in diameter.
            　　This species and all species of Conus are called "living pebbles", with peculiar shapes, small and beautiful, and large and beautiful flowers. It does not require very high light and is very suitable for home cultivation.
            　　It likes coolness but is not cold-resistant. The suitable temperature for growth is 18-24℃, and it should be maintained at 10-12 degrees in winter. If the pot soil is kept dry, it can also withstand low temperatures of 7℃ or even 5℃. In summer, it should be ventilated and cool and water should be saved appropriately. The light should be soft, but in winter, it should be exposed to sufficient light. It can be planted in plain sandy soil without too much fertilizer.
            　　It can be propagated by sowing, and it takes extreme patience to raise seedlings. The transplanting time is from late September to early October. After transplanting with moist soil, put the pot in the seedling box to maintain humidity. For a period of time, you can only spray it slightly and not water it. Wait until you see obvious growth before watering, otherwise the survival rate of transplanted seedlings will not be high. It can also be propagated by division, but do not divide when the cluster plants are not too crowded. Cluster plants are easy to cultivate and divide and multiply faster than single plants.
            18. Conophytum gratum
            　　is a plant of the genus Conophytum in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in the Little Namaqualand area of ​​Cape Province, South Africa. Unlike the major general, the opposite leaves are round (the major general is saddle-shaped). Due to its long history of cultivation, there are many types at present. The leaves are 2.5 cm long and 2 cm wide, and the epidermis colors are light green, white-pink green, yellow-green and pink. The top is slightly concave, the middle seam is not obvious, very shallow and very short, and there are dark gray spots on the leaves. From September to October, it blooms magenta flowers with a diameter of 2.2 cm. The petals are shiny and very beautiful.
            　　Conophytum gratum is easy to cultivate and bloom, and it is easy to form clusters. It is a small succulent plant suitable for home cultivation. Cultivation refers to the cultivation method of the major general.
            19. Ding's Circle (Cotyledonorbiculata var.dinteri)
            　　is a plant of the genus Silver Wave in the Crassulaceae family. Also known as the lucky lady. It is native to Namibia. It is a multi-branched fleshy shrub. The leaves are approximately rod-shaped, 4.5 cm long, 2 cm wide and thick, gray-green with white powder, brown at the tip and edge of the leaves, and opposite leaves. The inflorescence is 70 cm high, with small flowers hanging, red or yellow-red.
            　　This species has a peculiar leaf shape and beautiful leaf color. It is easy to cultivate and is particularly suitable for home cultivation. It was introduced not long ago and is not common at present.
            　　The growing period is very long, but the main growing period is spring and autumn, and 5℃ can be maintained in winter. The culture soil should be fertile and well-drained. It should be exposed to sufficient light except in midsummer. It is propagated by cuttings.
            20. Silver Wave Brocade (Cotyledonundulata)
            　　is a plant of the genus Silver Wave Brocade in the Crassulaceae family. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. It is an upright fleshy shrub, 30-60 cm high, with white twigs. The leaves are opposite, obovate, with wavy edges, 8-12 cm long and 6 cm wide, and the leaf surface is covered with thick silver-white powder. It blooms in spring and summer, with cymose panicles, 45 cm high, and tubular drooping flowers, 2.5 cm long, orange-yellow, and red at the tip.
            　　The leaves of Yinbojin are large and strangely shaped, with beautiful and eye-catching colors. It is a famous species among succulents. However, it is currently very rare due to the difficulty of cultivation.
            　　The growing period is mainly in the cool season, and it is dormant in summer. The dormancy period is very long. It needs ventilation and cooling, and watering is controlled. Watering is especially prohibited in midsummer. Watering can be done regularly during the growing period, but do not spray water on the leaves. It requires frequent pruning. The seedlings that survive by cuttings are not only ornamental, but also easier to cultivate than old plants. In long-term cultivation, a hybrid species, Xubozhiguang, was produced, with smaller leaves, less wavy leaf edges, and mainly white leaves, but with small green spots. Its cultivation is much easier than Yinbojin.
            21. Hemisphere Star Maiden (Crassulabrevifolia)
            　　is a plant of the Crassulaceae family. It is native to Cape Province, South Africa. The whole plant is hairless, and the plant height is 20 cm in its native place, but it is quite short in cultivation. There are many branches from the base, and the stems and branches are white and fleshy at first, then turn brown, and the lower part is hollow. The leaves are sessile, alternate and opposite, 1 cm long, 0.6 cm wide and thick, flat on the front and rounded on the back like a hemisphere, and the flesh is hard. The leaves are yellow-green with red edges. The flowers are white to lemon yellow.
            　　The stems and leaves of this species are miniature, the leaf shape is rather peculiar, and the colors are pleasing to the eye. It is a good material for miniature bonsai at home. Pay proper attention to water conservation in summer, and it is very easy to cultivate in other seasons. It likes sunlight but can also tolerate semi-shade. It is advisable to prune and cuttage frequently, because the stems of old plants are prone to hollowness, causing the leaves to shrink.
            22. Crassula lycopodioides
            　　is a plant of the Crassulaceae family. It is native to Namibia. Succulent subshrub, 30 cm high, with thin stems that are easy to branch, and the stems and branches usually grow vertically. The leaves are triangular and scale-like, arranged in four ridges on the stems and branches, so close that people mistakenly think that there are only green four-ridged stems and branches without leaves. When there is insufficient light, the leaves are scattered. The flowers are born in the axils of the leaves, very small, and yellow poplar.
            　　This is a common succulent plant that is easy to cultivate and propagate. However, the varieties of Qingsuolong currently on the market are not pure. One of the variants, Ruolv, is also called Qingsuolong in many places. Ruolv's branches have vertical branches as well as horizontal and oblique branches, and the leaves are arranged in a scattered manner, sometimes with four ridges and sometimes not. According to the opinions of many foreign experts, the scientific name of Qingsuolong has been changed to C. muscosa. However, there is no complete unification, so the old scientific name is temporarily used here.
            23. Crassula'Moonglow'
            　　is a plant of the genus Qingsuolong in the Crassulaceae family. It is a hybrid of two species of the same genus, C. deceptor and C. falcata. Its leaf epidermis is similar to C. falcata in both color and fine hairs. The arrangement of leaves is similar to C. deceptor, with joints at the base and almost the same size, so the whole plant looks like a green square tower.
            　　Kinokawa has a peculiar plant shape, which is elegant and slow growing. It is suitable for indoor small potted plants. It likes sunshine. It grows slowly in summer. Although there is no obvious dormancy, water conservation and ventilation should be maintained. This is because one of the parents, C. falcata, is a summer dormant species. It grows significantly in autumn, winter and spring, and the temperature should be maintained above 5℃ in winter. There are no special requirements for other cultivation. It can be propagated by cutting the top, and the remaining part will sprout suckers.
            24. Crassula obliqua 'Gollum'
            　　is a plant of the genus Crassulaceae. The original species Crassula was produced in Natal Province, South Africa. The tube-leaved flower moon is a special leaf variant produced in long-term cultivation. It is a multi-branched shrub with round fleshy stems and yellow-brown texture. The leaves are alternate, densely clustered at the stem end, bright green, tubular, 4-5 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm thick, with oblique truncation at the top and oval cross-section. In winter, the top is rose red, and the rest of the part is still green but has a waxy luster, which is extremely beautiful. Cultivation and management are very simple. Propagation is done by cuttings.
            25. Crassulaobliqua 'Tricolor Jade'
            　　is a cultivar of the flower moon. The plant is 1 meter tall, with a round stem and very thick flesh. The leaves are opposite, oblong with short tips, 3-4 cm long and 2.5-3 cm wide, green with yellow-white spots, and red leaf margins. The flowers are 5 cm large, white or light red. The leaves often bend inward during cultivation.
            　　The leaves of this variety have three colors. The opposite leaves are bent inwards and really look like bird wings. The name of Sunset Goose is quite vivid and appropriate. What is even more rare is that it is easy to cultivate and propagate, which is very suitable for general family cultivation. It is a variety with wide appeal. Propagation can be done by branch cuttings or leaf cuttings, and both can maintain the characteristics of the variety.
            26. Silver Hair Crown (Cyanotissomalensis)
            　　is a plant of the genus Cyanotissomalensis in the Commelinaceae family. It is produced in Somalia. The creeping stems are 30 cm long, the stems are segmented, and the internodes are easy to root and sprout, so it is easy to form dense clusters. The bright green leaves are densely covered with short hairs. The leaves are short lanceolate, 4-6 cm long and 1.2-1.8 cm wide, and the leaf margins have eyelash-like cilia. The flowers are blue, reddish purple or white with red stripes. The filaments are hairy, red or purple-red.
            　　This species was introduced only in recent years. The species of Commelinaceae succulents are rare. The only common ones are heavy fan and silk purple. Silver Hair Crown and these two are in the same family but in different classes. Suitable for hanging cultivation in greenhouses, and can also be used for home appreciation.
            　　It requires high air humidity and soft light. The culture soil can be leaf mold mixed with vermiculite or coconut pith. Keep warm in winter. It can be propagated by cuttings or sowing.
            27. Didiereatrollii
            　　is a plant of the genus Nagarjuna in the family Nagarjuna. It is native to Madagascar. It is a thorny fleshy shrub. New stems often grow horizontally, forming a large bush 50 cm high and 2 meters in diameter. The epidermis is brown. There are thorns several centimeters long at intervals on the stem. Five leaves are clustered in the center of the thorns. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 cm long and 0.4 cm wide, green, and only slightly fleshy. The flowers are yellow-green.
