Prevention and control of common diseases and insect pests of flowers Rust is one of the main diseases of roses. Rose rust fungi harm rose buds, leaves, twigs, petioles, receptacles, pedicels, flowers and fruits. The symptoms on leaves and buds are the most obvious. In the spring budding period, the base of the diseased buds swells, and a large amount of orange-red powder grows in 1-3 layers of scales, like a small yellow flower; some are bent and deformed, and die after 15-20 days. After the young leaves are infected, clusters of small yellow dot-like spores first appear on the front of the leaves, and then orange-red spore piles are generated on the back of the leaves. After the axillary buds are infected by the fungus in autumn, they often die after wintering. In the early stage of the disease, small yellow spots with slight protrusions appear on the back of the leaves, gradually expand and break through the lower epidermis to emit orange-red powder, which is the rust spore pile of the pathogen. The diameter is 0.5-1.5 mm, and there is often a faded ring around the lesions. There are small orange-yellow blisters on the front of the leaves, which are the pathogenic spores. As the disease progresses, slightly polygonal and larger lesions, about 3-5 mm, are produced on the back of the leaves, and rust-colored powdery substances, namely the summer spore piles of the pathogen. In late autumn, brown-black powdery substances, namely the winter spore piles of the pathogen, are produced on the back of the leaves. Twigs and fruits are infected, and the lesions are obviously raised, round or oblong. Rose rust is caused by the infection of short-pointed multicellular rust fungi and rose polysporic rust fungi of the Basidiomycetes, Winter Spore Fungi, Puccinelliaceae, and Polysporic Rust Genus. The pathogen produces five types of spores, namely sexual spores, rust spores, summer spores, and winter spores. The rust spores are piled up on the back of the leaves into orange-red powdery substances, surrounded by lateral threads, and are naked. Rust spores grow in strings, summer spores grow in piles, surrounded by rod-shaped shearing threads, and winter spores are black, scattered and naked. The winter spores germinate to produce basidiospores, which have different forms, functions, and infection and transmission capabilities. Rust can cause leaves to turn yellow and fall early, directly affecting the normal growth of roses. When new buds first bloom in spring, the surface of infected plants is covered with bright yellow powder. Then, small yellow spots with chlorosis appear on the front of the infected leaves, and orange-yellow powder piles appear on the back of the leaves, which finally turn into small black powder piles. The powder piles that appear at the diseased parts at different times are rust spores, summer spores and winter spores of rust. The pathogen overwinters on diseased plants and fallen leaves. When it is warm and rainy in spring, it spreads through air currents. Rose rust fungi overwinters on diseased buds, branches and leaves as hyphae or winter spores. In late March of the following spring, the disease begins when the diseased buds germinate, summer spores are produced, and the infection is spread to the leaf surface. Summer spores can be produced multiple times, repeatedly expanding the infection, and the shortest incubation period is 7 days. The leaves begin to become diseased in late April every year. The peak period of the disease is from late May to early July. It can be ten days in August. The disease does not develop when the average temperature is above 27 degrees. When the temperature is above 28 degrees, summer spores do not germinate. After September, only the axillary buds become diseased. In years with abundant and even rainfall, the disease is severe. In the following year, the winter spores germinate into basidiospores, which invade the plants to produce sexual spores and rust spores. Rust spores infect again to produce summer spores. Summer spores invade through stomata and spread by wind and rain. They infect repeatedly during the growing season and expand to cause damage. The optimum temperature for the growth and development of winter spores is 18 degrees Celsius, the optimum temperature for rust spores is 10-21 degrees Celsius, and the optimum temperature for summer spores is 19-27 degrees Celsius. Generally, if there is more rain in autumn, the diseased bud rate is high in spring; if there is more rain in spring, the diseased leaf rate is high. The temperature is high in summer or low in winter. If the cold period is long, the disease is generally not serious. If the year is warm, rainy, and foggy, summer spores can grow and infect all year round, and the disease will be serious. Among the varieties, double-petal red roses and Gansu small-leaf roses are the most susceptible to the disease, while Beijing single-petal red roses, white roses, and Soviet perfume roses are relatively resistant to the disease. Prevention and control methods 1. Combine cleaning and gardening with pruning, remove diseased branches, leaves, and buds, sweep away fallen leaves in the field, and burn them in a centralized manner. Pay attention to ventilation in the greenhouse and keep it dry. 2. Remove diseased buds in time, and check them every ten days from late March to April. If diseased buds are found, they should be removed and cut immediately. The diseased bud rate is generally less than 0.5%, and spores can be prevented from spreading after removal. 