            　　The family Nagarjuna is an important family among succulents. However, plant professionals are unfamiliar with it, and it is not listed in some large plant reference books. The name of the family Nagarjuna is quoted from books and magazines in Taiwan. At present, a small number of species of the family Dinteranthus are cultivated in some botanical gardens. For example, Xiamen Botanical Garden has species of the genus Dinteranthus. Shanghai Botanical Garden has introduced species of the genus Dinteranthus from Canada, providing opportunities for succulent plant lovers to visit and appreciate.
            　　It requires warm conditions for cultivation. This species does not hibernate in summer. When the temperature is too low in winter, it will shed its leaves. However, as long as watering is controlled, it will still produce new leaves next year. It is suitable to be planted in well-drained sandy loam. It can be propagated by cuttings, and rooting is very slow.
            28. Dinteranthus vanzjlii
            　　is a plant of the genus Dinteranthus in the Aizoaceae family. It is native to the arid zone in the northwest of Cape Province, South Africa. 1-2 pairs of fleshy leaves form a plant in the shape of a gold ingot. The fleshy leaves are gray-green with a slight red color, 4 cm high, with dark red spots and linear markings on the upper surface. The flowers are 1.5 cm long and orange-yellow.
            　　The plant is small and peculiar in shape. As a representative species of the very fleshy Aizoaceae succulent plants, it is suitable for some enthusiasts who prefer this type of plants to collect and cultivate.
            　　Cultivation is difficult. In summer, it is advisable to keep it ventilated and dry and strengthen shade. Late autumn to early spring is the period of vigorous growth. It should be exposed to sufficient light and watered regularly. In winter, it should be maintained at at least 7°C.
            29. Dorstenia crispa
            　　is a plant of the genus Dorstenia in the Moraceae family. It is produced in Kenya, Somalia, etc. It is cylindrical, with a stem 30-40 cm high, 4 cm thick at the base of the stem, light brown, and obvious scars after the leaves fall off on the upper part of the stem. The leaves are oblong or lanceolate,
            4-7 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, with slightly wavy leaf margins. The leaves are alternate but often concentrated at the top of the stems and branches and are almost clustered. The new leaves are hairy and yellow-green. The disc-shaped inflorescence is 2 cm in diameter and grows on a 10 cm long pedicel. The flowers are green and white.
            　　Succulent plants of the Moraceae family were introduced only in recent years and are currently very rare. It is mainly cultivated and displayed in botanical gardens, and some enthusiasts can also collect and cultivate it.
            　　There are no special requirements for cultivation. It grows in warm seasons and dormant in winter. The leaves usually fall during the dormant period, so watering should be restrained. It is suitable for planting in sandy loam. When it grows vigorously, light liquid fertilizer can be applied.
            30. Dyckia altissima
            　　is a plant of the Bromeliaceae family. It is produced in Brazil. It has no stems, and the leaves are arranged in a rosette shape. It is easy to grow in groups to form large clusters of hundreds of rosette leaf disks, which is very spectacular. The leaves are sword-shaped, up to 25 cm long, but usually much shorter when cultivated. The leaves are hard, light gray-green, and the back of the leaves is lighter. The parallel veins are very obvious and white. The leaf margins have neat serrations. The spike inflorescence is tens of centimeters high, and the small flowers are yellow or orange-yellow.
            　　This species is currently the most commonly cultivated succulent plant of the Bromeliaceae family. It is both drought-tolerant and relatively shade-tolerant, and has strong cold resistance. It is very suitable for home cultivation.
            　　There are no special requirements for cultivation. It can be planted in sandy loam with good air permeability. It can be watered regularly from spring to autumn. The pot should be larger. It is best to repot every year, remove old and dead leaves, and simply cut off the stems when they are too long to keep the plant shorter.
            31. Echeveria'Black Prince' is
            　　a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. It is a cultivated variety. The rosette shape is the same as that of ordinary Echeveria. The spoon-shaped leaves are thicker. When growing vigorously, there are more than 100 leaves on a plant, and the plant width is more than 20 cm. The leaves are black and purple, and the leaves near the growing point are dark green when there is insufficient light.
            　　This variety has a perfect rosette leaf disk and special leaf color, which makes it highly ornamental and very eye-catching. It is easy to cultivate and propagate. It is a good choice for home potted plants.
            　　It has a strong habit. Although it has a short dormant period in summer, it is not difficult to survive in summer as long as it is slightly shaded, ventilated and water-saving. Early spring and autumn are the periods of vigorous growth, and liquid fertilizer can be applied. The pot soil should not be too dry, otherwise the old leaves will wither. Ordinary garden soil can be used for planting. For propagation, the top can be cut to promote the growth of suckers, or leaf cuttings can be used for propagation, and the success rate is much higher than that of ordinary stone lotus.
            32. Silver Bright Color (Echeveriacarnicolor)
            　　is a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. It is native to Veracruz, Mexico. The plant is stemless or has short stems. The rosette leaf disk is only 6-8 cm in size, and the fleshy leaves are spoon-shaped, thick, and the flesh color is covered with white powder. The inflorescence is 15-20 cm high, and the small flowers are plum red.
            　　It is a small species of the genus Echeveria, with very plain fleshy leaves, suitable for small potted plants, and can also be used as materials for combined bonsai.
            　　There are no special requirements for cultivation, but bright light is required, and water should not be poured from the top. Leaf cuttings are used for propagation.
            33. Chihuahua (Echeveriachihuahuaensis)
            　　is a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. It is also known as Chihuahua. It is native to Chihuahua, Mexico. The plant is small, and the stemless rosette leaf disk is very compact. The ovate leaves are thick with small tips, 4 cm long and 2 cm wide. The blue-green color is covered with thick white powder, and the leaf margins are beautiful dark pink. The inflorescence is 20 cm high, with curved tips, and the small flowers are about 1 cm long, bell-shaped, and red.
            　　The arrangement and color of the leaves of this species are similar to those of Echeveria, but the leaves have more white powder than Echeveria, and the leaves are small and thick. The overall feeling is that it is a miniature species of Echeveria. The red color of the leaf margins is particularly beautiful. It is a very ornamental succulent plant and is worth promoting. It
            　　is not difficult to cultivate. Do not water too much in summer. It grows slowly, so the soil does not need to contain too much fertilizer. It is relatively cold-resistant in winter. Early spring is the most beautiful season for this species and a good time for reproduction. Remove the strong leaves and lay them flat. It will quickly take root and sprout, but it will take a long time to grow into an independent plant.
            34. Beautiful Echeveria (Echeveriaclegans)
            　　is a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. Also known as Moon Shadow and Elegant Echeveria. It is produced in Hidalgo, Mexico. It has no stems and grows in clusters on old plants. The rosette leaf disk has quite a lot of leaves, which are arranged compactly. The ovate leaves are thick at the tip, and the new leaves have a small tip. They are
            3-6 cm long, blue-green with white powder, but the overall leaf color is darker, and the leaf margins are slightly red. The inflorescence is 10-15 cm high, with a curved top, and the small flowers are bell-shaped, 1-1.2 cm long, and yellow.
            　　This species has a beautiful and compact plant shape and is easy to grow in groups. It is an ideal variety for indoor potted plants. It is very similar to ordinary stone lotus in plant shape and leaf color, but the difference is that its leaves are longer, with a thickness of 0.3-0.4 cm at the tip, and more fleshy. Cultivation and propagation refer to Chiva Lotus.
            35. Cockscomb Palm (Echeveriapeacockii f. cristata)
            　　is a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. It is also known as the Thousand Feather Crane. It is a banded variant of the Pi's stone lotus (Yanglao). The original Pi's stone lotus is produced in Mexico. The original species has no stem or short stems, and the leaves are closely arranged into a rosette leaf disk. The leaves are long spoon-shaped, blue-gray-white, covered with thick white powder, with narrow bases, thin leaves, and small tips at the tips. The leaves are 3-7 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. The inflorescence is 15-35 cm high, with small bell-shaped flowers, 0.9-1.2 cm long, and red. The cockscomb palm is composed of countless overlapping leaves that are significantly smaller than the original species. It grows much faster than the original species, has a very unique shape, and is not easy to bloom.
            　　This is a long-cultivated variant that can be used as a small potted plant for families, and can also be assembled into succulent bonsai.
            　　It likes plenty of sunlight, but it will quickly return to its ancestors once the sunlight is insufficient. It is easy to cultivate and grows fast, but it is hot and humid in summer, so watering should be controlled. It is usually planted in plain sandy soil without too much fertilizer, and no fertilizer is needed, but it grows strong when there is potassium fertilizer in the soil. It is advisable to cut the old plants for cuttings in spring, and the new plants have stronger resistance to summer. Be careful of aphids and scale insects.
            36. Echeveria setosa
            　　is a plant of the genus Echeveria in the Crassulaceae family. It is native to Puebla, Mexico. The rosette leaf disk is stemless and old plants tend to grow in clusters. The large rosette leaf disk is composed of more than 100 leaves. The leaves are 5-7 cm long and 2 cm wide, with a narrow base, an ovate and thick tip, a slightly concave front side and a rounded back side, and a tiny blunt tip. The leaves are green, with slightly reddish-brown tips, and the entire leaf is covered with 0.3 cm long white hairs. The inflorescence is 20-30 cm high, with many small flowers, yellow-red.