3. Appropriately apply calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium fertilizers to improve the disease resistance of the plants. 4. Spray the medicine 1-2 times before the peak of the disease in early April or late August to control the development of the disease. You can choose to use 600 times of 50% chlorothalonil; or 500 times of 50% thiocarboxin; or 500 times of 50% thiram; or 1500 times of 25% triadimefon wettable powder, or spray 600 times of 50% mancozeb manganese; 1000 times of 50% mancozeb; 4000 times of 20% ritoxin; 1% Bordeaux mixture; 500 times of sulfur mixture. During the disease period, spray 1500 times of 25% triadimefon or 200 times of 50% dinitrosan wettable powder or 3000 times of 75% oxycarboxin emulsion. During the growth period, spray 1000 times of 15% triadimefon, spray once every two weeks, and spray 2 to 3 times continuously, which has a good control effect. You can also spray 0.3 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture before germination in spring; or spray 0.2 lime sulfur mixture at the early stage of the disease to prevent the disease. In addition, spraying the diseased plants with 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl or 600 to 1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder also has a good effect. 1. Powdery mildew: The new branches, tender leaves, young shoots and flower buds of the diseased plants are covered with grayish-white hyphae, which are connected by dots and adhered to a layer of white powder. The upper branches of the affected large roses are hunched, the flowers are deformed, and the branches and leaves of small roses are scorched and even die. Spray with 1000 times of 50% thiophanate or 500 times of 50% carbendazim, and at the same time remove the densely crossed branches to keep ventilation and light. 2. Black spot disease: Small dark brown spots first appear on the lower leaves, and then the number of holes gradually increases, becoming round black spots with a diameter of about 3-10 mm, causing the leaves to wither and fall off. 3. Brown spot disease: It looks similar to black spot disease, with oval or irregular brown or dark brown spots with unclear outlines. The disease process is the same as that of black spot disease, and thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim is used for prevention and control. 4. Dead branch disease: purple-brown spots appear on green branches, gradually expand into pieces, and finally turn grayish white, and the branches dry up and die. The cause of the disease is mostly due to undecomposed organic fertilizer or excessive use. If a small amount of disease occurs, the diseased branches can be cut off and burned. If a large amount of disease occurs, spray mancozeb or lime sulfur mixture. 5. Root cancer: It usually occurs in plants over two years old. There are 1-5 cm tumor-like masses on the rhizomes under the surface soil, which is root cancer. The disease is caused by soil diseases invading from the wounds on the roots of roses. There is currently no good prevention and control method. The common method is to cut off the diseased part and burn it, apply a little sulfur powder to the incision for disinfection, and then replace the pot soil. 6. Aphids: There are mainly rose aphids and white aphids. Aphids hide on the back of the leaves and suck juice, which slows the growth of the plants, curls the young leaves, and affects flowering. You can use 1000 times of 40% dimethoate or 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos for spraying. Aphids reproduce very quickly and must be controlled in time. 7. Red spider: lurking on the back of leaves to weave webs, piercing and sucking leaf sap, causing the leaves to dry and yellow, and even wither and fall off. Spraying with 800 times of trichloronate has a special effect, and you can also use omethoate, long-lasting phosphorus and dichlorvos. 