            　　The morphology of this species is somewhat similar to a commonly cultivated species of the same genus, the velvet palm (Golden Star), but the difference is that it does not have a tall stem, and the leaf margins are not as red as the velvet palm. In addition to paying attention to ventilation and water conservation in summer, the cultivation is relatively simple, and it likes sufficient light and should not be watered on the top. Propagation is done by cuttings or sowing of buds sprouting from the base. Leaf cuttings are more difficult to propagate.
            37. Euphorbia ammak f.variegata
            　　is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is a variegated variety of Euphorbia ammak. The original Euphorbia ammak is produced in South Africa. It is a tree-like succulent plant, up to 10 meters high in its native place. It has a short and thick main stem and many branches, which are almost vertical and 15 cm thick. The epidermis is dark purple-brown green. There are 4-5 ribs, and the ridges are obviously prominent. The pith is mostly woody, and many vascular bundles are arranged obliquely and parallel from the pith to the edge of the ridge, with an interval of about 1 cm. It can be clearly seen from the outside that the epidermis of the vascular bundle is different in color, like ribs. There is a pair of thorns at the top of each rib, which are purple-brown to gray-brown. The whole plant is leafless throughout its life. The morphology of Dachaoge Jin is the same as that of Euphorbia ammak, the difference is that the epidermis of the stem is white.
            　　Euphorbia ammak is tall and is an ideal material for arranging a greenhouse for succulent plants. It can also be placed at home in its infancy.
            　　It has a strong habit and likes fertile soil. It is best to plant it in a greenhouse. It is better to use a large pot for potting
            　　. Fertilizer can be applied in late spring and early summer. The minimum temperature in winter is maintained at 5℃ and the pot soil is kept dry.
            38. Euphorbia groenewaldii
            　　is a plant of the Euphorbia genus of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is native to Transvaal Province, South Africa. The plant is short but has thick fleshy roots. It is 18 cm tall including the very short main stem, and the whole stem is 7 cm thick. There are 3-7 branches. The branches of old plants are creeping, 5-7 cm long and 1.2-3 cm in diameter. The 3 ribs are spiral, and the rib margins are strongly tortuous. The epidermis is blue-green with dark patterns. There are protrusions similar to warts on the rib margins, which are 0.5-1 cm long, and each protrusion has a pair of
            brown thorns 0.3-1 cm long. There are tiny leaves on the top of the new branches, which fall early. The flowers are born on the rib margins in the middle and upper parts of the branches, yellow-green, and very small.
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            　　In addition to the need for shade in summer, the cultivation of Shangyuan is special requirements.
            43. Graptoveria'Silver Star' is
            　　a new hybrid family of the Sedumaceae family, which is made up of the hybrid of the genus Windmill and the Stone Lotus. Silver Star is one of a series of hybrid species. The plant is a lotus-like, the leaf disc of the rosette is 10 cm in diameter, and the old plants are prone to clusters. The leaves are long and ovate, thick, with a shiny skin, and a little reddish-brown in the blue magnetic color. The leaves are arranged quite compactly, and the leaves grow almost horizontally in juvenile. The entire rosette leaf disc is horizontal like a mirror, but the leaves are more layers than the bright mirror introduced earlier. There are 1 cm long brown fleshy "beard" at the tip of the leaf. The flower peduncle is drawn from the center of the leaf disc in early spring, and the entire plant shape is quickly destroyed. Therefore, when you find that there is a "bolting" phenomenon, you should pinch it quickly, and take the base buds that can be cut off and renew the plant.
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            　　It likes cool weather, and the optimal growth temperature is 16-18℃, but it cannot tolerate too low a temperature in winter, and it must be maintained at least above 5℃. Semi-bright conditions are suitable in spring and autumn, and sufficient and soft sunlight is required in winter. The leaves turn red under strong light, which slows down growth. The light should be weak in summer and ventilation should be maintained as much as possible. Propagation is done by division.
            46. Haworthia glauca var. herrei
            　　is a plant of the genus Haworthia in the Liliaceae family. It is produced in the Orange Free Zone of South Africa. The plant is 20 cm tall and has many branches. The leaves are arranged spirally upward, and the leaves are long triangular, 4-5 cm long and 0.8 cm wide, gray-green to blue-green, and the back of the leaves is strongly keel-shaped. The inflorescence is 30 cm high, and the flowers are green with brown midribs.
            　　This is a species of Haworthia introduced in recent years. The leaf shape and color give people a strong feeling, which is suitable for home cultivation.
            　　Cultivation refers to the Baidi cultivation method. In addition to cutting the self-grown foot buds, you can also cut the tall plants into several sections, cut them separately to promote the growth of new buds, and then propagate by cuttings.
            47. Haworthialimifolia
            　　is a plant of the genus Haworthialimifolia in the Liliaceae family. It is native to Transvaal Province, South Africa. The rosette-shaped leaf disk is 10 cm in size, with about 20 leaves, which are arranged in one direction like a windmill. The leaves are ovate and triangular, with sharp tips, concave on the front and protruding on the back, with obvious keels. Dark green, with countless horizontal stripes of the same color on the back of the leaves, resembling rows of glazed tiles. The inflorescence is 35 cm high, and the white flowers have green midribs.
            　　Haworthialimifolia has been cultivated for a long time, with peculiar leaf shape and dignified and generous plant shape. It is an ideal variety for indoor decoration.
            　　The light does not need to be too strong during cultivation, otherwise the leaves will turn red. The culture soil requires good water retention but not too sticky. The pot should be large, and the water should not be too much or too little. It is cold-resistant, but also resistant to the hot weather in summer. For propagation, use the base sucker buds for cuttings or directly pot. It can also be cut by leaves, inserting the strong leaves directly into the substrate.
            48. Haworthia maughanii
            　　is a plant of the genus Haworthia in the Liliaceae family. Also known as Vientiane. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The very fleshy leaves are arranged in a loose rosette. The leaves extend obliquely upward from the base, are semi-cylindrical, 2.5 cm long (longer in cultivation), and 1.5 cm wide at the base. The leaf tip is truncated. It is gray-green or reddish-brown, with a rough leaf surface and a transparent "small window" on the truncated surface of the leaf tip. The inflorescence is 20 cm long, with 8-10 small flowers, 1.2 to 1.3 cm long, and the white flowers have green midribs. Haworthia maughanii is one of the most valuable species of Haworthia maughanii, suitable for specimen display in botanical gardens, and can also be enjoyed by some enthusiasts.
            　　Except that it requires sufficient sunlight, other cultivation methods can refer to Haworthia pilifera. In addition to sowing, it can also be propagated by root cutting. When root cutting, the root is cut at the root neck and buried in the soil, with 1 cm exposed, and the top will sprout. Another method is to slightly pull up the strong plant, especially the one with a well-developed root system, from the soil, cut it off 1 cm below the root neck, turn the plant over, blow it dry and plant it separately. The remaining roots will also sprout if left in the soil.
            49. Haworthia pilifera (Haworthia pilifera var.
            　　pilifera) is a plant of the genus Haworthia in the Liliaceae family. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The plant grows in groups, and the rosette leaf disk is 4 cm in size. The green, almost transparent leaves are 2-3 cm long and 1.3 cm wide, with round convex sides. The transparent leaf epidermis has dark lines and a small "whisker" at the top. The inflorescence is 35 cm high and has white flowers.
            　　Haworthia pilifera is small in shape, crystal clear and lovely, has low light requirements, and is extremely suitable for indoor placement. It is suitable for cultivation in shallow pots, and the culture soil can be fertile sandy loam. In winter, the temperature should be maintained above 5℃ and below 12℃. It is sensitive to sunlight. When the sunlight is too strong, the leaves are gray. It has high requirements for air humidity. When the air humidity is too low, the whiskers at the tip of the leaves and even the old leaves wither quickly. It is very easy to propagate by division.
            50. Kalanchoesynsepala
            　　is a plant of the genus Kalanchoe in the Crassulaceae family. It is also known as the double-flying butterfly and the interesting butterfly lotus. It is produced in Madagascar. The plant has short stems. The opposite leaves are ovate with short petioles, and the leaves are 6-14 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. The leaf margins have serrated notches. The epidermis is green with red, especially the red at the leaf margins is more obvious. When the growth is poor, the light is too weak, and the temperature is too low, the leaves are dark yellow and the leaf margins are brown. The scape is long and thin, emerging from the axils of the leaves, and the small flowers are hanging bell-shaped and yellow-green. When the plant grows to a certain size, a thin and long runner will emerge from the axils of the leaves, with buds at the tip, and soon develop into a small plant with roots. The leaves of this species are large and shiny, and the small plants on the stems are like dancing butterflies. It is very interesting to hang them indoors.
            　　The temperature should be kept above 5℃ in winter. In summer, shade should be provided and water should be saved appropriately to prevent rot. The soil for planting should be moderately fertile, and it can be planted with garden soil that is not too sticky. The pot should be large.
            51. Lithopsaucampiae　
            　　is a plant of the genus Lithops in the Aizoaceae family. It is native to Transvaal Province, South Africa. It is a very fleshy herbaceous plant that grows in groups. A single plant usually has only one pair of opposite leaves, forming an inverted cone with a diameter of 2-3 cm, and the size of the individual plants is very different. The basic color of the leaf surface is brown, which is also different in depth and has dark spots. Yellow flowers bloom in September, with a diameter of 2.5 cm. Lithopsaucampiae is a species with a stronger habit among the genus Lithops, and summer dormancy is not obvious.
            　　For planting, you can use leaf mold mixed with one-quarter vermiculite as the culture soil. The pot should be small and deep, and only gauze and coarse sand and gravel should be placed at the bottom of the pot to facilitate water permeability. In summer, shade and ventilation should be provided, and water should be saved appropriately. In winter, watering can continue if the temperature can be maintained above 10℃. In greenhouses and sheds without heating facilities, it is best to keep it sealed in a glass jar for the winter. Watering should be done on time in spring and autumn, but fertilization must be done with caution. Do not water from the top when the skin is molting and splitting.
            52. Lithops lesliei
            　　is a plant of the genus Lithops in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in the Transvaal Province and the Orange Free Zone in South Africa. The plant is 3-4.5 cm tall, with a flat or slightly rounded convex top, 4 cm long and 3 cm wide. The middle seam is deep. Depending on the type, the color of the epidermis at the top is grayish yellow, coffee with reddish brown, light green with dark red spots, etc. The flower diameter is 3 cm, yellow or white.
            　　It has a strong habit and is easy to cultivate. When the leaves molt and split, two pairs of overlapping new leaves are often produced in one pair of leaves, so that three pairs of leaves coexist for a period of time. The color difference between individuals is large, and cultivating this species is like cultivating many species. It is an entry-level species suitable for inexperienced enthusiasts to cultivate.
            53. Lithops (Lithopsturbiniformis)
            　　is a plant of the genus Lithops in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in the Cape Province of South Africa. The plant is similar to a gyroscope, 2-2.5 cm high, with a flat or slightly convex top and nearly round. The side is gray with yellow-brown, and the top is reddish-brown with a little purple-brown, with purple-brown curved branch-like stripes. The flower is yellow, with a diameter of 3.5-4 cm.
            　　Among all lithops, the flower of Lithops is one of the largest species. It is not difficult to cultivate and can adapt to most areas. Its top pattern is unique and very ornamental, and it is quite popular among enthusiasts. The cultivation is modeled after the sun wheel jade.
            54. Nolinarecuryata
            　　is a plant of the genus Nolinarecuryata in the Agavaceae family. It is native to Mexico. It is a tree-like succulent plant with an upright stem and a swollen base, which can reach a diameter of 1 meter. The base gradually tapers upward, resembling a wine bottle, and is 6-10 meters high. The leaves are clustered at the top of the stem, linear, more than 1 meter long, 1-2 cm wide, rough, slightly leathery, with smooth leaf margins, and blue-green or gray-green leaves. The panicle inflorescence is very high, and the small flowers are white. The trunk of the Nolinarecuryata is swollen and peculiar, and the leaves are swollen. It is a famous ornamental plant. It can be arranged in a greenhouse to reflect the tropical scenery. It can also be planted in a large pot to arrange the hall. Small potted plants are suitable for home placement. In areas with suitable climates, it can also be planted in the open field as a landscape tree species to decorate parks or square green spaces.
            　　It likes plenty of sunlight and is not cold-resistant. However, if the pot soil is kept dry when potted, it can also withstand low temperatures of 5°C. The stem stores water that can be consumed by the plant itself for 1 year, so it is quite drought-resistant. However, if the culture soil is well-drained, it is not afraid of rain when placed outdoors from spring to autumn. During the vigorous growth period, apply thin liquid fertilizer once every half a month. When fertilizer is insufficient, the leaves are thin, pale, and the growth is slow. Sowing is mainly used for reproduction.
            55. Pachypodium compactum
            　　is a plant of the genus Pachypodium in the Crassulaceae family. It is produced in Hidalgo, Mexico. It is a small succulent plant. The stem is 10 cm high, with 30-60 leaves, slightly flattened cylindrical, alternate, light green to grayish white, covered with white powder. 2-4 cm long, 1.2, 1.6 cm wide, 0.9-1.2 cm thick, rounded, but slightly ridged at the tip. The inflorescence is 30 cm high, and the small flowers are soft red.
            　　The leaves of Pachypodium compactum are spindle-like and very cute. There are currently very few species in this genus, and as one of the representative species of the genus, it should be collected and cultivated.
            　　It grows slowly and is planted in small pots and plain sandy soil. Shade and ventilate in summer and save water. Water it fully in spring and autumn. Maintain above 5℃ in winter. Cutting propagation, both branch cutting and leaf cutting are possible, but the propagation coefficient is not high.
            56. Pachypodiumnamaquanum
            　　is a plant of the genus Pachypodium in the Apocynaceae family. Also known as Guangtang. It is produced in Namibia. The fleshy stem is 1.5-1.8 meters high, unbranched, and densely covered with 5 cm long thorns. The thorns are very distinctive. Although it has no areoles, there are still 3 thorns growing together. The two long ones are separated in an eight-shaped shape, with a short thorn in the middle. The thorns are all brown. During the growing season, oval leaves grow in clusters at the top of the stem. They are green, 8-12 cm long and 2-6 cm wide. The midrib is obvious, the color is lighter, and the leaf margins are wavy. The leaves fall off in the dry season. The flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves. The petals are yellow with reddish-brown hairs.
            　　Among the succulent plants of the Apocynaceae family, the genus Pachypodium is the most important. However, due to its rarity, very few have been introduced. Pachypodium succulentum is one of the first species of succulent plants to be listed as first-class protected plants. Plants should be collected as precious specimens. Experienced enthusiasts can also collect and plant them. Most species of Pachypodium succulentum are native to Madagascar Island, and some are native to the humid areas of South Africa. They all hibernate in winter. Only Pachypodium succulentum is native to the arid areas of Namibia. It sheds its leaves and hibernates in summer, so it is relatively difficult to cultivate. During the dormant period, attention should be paid to ventilation and shading, and the pot soil should be kept dry appropriately. It is not cold-resistant, and it is best to keep it above 12℃ in winter. Some lime materials can be added to the culture soil in the sandy loam.
            57. Pachypodium succulentum
            　　is a plant of the genus Pachypodium in the Apocynaceae family. It is native to the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is a succulent dwarf shrub with thick fleshy roots and a swollen stem base with a diameter of 15 cm. In its native place, most of it is buried underground. The epidermis of the above-ground part is yellow-brown and very rough, and the swollen stem base is fleshy and soft. The branched stem is 20-60 cm high, with very thin branches and 2 cm long opposite thorns on the branches. The leaves are linear lanceolate, green, 5-6 cm long, 1 cm wide, and hairy. The flowers are borne on new branches, very small, red, and rarely white.
            　　Pedilanthus is one of the representative species of stem succulents. The swollen stem base looks like an antique vase, which is very unique. It can be cultivated in botanical gardens and by some enthusiasts. It is best to maintain 10℃ or above and keep the pot soil dry during winter dormancy. The growing season is from spring to autumn, and it blooms in late summer and early autumn, but it still consumes little water during the growing season, so it can only be watered occasionally. The culture soil should be fertile and well-drained, and some decomposed dry cow dung or bone meal can be put in the bottom to facilitate luxuriant flowering. It is best to propagate by sowing, but it can also be propagated by cuttings, but there will be no swollen stems after survival.
            58. Pedilanthustithymaloides ssp.smallii
            　　is a plant of the genus Pedilanthus in the Euphorbiaceae family. Native to southern Florida and Cuba. The plant is 0.7-2 meters tall, with dense branches at the base. The branches are round and zigzag. The leaves are 2.5-7 cm long and 1.3-3.2
            cm wide, lanceolate to yoke-shaped, with a sharp point, green and white, with prominent midribs on the back of the leaves, and sometimes with irregular white spots on the leaves. The stipules are brown. The flowers are red. There are different opinions on the classification of this species. Some people think it is not a subspecies but a species, while others think that the ones with white spots on the leaves are just cultivated varieties. It has
            　　a strong habit and grows quickly. It is cultivated in clusters in the greenhouse of the botanical garden, and the ornamental effect is excellent. It is also an energy plant, and the white latex in its body can be used to refine gasoline. It is easy to cultivate, and the leaves fall in winter. Watering should be controlled and the temperature should be maintained above 5℃. It can be cultivated outdoors in summer, and fertilizers must be applied in spring and autumn. Propagation by cuttings
            59. Axe-leaved peperomia (Peperomia dolabriformis)
            　　is a plant of the genus Peperomia in the Piperaceae family. It is produced in Peru. It is a small fleshy shrub with a stem 10 cm long. The leaves are whorled at the top, 5-6 cm long, 1.7 cm wide, and 0.6 cm thick, with pointed tips and rough bases. One side is arc-shaped and protruding in the middle, while the other side is straight. The edge of the arc-shaped side is thinner and has transparent stripes, while the edge of the straight side is thicker. The whole leaf looks like an axe. It is gray-green with pink. The inflorescence is very long and the flowers are yellow-green. The
            　　leaves are peculiar in shape, the plant is small, and the light requirements are not high, so it is suitable for family cultivation. Planting can be mixed with 1 part of leaf humus and 1 part of peat soil. Semi-shady conditions are preferred. Water well in spring and autumn and apply thin liquid fertilizer late. Keep the temperature above 7℃ in winter. Propagate by cuttings.
            60. Pleiospilosnelii
            　　is a plant of the genus Pleiospilosnelii in the Aizoaceae family. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The very fleshy ovate leaves are alternately opposite, with the base united, and the whole plant looks like a gold ingot. The outer edge of the leaves is blunt, the surface is relatively flat, and the back is convex. The gray-green color has many transparent small spots. After the new leaves grow out, the old leaves slowly shrink, but sometimes two pairs of leaflets are superimposed in a pair of old leaves to form three pairs of leaves. The flowers have short stalks, 7 cm in diameter, pinkish yellow, open in the afternoon, and have a long flowering period.