1. Powdery mildew. When the disease occurs, a layer of white powder grows on the surface of leaves, branches and flower buds. The diseased plants are short and weak, the leaves are uneven or curled, the branches are deformed, the flower buds are atrophied, and they cannot bloom or bloom deformed flowers. In severe cases, the leaves shrink and dry up, seriously affecting the growth of the plant, and even causing the death of the whole plant. The cause of the disease is mostly due to excessive moisture in the pot soil, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and too long shading time. Prevention and control methods: Pay attention to ventilation, control humidity, cut off diseased leaves, burn them in a centralized manner, and spray a small amount of sulfur powder or 0.1-0.3 Baume lime sulfur mixture when the dew is not dry, which can play a preventive role. 2. Root rot. This disease often occurs after the piles dug from the wild are planted in pots. Most of them rot due to poor transplanting, wound infection by pathogens, excessive watering, soil waterlogging, poor ventilation, and root suffocation. Excessive fertilization can also cause root rot. After the roots rot, the absorption function is hindered, resulting in the withering of branches and leaves on the ground. Prevention and control methods: Carefully dig up the original plant, prune the rotten parts of the root system, and then plant it with new soil, and change the growth conditions of the pile scenery, increase light, loosen the soil, and properly control water and fertilizer to promote its recovery. 3. Leaf mold. In the early stage of the disease, round purple-brown spots appear on the leaves and expand day by day. The center is light yellow-brown and the edges are purple-brown. There are obvious concentric ring patterns on the lesions. In autumn, the lesions turn dark brown, brittle, and easy to break, with dark green mold growing on them. In severe cases, the lesions often spread from the lower part of the plant to the entire leaf, causing a large amount of leaf scorch, affecting growth and flowering in the second year. The cause of the disease is mostly due to poor management, such as high humidity or the disease often occurs after the plant is frozen. Prevention and control methods: mainly strengthen management, pay attention to pruning, keep the plant ventilated and light-permeable, and keep the soil dry. Clean up diseased leaves and dead branches in time and burn them in a centralized manner. It can also be prevented by spraying Bordeaux mixture 120-160 times or 65% Zineb wettable powder 500-600 times once a week in early spring and early autumn. 4. Longhorn beetles. Longhorn beetles have a generation every 1-2 years, and the larvae overwinter in the tree trunks. The newly hatched larvae hover under the bark and bore into the trunk and roots, and then pupate in them. Adults begin to emerge in late May and feed on treetops and young leaves. Potted trees that are harmed often die. Prevention and control methods: Catch and kill adults and knock eggs to death. For those that bore into wood, use wire hooks to kill them, or use cotton balls soaked in dichlorvos to plug the holes, apply yellow mud to seal the holes, or use 5-10 times of dimethoate water to drip into the holes to kill the larvae. You can also cut off the affected branches and burn them immediately. 5. Scale insects. Common ones are blowing cotton scale insects and shield scale insects. The blowing cotton scale insects are white, waxy and ciliated; the shield scale insects are shield-shaped and brown. Scale insects mainly use their piercing and sucking mouthparts to suck plant juice, causing poor plant growth or even the whole plant to die. The secretions they excrete block the stomata on the leaves, often causing sooty mold. Prevention and control methods: In the early stage of larval hatching, spray with 800-1500 times dichlorvos solution, or use a brush dipped in water to brush the insects off and kill them. In addition, proper pruning is required to ensure ventilation and light transmission. 6. Aphids. Aphids are small in size and can be green, brown, red, black, gray, etc. They have strong reproductive capacity and can reproduce 10 to 30 generations a year. The reproduction period is from March to October each year. Aphids gather on young branches and leaves, sucking plant juice with their piercing and sucking mouthparts, causing the tender shoots to shrink, the tender leaves to curl, and produce tumor-like protrusions, and attract ants and spread other diseases. Prevention and control methods: Spray with 1000-2000 times dimethoate emulsion or 1500-2000 times dichlorvos. Elm, hackberry, pomegranate, etc. are sensitive to dimethoate and will fall leaves after spraying. You can use 1000 times dilution of dervine essence to spray instead. 7. Red spider. It is extremely small and red. In a hot and dry environment, it reproduces very quickly and can reproduce 7 to 14 generations each year. Almost all potted trees are susceptible to it. It likes to weave webs on plants and absorb sap under the webs, causing the affected leaves to turn yellow and fall off, affecting the growth of the tree, and even causing the entire plant to die. Prevention and control methods: Spray with 1500-2000 times dilution of dimethoate or dichlorvos, and at the same time pay attention to increasing air humidity. Prevention and control of common flower diseases (I) Non-infectious diseases: Non-infectious diseases are also called physiological diseases. They are mainly caused by the flowers' inability to adapt to the surrounding environmental conditions. Prevention and control mainly rely on good cultivation techniques to improve the environment and eliminate harmful factors. 