            　　Emperor Jade is a famous species among the succulent plants of the Aizoaceae family, known for its peculiar shape and difficulty in cultivation. As a representative species of the genus Aizoaceae, both botanical gardens and enthusiasts should collect and cultivate it. For some enthusiasts, the more difficult the species to grow, the more they want to grow it, which reflects the technical level of the grower. Emperor Jade is a species that tests growers.
            　　The biggest difficulty in cultivating Emperor Jade is that Emperor Jade has a long dormancy period. In some places, it enters dormancy from late May until mid-September. During this period, it will rot if it is neglected. In addition to strengthening shade and ventilation, water should be completely cut off. The old leaves are allowed to shrink, and strive to keep a pair of leaves. After flowering, the resistance quickly weakens. Although it does not die after flowering like some Crassulaceae species, it will be very difficult to survive the summer. Therefore, if you are not collecting seeds, you should remove the flower buds as soon as they appear. The culture soil should be three-quarters sand and one-quarter leaf mold. It is propagated by sowing. The resistance of the seedlings is good. Sometimes side buds will appear at the base and can be broken off for cuttings.
            61. Pleiospilossimulans is
            　　a plant of the genus Pleiospilossimulans in the Aizoaceae family. It is native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The leaves are opposite, very fleshy, 6-8 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 1-1.5 cm thick. The base is slightly united, oval-shaped and triangular, with a pointed tip. The leaf color is brown-green with quite obvious transparent dots. There are 1-4 flowers, yellow or sycamore yellow, and fragrant.
            　　Like the imperial jade, the qingluan is shaped like a gold ingot, but it is more open. The obvious difference from the imperial jade is that it has a strong habit, grows fast, and is not difficult to manage in summer. It is suitable for cultivation by enthusiasts in most areas.
            　　In midsummer, you should also pay attention to ventilation and shading. The dormancy period is much shorter than that of the imperial jade. If the temperature can be maintained above 7℃ in winter, it will continue to grow.
            62. Portulacaria afra f. variegata
            　　is a plant of the genus Portulaca in the family Portulacaceae. It is also known as the silver maidenhair tree with variegated leaves. It is a variegated variety of Portulaca. The original species of Portulaca is native to southern Africa. It is a perennial succulent shrub. The original species of Portulaca can grow up to 4 meters in its native place. It is relatively short when potted, while the Portulaca is even slender and short. The stem is fleshy, slightly reddish brown in green, and the stem of old plants is light brown or grayish white. The opposite leaves are fleshy obovate, 1.2 cm long and 1 cm wide, smooth, with yellow-white spots in green. The flowers are very small and pink.
            　　The branches of the Portulaca are curved, and the flowers and leaves are full of vitality, which has the artistic conception of dead wood coming back to life in spring. It does not require much light and is very suitable for home cultivation.
            　　It likes warmth, is drought-resistant, and can grow well under scattered light conditions. Cultivation requires well-drained sandy loam. Spring and autumn are the rapid growth periods. Dormancy is not obvious during the high temperature in summer, but growth is slow. Propagation by cuttings.
            63. Rhombophyllumnelii
            　　is a plant of the genus Rhombophyllum in the Aizoaceae family. It is produced in the Cape Province of South Africa. It is a fleshy shrub with a height of 20-30 cm. The stem has short nodes and many branches. The leaves are concentrated at the top of the branches, opposite, slender and laterally flattened, with two lobes at the tip and arc-shaped on the outside, like a knife. Light green to gray-green. The flowers are 4 cm large and yellow.
            　　Rhombophyllumnelii has a peculiar leaf shape and is a representative species of the genus. Botanical gardens should collect and cultivate it. It can also be planted and enjoyed by some enthusiasts.
            　　Rhombophyllumnelii is a medium-sized fleshy shrub in the Aizoaceae family, but it is more difficult to cultivate than the same type of shrub-like species. It has a short dormancy in summer. The resistance of new plants that survive by cuttings in early spring is stronger than that of old plants, so it is necessary to continuously propagate and renew the plants.
            64. Sansevieria cylindrical
            　　is a plant of the genus Sansevieria in the Agavaceae family. It is native to tropical Africa. The stem is very short and is usually stemless in cultivation. The leaves grow in clusters from the roots, are cylindrical or slightly flat, more than 1 meter long, 3 cm in diameter, with an acute and hard tip, and the rest of the leaves are soft and fleshy. They are dark green with gray-green stripes. The flowers are arranged in racemes, 60-70 cm long, and the small flowers are white.
            　　The leaves of Sansevieria cylindrical are shaped like sheep's horns, which is very interesting and suitable for decorating halls. Small plants can also be used as potted plants at home.
            　　It likes sufficient and soft sunlight, and is planted in sandy loam. The pots should be large and repotted frequently. For reproduction, the leaves can be cut into 10 cm small pieces, dried and inserted into people. Generally, they take root first and then form underground rhizomes, and then new buds emerge on the rhizomes, so the new buds often drill out of the soil at the edge of the pot. You can also divide the plants, but don't divide them too small at once. Instead
            , divide the plants with dense leaves and rhizomes into several pots, and then divide them when they grow too crowded. Golden-edged short-leafed tiger tail orchid (Sansevieriatrifasciata 'Golden Hahnii')
            　　is a plant of the genus Tiger Tail in the Agavaceae family. It is a cultivated variety of Tiger Tail Orchid. The original species of Tiger Tail Orchid is native to tropical Africa. It is a perennial herb with rhizomes and grows in clusters. The leathery leaves are arranged in a low rosette shape. The leaves are oblong, 7-10
            cm long and 2.5-3 cm wide, gray-green, with milky white or golden yellow leaf edges, which are very beautiful. The flowers are light green. In the Tiger Tail Orchid family, the Golden-edged dwarf Tiger Tail Orchid has a short plant shape, plump leaves with colorful borders, and grows very fast except in winter, and is easy to cultivate. It is very attractive whether planted in clusters or as a border plant for flower beds. A high temperature should be maintained in winter, otherwise the leaves will become dull or even rot. It should be exposed to sufficient light except in midsummer. Propagation is mainly by division.
            66. Golden-edged Tiger Tail Orchid (Sansevieriatrifasciata 'laurentii ')
            　　A plant of the genus Tiger Tail in the Agavaceae family. It is also a cultivated variety of Tiger Tail. It is a perennial herb with creeping rhizomes. Each rhizome has 8 to 15 sword-shaped leaves, 1 meter long and 6-7 cm wide, leathery, upright, green with gray-green halos, and golden yellow borders of the same width on both sides. The flowers are arranged in racemes and are light green. The sword-shaped leaves of
            　　this species are stiff, emerald green with golden edges, bright colors, and very ornamental. It can be arranged in halls, meeting places, and rooms.
            It has a strong habit and should be shaded except in winter when it can be fully exposed to sunlight. It can be fully watered from spring to autumn, and a thin fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be applied every half month during the vigorous growth period, but avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer. Propagation is mainly by division, which can be cut at the rhizome in early spring when repotting. It is easy to survive by cuttings, but the leaves of new seedlings do not have golden edges.
            67. Sarcostemma australe
            　　is a plant of the genus Sarcostemma in the family Asclepiadaceae. It is native to the arid regions of Australia. It is a fleshy shrub with latex in its body. The stem is erect or semi-erect, 1-2 meters tall, cylindrical, branched, club-shaped, 0.5-1 cm thick, soft fleshy, green or gray-green, sometimes white. The leaves are scaly and fall early. The flowers are clustered in 6-8 flowers, and the corolla has two layers and is radiant.
            　　Most of this species are leafless, and the slender branches sway in the wind, which is very charming. Succulent plants from Oceania are very rare. As representative species of regional plants, they should be collected and cultivated in the greenhouse of botanical gardens.
            　　For planting, you can use leaf mold, garden soil and coarse sand mixed together. The pot should be small, and it is best to plant several plants in one pot. The temperature in winter is maintained above 5℃. It should be exposed to sufficient light except in midsummer. Thin liquid fertilizer can be applied once in spring and autumn. Propagation is by cuttings.
            68. Sedumadolphii
            　　is a plant of the genus Sedum in the family Crassulaceae. It is native to Mexico. The stem is fleshy, first erect and then prostrate. The leaves are lanceolate with a blunt tip, 3.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 0.6 cm thick. They are yellow-green with slightly reddish leaf margins. The flowers are white.
            　　It is very easy to cultivate and propagate, and is a popular succulent variety suitable for beginners and children. It
            　　is generally suitable for indoor cultivation. It likes sunlight and warmth, but it is also cold-resistant in winter as long as it is not directly exposed to frost and snow. The leaves will shrink when it is too cold, but will recover in spring. It should be watered fully from spring to autumn, and watered occasionally in winter. The leaves will also shrink when there is a lack of water. It is quite easy to propagate by leaf cuttings.
            69. Sedummorganianum 'Burrito'
            　　is a plant of the genus Sedum in the family Crassulaceae. It is also known as round-leaved emerald sedum. The original species of emerald sedum (squirrel tail) is native to Mexico. A round-leaved variant has been produced during cultivation. An evergreen fleshy shrub, with branches emerging from the base, creeping or drooping,
            50-60 cm long and 0.4-0.6 cm thick. Leaves are arranged in a beaded pattern, nearly round, 1 cm long, 0.7 cm wide and thick, light green, with blunt tips. Leaves fall off very easily and take root as soon as they touch the soil. The inflorescence is terminal, with 6 to 12 flowers, deep purple-red. The leaves
            　　of this variety and the original species of Jade Sedum are arranged in a long beaded pattern, resembling the tail of an animal, which is very interesting. The varieties with round leaves are more delicate and suitable for hanging cultivation indoors. It has a strong habit, likes plenty of sunlight but can also tolerate semi-shade, and grows well under diffuse light conditions indoors. It is suitable for planting with well-drained sandy loam, if the pot soil is compacted or too wet, it is easy to cause the leaves to fall off. It is very cold-resistant in winter when the pot soil is dry, but if the temperature can be maintained above 10℃, it will continue to grow, and the leaves will be more round and smooth at this time: both branch cuttings and leaf cuttings are acceptable.
            70. Sedumpachyphyllum
            　　is a plant of the genus Sedum in the family Crassulaceae. It is native to Oaxaca, Mexico. It is a dwarf succulent shrub with a height of 25 cm. The leaves are cylindrical, gray-green and covered with white powder. In the growing season or under strong sunlight, the leaf tips are red. The leaves are 4
            cm long and 0.6 cm thick. The leaves are often loosely clustered at the top of the stems and branches, but in fact they are arranged in five spirals from bottom to top. When the plant is old or growing poorly, the leaves at the bottom of the stem are easy to fall off or shrink, and there are many aerial roots. Yellow flowers. The leaf shape of this species is very similar to a common species of the same genus - corn stone, but the leaves are longer than corn stone, and the leaves are gray-green and covered with white powder, which is different from corn stone. Like corn stone, it is a good choice for small and exquisite potted plants, suitable for home cultivation. It
            　　likes sunshine and plenty of home, but it still needs to be shaded when cultivated in a greenhouse in summer. If the pot soil is well drained, it can be directly placed outdoors from late spring to autumn. Although there is less white powder on the leaves, it grows much faster. The leaves are more beautiful in winter and it is very cold-resistant. Propagation can be done by cutting branches or leaves.
            71. Sempervivumarachnoideum
            　　is a plant of the genus Sempervivum in the Crassulaceae family. Also known as spider web Sempervivum. It is native to the high mountain areas of Europe and is mainly distributed in France, Spain and Italy. The plant is in the shape of a rosette with very small rosette leaf disks, but it tends to grow in groups in a cushion-like manner, so each plant occupies a large area in its native habitat. The leaves are closely arranged, green with red, with white hairs on the tip, and connected at the top of the plant like a spider web. The petiole is obovate; the pink flowers are about 2 cm in diameter.
            　　Sempervivumarachnoideum is a representative species of the genus Sempervivum and one of the representative species of succulent plants native to Europe. Botanical gardens should cultivate it for specimen display. At the same time, it is also a good choice for small potted plants and is suitable for home cultivation.
            　　It grows slowly, and the main growing period is in the cool season. In summer, it should be kept cool and ventilated and water should be saved appropriately. It is suitable for cultivation in sandy loam with good drainage. It is cold-resistant and should be overwintered in a cold room in winter.
            　　Propagation is by sowing or division.
            72. Seneciocrassissimus
            　　is a plant of the genus Senecio in the Asteraceae family. Also known as fishtail crown. It is native to the southern part of Madagascar. It is a multi-branched subshrub, 50-80 cm high, with a rough surface of stems and branches, and scales left after old leaves fall off. The leaves are ovate, 4-6 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, with short tips, light green, and the lower part of the midrib of the leaf is slightly red. The inflorescence is 50-100 cm high, and the flowers are yellow.
            　　This species is a medium-sized shrub and can be planted in the greenhouse of the botanical garden. It has a strong habit and few diseases and insect pests. It can be cultivated with ordinary leaf mold, and it needs to be fully watered from spring to autumn. It does not dormant in summer.
            73. Seneciopendulus is
            　　a plant of the genus Senecio in the Asteraceae family. It is native to East Africa and Arabia. It is a fleshy shrub with a stem with nodes, cylindrical but pointed at both ends, creeping, and roots when it touches the soil. Each node is up to 30 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The stem epidermis is gray-green or reddish-brown with dark longitudinal stripes. The leaves are linear, cylindrical, only 0.2 cm long, and fall off in summer. The pedicels are vertically upward, the head inflorescence is 3 cm in diameter, and the flowers are orange-red or blood-red.
            　　The mud shovel palm, also known as the first eagle, has a special appearance and beautiful flowers, which are very eye-catching. It can be planted in a shallow pot, and the stems and branches can be extended and circling to decorate desks and tables, which is very interesting.
            　　It likes warmth and plenty of sunshine. It must be exposed to sunlight when placed indoors. Watering should be restrained during summer dormancy, and fertilization should be cautious at ordinary times. More coarse sand can be mixed into the soil, and it is best to spread sand on the surface of the pot. If conditions permit, it will grow better when planted directly in a sand bed than in a pot. It is best to maintain a temperature above 10°C in winter, but it can also withstand low temperatures of 3-5°C if the pot soil is kept dry and there is plenty of sunlight. Propagation by cuttings.
            78. Trichodia demastelligerum
            　　is a plant of the genus Trichodia in the Aizoaceae family. Native to Cape Province, South Africa. A succulent subshrub, 20 cm tall, with slender, hairless stems. Opposite leaves are club-shaped, sparsely arranged, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.6 cm in diameter, light green, with dense transparent dots on the surface (actually large water storage cells), and 5-10 white or brown bristles on the top of the leaves. The flowers are large and lavender. The
            　　slender creeping stems of this species are lush and elegant, and it is very interesting to use them for greenhouse sand bed layout or hanging cultivation. The flowers are large and numerous, bringing a lot of vitality to the succulent greenhouse in autumn. It is also quite suitable for windowsills and balconies in the living room.
            　　It is easy to cultivate, and old plants should be renewed, otherwise the branches will be messy and the flowers will be sparse. Although dormancy in summer is not obvious, excessive humidity during high temperatures can also cause rot in branches and leaves. It is mainly propagated by cuttings.
            79. Tylecodon paniculatus
            　　is a plant of the genus Tylecodon in the Crassulaceae family. Native to Namibia and South Africa. The plant is very fleshy. The plant is 1.5 meters tall, with a very thick fleshy stem, especially at the base, which is more swollen, and can reach a diameter of 60 cm in its native habitat. There are many branches, with swollen nodes of different shapes, with an easily peeling corky epidermis, yellow in color. There are many leaves, clustered at the top of the branches, green to yellow-green, 5-11 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, fleshy, and the leaves fall off during the dormant period. The inflorescence is 60 cm high, with red flowers and hairy outer petals.
            　　The plant of Afang Palace has a peculiar shape, which makes it difficult to cultivate. It is very rare and can be used as a precious specimen for cultivation and display in botanical gardens.
            　　The planting pot should be large, and the soil should be loose, breathable and have considerable fertilizer. It is not advisable to turn the pot too much. Maintain above 10℃ in winter.
            80. Xerosicyosdanguyi
            　　is a plant of the genus Xerosicyosdanguyi in the Cucurbitaceae family. It is produced in Madagascar. A fleshy shrub with an erect or creeping stem, 50 cm high, branched at the base, the branches are not too fleshy, thin and round. The leaves are alternate, fleshy, glaucous green, oval, 4 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, with a 0.8 cm petiole, slightly concave in the middle of the leaf front, and hairless. The flowers are very light yellow-green.
            　　Succulent plants of the Cucurbitaceae family were introduced only in recent years. The leaves of the cycad are peculiar in shape and are relatively easy to propagate, so they can be used as specimens for plant cultivation and display.
            　　It likes warmth and sunshine, and the temperature should be maintained above 10°C in winter. It is best to plant it in well-drained sandy loam. Propagation is done by cuttings or sowing.

Winter Planting and Maintenance of Succulent Plants

In the severe winter, most succulents are dormant. At this time, the plants grow slowly. Watering should be reduced or stopped to prevent excessive water from causing root rot. Succulents are divided into winter and summer plants. Succulents with different habits need to be cared for differently to survive the cold winter. Winter planting The habit of winter succulents is to grow as usual in winter and dormant in summer. The main categories of winter succulents are (please check the number): - Liliaceae - Haworthia genus commonly includes Haworthia, Jincheng, Longlin, Yushan, Wanxiang, Baocao, Yulu, Shou, etc. Yulu (Internet picture) Month - Watering amount January (January) - Extremely few or stop watering February (Feburary) - Few Bowiea genus commonly includes Bowiea, etc. Cangjiaodian (Internet picture) Common species of Gasteria include Tiger's Scroll, Zibao, Woniu, Zhaoji, Dinosaur, etc. Woniu (Internet picture) Month - Watering Amount January (January) - Trace (few) February (Feburary) - A small amount (fair) - Crassulaceae - Common species of Crassula include Ba, Yuchun, Luta, Duxing, Lu Qianhui, Xing Yinu, Longgucheng, Lique, Kinokawa, etc. Kinokawa (Internet picture) Month - Watering Amount January (January) - A small amount (fair) February (Feburary) - A lot (lot) Common species of Cotyledon include Xiongtongzi, Zhonggui, Qifengjin, Wanwuxiang, Afang Palace, Shashanhu, etc. Bear's Paw (Internet picture) Month - _ Watering amount January (January) - a small amount (fair) February (Feburary) - a small amount (fair) Common Sedum (Sedum) include Mingyue, Yuzhulian, Yinuxin, Hongzhiyu, Ji (Bamboo) Shi, Round Leaf Wanniancao, etc. Hongzhiyu (Internet picture) Month - _ Watering amount January (January) - extremely few or stop watering February (Feburary) - extremely few or or stop watering ——Aizoaceae (Aizoaceae) - Lithops (Lithops) Commonly include Lithops, Patterned Jade, Sun Wheel Jade, Zhuxian Jade, Mrs. Li, etc. Month - Watering amount January - Lot February - Lot Titanopsis commonly includes Titanopsis, Titanopsis Crown, Titanopsis Hairpin, etc. January - Lot February - Fair Summer planting The habit of summer-type succulents is to grow as usual in summer and stop growing in winter. The amount of watering in January and February is very small or no water. The main categories of summer-planted succulents are (please check the number): Crassulaceae - Kalanchoe, commonly includes Tangyin, Edo Purple, Moon Rabbit Ear, Fairy Dance, Fan Bird, etc. Crassula commonly includes Flower Hairpin, Ruolu, Shendao, Huayue, Huojie, Qingsuolong, Sunset Goose, etc. Common species of Echeveria include Moon Shadow, Yamato Kin, Black Prince, Chiva Lotus, Jin Huangxing, Jade Butterfly, Asahi Crane, etc. Female Hina (Internet photo) —— Agavaceae —— Agave genus, common species include Agave, Thunder God, Fukiage, Princess Shizhixue, etc. Common species of Sansevieria genus, common species include Sansevieria, Short-leaved Sansevieria, Jiye Sansevieria, etc. —— Asclepiadaceae —— Caralluma genus, common species include Purple Dragon Horn, Stegosaurus Horn, Dragon Horn, Asura, Red Striped Horn, etc. Common species of Echidnopsis genus, common species include Qinglong Horn, etc. Common species of Ceropegia genus, common species include Love Vine, Green Rain, etc. Common species of Dischidia genus, common species include Brazilian Kiss, etc. Fockea, common species include Kyoto Maiko, round-leaved Fugen grass, etc. --Vitaceae -- Cissus, common species include Jade Pavilion, Round-stem Jade Pavilion, etc. Cyphostemma, common species include Grape jar, Grape cup, Elephant foot grape, etc.

How to grow succulents, a cultivation guide for beginner succulent lovers

  　　Succulent plants, as the name implies, are called succulent plants because they are juicy and watery. Succulent plants have a lot of water. It is important to understand this. They are different from herbaceous plants. Grass flowers need to be watered every 1 to 2 days during the growth period, while succulent plants have a lot of water stored.
  　　Beginners can water according to the state of the plant and the dryness of the soil. It is simple to say, but the specific operation is still quite particular. Normally growing sedum plants can generally be observed through leaves. If the soil surface is dry, the leaves are slightly wrinkled under normal growth and appear to be listless. At this time, water can be basically given. This operation is still a little helpful for novices who don't understand. If you are already familiar with it, you can water it basically when the pot soil is dry. You can use carbendazim and other dilutions to water it once a month to prevent the invasion of pathogens (this is the watering of healthy growing succulent plants with leaves, that is, the watering of some beginners who buy pots directly home).
  　　Online shopping is so developed nowadays that plants are usually delivered without soil. After receiving such plants, it is a big problem for beginners. First of all, what kind of soil should be used? There is no definite standard for this problem. The soil needs to be breathable. However, it is best not to use garden soil or soil in flower beds for beginners, because these soils are easy to freeze after watering, which will cause the plant roots to die or rot. There are actually a lot of breathable soils around us, such as: river sand (need to be washed and the powder removed. The particles can be 1 to 5 mm depending on the needs of the plants), coal slag (crushed to remove the powder, then washed to remove the dust, the particle size is generally 1 to 3 mm, and the large ones can be placed at the bottom of the pot), and red bricks, which require great strength to break into small 3 mm particles (I have seen flower lovers do this before). These are all planting materials that are readily available around us. These planting materials can be mixed with a small amount of peat or not mixed with peat, and can be used to grow succulents.
  　　Many flower lovers will ask, there is no river sand and coal slag in my city, hehe, unless the city you live in is not, there are river sand everywhere in the construction sites around us, but it is best not to get sea sand, because sea sand has a lot of salt, freshwater sand is natural, generally inland is basically freshwater sand, coastal cities are basically sea sand, go to the construction site to ask for some, they will give it. The second is coal slag, coal balls can be seen in every city, but now in big cities due to environmental problems, coal briquette stoves have been eliminated, but there are many breakfast stalls, night markets, small food stalls, canteens around you, you can see them, they are burned coal balls (Baidu can view pictures, Feng Kite's blog also has a blog post), not burned raw coal slag, these stalls of coal slag broken (many flower lovers said that coal slag is powder after being crushed, that is because the quality of coal balls is not good, there is too much soil, so you can only get a few more coal balls) after sieving, wash to remove the heat, dry before use. Then there are Akadama, pumice, diatomaceous earth, Kanuma soil, vermiculite, perlite, and peat, which are sold in flower markets and Taobao. There are many varieties of soil, and you can mix them all together, or you can use a single planting material to grow plants. Whether it is mixed or single, as long as the soil is breathable.
  　　What is breathable? In other words, when you pour water on the bottom of the pot, it will flow out immediately. This is the most ideal. Add some peat or something according to the different plants. What planting material to use depends on your own habits. There is no regulation on what to use. Therefore, as long as the planting material is breathable for beginners, water will flow out of the bottom of the pot immediately after watering, that's it. After nagging for a long time, you should have a general understanding of the planting material at least, and you don't have to ask every day what planting material is good. Feng Kite's planting material: coal slag mixed with a small amount of peat, pure coal slag, pure river sand, or river sand mixed with a small amount of peat, sometimes with some perlite or vermiculite.
  　　Next, let's talk about pots. There is no particular requirement for pots. Plastic, iron, wood, porcelain, purple sand, any container that can be thought of can be used to grow flowers. However, they require one thing, that is, there must be water-permeable holes at the bottom of the pot. If there are no water-permeable holes, it is difficult to control the water. Although many girls now like to use glass cups and wine glasses, they can survive if they do not have holes for a short time and pay attention to watering. If it is a long-term hobby, it is best to change to a pot with water-permeable holes. The pot is not the most important thing. There are all kinds of pots for kites, including pottery, porcelain, purple sand, plastic, paper, chocolate boxes and ice cream boxes that we usually eat, as long as they can be filled with soil, they can be used to grow flowers. Choose a pot of the corresponding height according to the root system of the plant.
  　　Watering... The soil and pot mentioned above are not the main thing. The main thing is watering. When you choose good soil and a good pot, if you don't control the watering well, there will be losses. Let's take the bare-root plants that are ready to be potted. Generally, plants that are to be potted can only be potted after the roots are trimmed and the wounds are dried. Try to use slightly moist soil for potting, and don't give water. What is slightly moist soil? Many flower lovers who have just started don't have a scale to measure. How to be slightly moist? Use our hands to feel it. After mixing the soil, add some water, and get the soil into a ball with your hands. When you release your hands, the soil will fall apart. This state is fine. If you don't grasp it well, you will grab the soil with your hands. There is no wet feeling on your hands, but the soil looks wet. The soil at this time is the best for potting plants. Mix some dry carbendazim powder in the soil and stir it together. It can inhibit bacteria from invading the capillary roots after rooting. If you want to add preventive drugs such as furadan or turicidal, pour the preventive medicine after mixing the slightly moist soil, and stir it evenly with something and it can be used. Plants that are potted with slightly moist soil will generally dry out in about 5 to 10 days in a cool and ventilated place. This dryness depends on the season and environment.
  　　After the potting soil is completely dry, you can water it for the second time. This watering is more important. You can use water with carbendazim or pure water, and pour it around the pot to allow the water to slowly penetrate into the roots of the plant, so that the capillary roots that have just taken root will not easily dry up again. The amount of water to be given for the second time depends on the water permeability of the planting material. How to judge it? That is to say, after this watering, it is appropriate for the water to slowly penetrate into the roots of the plant. This degree may not be easy for novice enthusiasts to grasp, but carbendazim is mixed in the water, so it won’t be a big problem to give more water. It is better for novices to use less water. If you shake your hand and give too much, the roots will easily rot. Compared with watering plants that have just been potted, it is still not a big problem. It won’t be a big problem to give a little more water. There is generally no problem with good ventilation.
  　　The most difficult thing to grasp is the watering of plants after dormancy. Many succulents will dormant during the high and low temperature periods in summer and winter, especially this summer. It was so hot, hotter than ever before. Because the temperature was too high, many plants died during dormancy due to lack of resistance. Some plants with good resistance, when the temperature slowly dropped in autumn, caused a large number of deaths due to not grasping the amplitude and amount of watering. Even veterans may not be immune. The watering environment in the north and south in summer is different, and the amplitude and amount of watering are different. Different plants need different water. It would take three days and three nights to talk about it. Here, Feng Kite will tell you a method that is easy to use.
  　　When the temperature slowly drops in the summer, you must hold back and take care of your hands. Don't look at the weather forecast. It will be low temperature for 10 days. The weather forecast is not necessarily accurate. At the end of summer, when thunderstorms are frequent, you must pay attention to watering. The plants in late summer are very thirsty after experiencing the hot summer. At this time, we can't let them drink enough water at once. Why? Just like when we exercise, we will feel very thirsty after intense exercise, because we sweat too much during exercise. At this time, we need to replenish water. If we drink too much at once, we can't accept it either. We must drink it several times before we can slowly quench our thirst. The same is true for plants. What is consumed in summer is nutrition and water. At this time, there is a lot of water, and the plants are happy. They absorb water desperately. Suddenly, the leaves are full and loose, and the excess water cannot be dispersed. If the temperature is slightly higher, it will rot from the roots to the top of the plant. This is why many flower lovers will have many plants die in the fall after the summer. They die in the rain and watering.
  　　The specific approach should be, after the temperature drops, don't rush to water heavily, at this time the plants need water and nutrients the most, we can only water them gradually, after the summer the plants are relatively weak, their resistance is not very good, when watering, it is safer to dilute the water with some carbendazim, don't give too much at one time, many novice enthusiasts don't know what gradual is, let me explain here, watering gradually, for example, when we watered about one-sixth of the potting soil for the first time, that is to say, there is water 1 cm under the soil layer, after it is completely dry, you can water 2 to 3 cm of soil to moisten it, and then wait for the potting soil to dry, water 5 to 6 cm of soil to moisten it (some flower lovers use drops to calculate, in general no matter how you water it is, everyone has a different method), step by step is to water according to the state of the plant, and it takes a long time to accumulate experience to grasp this degree, as the saying goes: watering is ten years of hard work,
  which means that watering is accumulated through experience, and generally, after the plants of flower lovers have gone through the adaptation period, watering is still easy to master. Observe more and ask more questions, which are what beginners have to go through. Different plants have different watering requirements, which are accumulated slowly during the breeding process. Regional climate affects the water demand of plants.
  　　Feng Kite hopes that all succulent lovers will read more relevant information before or after purchasing plants, at least know the general idea, so that your plants will not die when you are confused. For unfamiliar varieties, it is better to use less water and grow slowly, and don't be eager for quick success and think about how big to grow at once. As long as the plant does not die, the basic habits will be understood after a year, and normal management can be carried out next year. If you can take notes, it will be very helpful for long-term management. The above is the approximate watering situation. Specific varieties should be treated specifically, waiting for flower lovers to become familiar with it.
  　　Don't copy and paste, the information is dead and may not be suitable for your growth environment. Be flexible and adaptable, so that you can grow plants better. There is even less water during the dormant period. Since it is dormant, as long as the root system is not too dry and dead, a small amount of water is still necessary. The succulents raised at home are generally small in pots and have little soil. If a drop of water is not given during the entire dormant period, some varieties will die completely. Regarding watering, flower lovers should refer to more materials according to their own environment to master it flexibly.
  　　After talking about soil, pots, and water, let's talk about plants. Now that the Internet is developed, there are many foreign plants, and the channels for buying succulents are becoming more and more extensive. For beginners, how should the new plants be handled? Feng Kite will briefly talk about it.
  　　For succulent plants, sellers will basically take off the pots when shipping. One is for transportation safety, and the other is to prevent the migration of pathogens with the pot soil to the new owner. Generally, before shipping plants that have been transported over long distances, sellers will air them to soften them. One is for good packaging and not easy to lose leaves. The other is to remove some water, so that they are not easy to rot during the long express delivery. Plants that lack water are easier to keep alive. Don’t be fooled by the softness of the goods you receive. Feng Kite will generally check the goods when he receives them. For those that are too full, the roots will be trimmed and air-dried for a few days. If it is a tuberous root, the air-drying time will be longer after the roots are trimmed, one to two months is fine. Only when they are dehydrated, new roots will grow quickly. The reason is simple. When plants are thirsty, they must drink water. To drink water, they must grow roots. They all absorb water through their roots. If a full plant is put into a pot and watered immediately or the soil in the pot is too wet, it will not be easy for new roots to grow all at once, because the plant itself is not very short of water. If you ask them to drink water, how can they drink it? If the soil in the pot is too wet, the roots will rot. This is also a misunderstanding of many novice enthusiasts, who always think that the fuller the plant, the better. Because the plants we buy online come from different places, if they are naturally cultivated, it is acceptable to give full plants some water. If it is for plants from places with high temperature and high humidity (such as greenhouses, or plants raised with large amounts of water and fertilizer), dehydration is necessary, otherwise they will easily rot due to excessive water. Sedum plants are okay, as they are basically dehydrated during the express delivery. If it is for spheres, reeds, tubers, and other very fleshy succulents, it is necessary to trim the roots and dry them at home. 3 to 5 days is not necessarily safe, because we do not necessarily know where they come from. Dehydration will be more conducive to the regrowth of the plants and will allow them to adapt to our growth environment more quickly.
  　　When there are new plants, many flower lovers come to ask Feng Kite, can I give fertilizer after potting? Dear, can you take it easy first? Although Feng Kite also wants to grow plants better and bigger, it is not suitable to give fertilizer to plants that have just been potted and have not yet adapted to the pot. The roots have not grown well. Can they absorb the fertilizer you give? Generally, when the plants grow more steadily, you can give a small amount of thin fertilizer. Fertilizers generally include slow-release fertilizers, water fertilizers, and green manures. Sometimes Feng Kite will give some plants some water fertilizers. This is easy to operate. Just mix it in water and give it a little. Another is slow-release fertilizers. This is better. You can also mix it in the soil when sowing. Just throw a few grains on the soil surface. It is more convenient. Feng Kite never uses green manure. Succulents generally grow in relatively poor sandy soils, with almost no nutrients. They rely on rainwater for moisture. Although they have no nutrients, they grow very healthy and the colors are more natural and beautiful. Some flower lovers may worry about how they can grow without nutrition. Hehe, in fact, they have the growth elements they need in water, soil and air. Don't worry about this. Although we don't give any fertilizer, the plants we raise may not be as big or strong as others, but they will bloom and change with the seasons. They are healthier and tougher. The scenery of plants with large amounts of water and fertilizer is only temporary. They may die in some bad weather. The high temperature in 2013 should have caused more losses to many flower lovers than in previous years.
  　　Let's talk about light. Plants need sunlight, but not all plants like strong sunlight. Many beginners will ask Feng Kite, can we expose them to the sun right after we put them in the pot? Yes, plants need sunlight, but we have to wait until they grow steadily before they can see the sun. If we urgently let them see the sun, not only will the root system not grow well, but the plants themselves may slowly dehydrate and die. They should be allowed to grow roots in a cool and ventilated environment, and then gradually see the sun. They can be exposed to the sun after they have adapted. Succulent plants in the growing season generally need sunlight, and they should be protected from the scorching sun during the dormant period. For example, in summer, many succulent plants will dormant. At this time, what needs to be done is to shade, ventilate, and water less. This time, Feng Kite went on a motorcycle trip for 5 days. When he came back, he saw that the sunshade net was blown open by the strong wind. The lithops and sedum under the hole were all bleached and dried. The sun-resistant varieties had their leaves scorched and sunburned, and it would take a long time to recover. Of course, there are many sun-resistant plants that grow in summer, such as the cactus with strong thorns. This can be exposed to the sun. If it is not exposed to the sun, it will not grow well and will not be beautiful. For example, Feng Kite's Red Eagle and Emperor Pills, in such high temperatures in 2013, the cement soil surface can be fried at a temperature that makes them look healthier, tougher, and more beautiful. Each flower lover can give the plant corresponding light according to his or her living environment. If the environment is really bad and there is a lack of light, artificial light can only be added. There are many light-adding lamps on the market, cold light and hot light are both available. For plants that are about to bloom, hot light sources can promote flowering and artificial pollination. With sufficient light, plants will grow healthily and beautifully.
  　　By the way, let's talk about sowing. Now some novice enthusiasts start sowing right away, which is understandable. In the current situation where the price of plants is high, choosing sowing is a better method. For novices, it is still difficult, because the sown plants are difficult to take care of in the first half of the year. Once there is a water shortage, the whole army may be wiped out. The management is relatively delicate, such as disinfecting the pot soil to prevent bacterial invasion. In the first half of the year, the soil in the seedling tray should not be too dry. It is necessary to spray water with carbendazim regularly, ventilate, and scatter light, slowly direct light, and be careful not to sunburn the seedlings. It is more troublesome to have stiff seedlings when the temperature is high. As long as the light and humidity are well controlled during the seedling stage, it can basically be brought up slowly. For the specific details of sowing and propagation, please refer to Feng Kite's blog post on sowing.
  　　Finally, let's talk about the diseases and pests of succulents. This problem is still quite troublesome. Feng Kite usually mixes Tuchongdan or Furadan in the soil to prevent it. For novices, there are more diseases and pests in summer and winter. One is that there is no prevention, and the other is that they don't know where to start. Generally, the plant material with prevention is not easy to get diseases and pests, but this cannot be said to be a permanent solution. In summer and winter, all plants should be sprayed with avermectin or drugs such as Suqieqing and Jiebizhi to remove scales. Don't spray with powder, you can irrigate the roots with some medicine. This can play a good preventive role. The most common diseases for novices are red spider mites and mealybugs. Some flower lovers even throw away the pots. Hehe, this is not a way to cure the root, because as long as you grow plants, there may be mealybugs and red spider mites. You must do a good job of prevention. If there are diseases and pests, use specific methods to remove them. This is the fundamental. You can refer to Feng Kite's blog post introducing mealybugs.
  　　Once I start talking, I can't stop. While writing blog posts, flower friends keep asking questions. Hey, Feng Kite is not omnipotent. There are many things that Feng Kite doesn't know. I need to make progress and learn together with the vast number of succulent lovers.
  　　Some varieties of succulents grow slowly and some grow fast. They can bring us unexpected surprises. The purpose of raising succulents is not how fast and how big they can grow, but that they can show us the beauty of nature. Raising them can bring us physical and mental pleasure. We can find a pure land for our souls in reinforced concrete. After raising succulents for a long time, our tempers will slowly change. People who are impatient can also become very patient. This is the happiness and magic that succulents bring us. We should not give up on short-term setbacks. Feng Kite will make progress with everyone.