1. Iron deficiency chlorosis Iron deficiency chlorosis is most likely to occur in flowers grown in the south and in the north, such as azalea, camellia, Milan, orchid, jasmine, gardenia, and foliage plants that have emerged in recent years. (1) Symptoms: In the early stage of the disease, the leaf flesh turns green and yellow, and the veins remain green, forming a network of veins. As the disease worsens, the entire leaf turns yellow and falls off, affecting growth. (2) Causes: The soil in the northern region is alkaline, with a general pH value of 7.5 to 8.5. The soil lacks soluble divalent iron, and the plants cannot synthesize chlorophyll due to iron deficiency, thus causing the disease. The water quality in the northern region is alkaline, and even if an acidic cultivation substrate is used, it is easy to produce chlorosis over time. (3) Prevention and control methods: ① Apply alum fertilizer water: Select 2.5 to 3 kg of black alum (ferrous sulfate), 5 to 7 kg of cake fertilizer, 10 to 15 kg of feces, and add 200 to 250 kg of water. After one month of fermentation, it can be used. When used, dilute it by 1 time and water it. It can also be prepared in the ratio of 1 part black alum, 5 parts cake fertilizer, and 100 parts water. ② Spray vinegar solution: Spray vinegar solution at a ratio of 1:250 to 300, spray once every 10 days, and spray 3 to 4 times in a row. ③ Spraying with black alum water: Prepare a 0.2% to 0.5% solution of black alum and spray or water the leaves. 2. Sunburn is a disease caused by strong light exposure to shade-loving flowers, and is also a physiological disease. Flowers that are prone to the disease include orchids, Clivia, camellia, azalea, ferns, philodendron, etc. (1) Symptoms: After the young leaves are affected, the leaf surface becomes rough and loses its original luster. Sometimes, the leaves form chlorotic yellow-brown or yellow-white dead spots on the light side. In severe cases, the leaf edges and tips turn white and burn. (2) Causes: In their native places, orchids, Clivia, azalea and other flowers mostly live in dense mountain forests. They like semi-shade and avoid direct sunlight. If they are placed in direct sunlight in summer, the tissues of the young leaves are easily killed by the sun, resulting in sunburn. (3) Prevention and control measures: During the period between Qingming and Hanlu, place shade-loving flowers in a shade shed with a shading rate of 50% to 70% to avoid direct sunlight. (II) Infectious diseases: Infectious diseases are also called parasitic diseases. They are caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, mycoplasmas, etc. parasitizing on flowers and trees. 1. Black spot disease Black spot disease is one of the common diseases of Rosaceae flowers. It is a worldwide disease with serious damage. (1) Symptoms: Leaves, petioles, twigs, and pedicels can all be affected. Generally, when roses, roses, and roses are affected, small reddish-brown to purple-brown spots appear on the leaves at the beginning, gradually expanding into round or nearly round spots with radial edges and yellow-brown. In the later stage, small black spots are scattered on the spots, which are the conidia of the pathogen. When the disease is serious, the old leaves turn yellow and fall off, leaving only a few leaves on the top of the plant, and even the branches die. When elmleaf plum, cherry, Clivia, etc. are affected, brown to dark brown nearly round or irregular ring spots appear on the leaves, and black mold-like substances grow on them, which are the conidia of the pathogen. (2) Pathogen: The pathogen is a fungus of the subphylum Ascomycota: Actinonema rosae (Lib.) Died, Alternaria Lumbii (E11.) Enlows., Alternaria Cerasi Potab. (3) Pathogenesis: The pathogen overwinters in diseased leaves, dead branches or soil as mycelium or conidia, and spreads with the help of wind, rain and water splashing after the spring rain of the following year. Generally, the disease is severe during the rainy season from July to September, and weak plants are more susceptible to the disease. Low-lying areas with stagnant water, poor ventilation and insufficient light are prone to disease. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① In commercial production, try to use excellent disease-resistant varieties; ② Prune the plants heavily in winter, remove and burn the diseased branches and fallen leaves in the rose garden, and eliminate the overwintering pathogens. ③ Chemical control: Early prevention and control has a better effect. Spray 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, 80% mancozeb 800 times solution, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800-1000 times solution, 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times solution, spray once every 7-10 days, spray 3-4 times in a row. 2. Brown spot disease is a fungal disease that infects plant leaves. It is harmful to peony, peony, chrysanthemum, and plum. (1) Symptoms: Purple-brown spots appear on the leaves at the beginning of the disease, and then gradually expand. The spots are round or nearly round, with light yellow-brown in the center and dark purple-brown on the edges. There are small black spots arranged in concentric rings on the spots. In severe cases, the leaves start to die from the lower leaves upwards, affecting flowering. (2) Pathogen: Ascomycetes, Glomerales. ① Ascochyta pruni kab.et But.; ② Septoria fhrysanthPmelld Sacc. or Septoria chrysanthemiindici Bubak et kabat． ；③ Septoria callistephi Gloger． 。 (3) Disease pattern: The pathogen overwinters on diseased leaves and branches with hyphae and conidia, and infects the lower leaves in the following spring. The disease is serious in July and August when the temperature is high and the humidity is high. (4) Prevention and control methods: Refer to the prevention and control of black spot disease. 3. Anthracnose Anthracnose harms flowers and trees such as camellia, Milan, osmanthus, orchid, Clivia, Hosta, Dieffenbachia, rubber tree, cactus, etc. (1) Symptoms: It mainly harms leaves and tender stems, and old leaves are particularly susceptible to the disease. After infection, most flowers and plants will produce circular or nearly circular spots on the leaves, while the spots on the leaf edges and tips are semicircular and irregular. The spots are small and reddish brown at the beginning, and then gradually expand and deepen in color. The center turns grayish white, and sometimes there is a yellow halo on the edges. Finally, the lesions are dark brown and have small black spots on them, which are the conidia of the pathogen. When cacti are infected with anthracnose, circular or nearly circular lesions appear on the stems, which are light brown and have small black spots arranged in a circle. (2) Pathogen: Several fungi of the genera Colletotrichum and Gloeosporuum of the subphylum Ascomycota. (3) Disease pattern: The hyphae overwinter in the host remains or soil. The disease begins on old leaves in early April of the following year. The disease develops rapidly at 22-28 degrees Celsius from May to June. The disease is severe during the high temperature and high humidity rainy season. Conidia are spread by air currents, wind and rain, watering, etc., and often invade through wounds. (4) Prevention and control methods: 1. Strengthen cultivation management and cultivate healthy plants; 2. Cut off and burn diseased leaves in time; 3. Chemical control: spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder 700-800 times diluted, 50% anthracnose thimerosal wettable powder 500 times diluted, 70% methyl tolbutrin wettable powder 800-1000 times diluted, 75% thiophanate-methyl 500 times diluted in the early stage of the disease. There are many diseases that attack the leaves of flowers, such as white spot disease, leaf spot disease, leaf mold disease, etc. Their prevention and control can refer to the above-mentioned flowers. 4. Powdery mildew Powdery mildew mainly harms roses, roses, chrysanthemums, cineraria, primroses and other flowers. (1) Symptoms: Leaves, petioles, buds, tender shoots, etc. can be infected. In the early stage, a white powdery mildew layer appears on the diseased part with unclear edges, which gradually expands and turns to light gray, and produces small black spots. After the plant is infected, it becomes short. Deformed, small and few flowers or no flowers, affecting the ornamental value. (2) Pathogen: It is a fungal disease, and the pathogen belongs to the Ascomycetes, Powdery Mildewales, and Powdery Mildew Family. 1. Sphaerotheco pannosa (wallr.) Lev; 2. Erysiphe cichoracerum DC.; 3. Oidium Leucoconium Desm.; 4. Oidium chrysantheni Rabenh. (3) Pathogenesis: The pathogen overwinters on diseased buds, leaves, and branches as mycelium, and infects with the germination of new buds the following year, and is spread by wind. Powdery mildew is generally more serious in spring and autumn, but when chrysanthemums, cut roses, and cineraria are produced in greenhouses, the disease can occur all year round. Insufficient sunlight, poor ventilation, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application can all induce powdery mildew. (4) Prevention and control measures: 1. Carefully maintain, fertilize properly, strengthen ventilation and light transmission, maintain appropriate spacing between plants and rows, and reduce the occurrence of diseases; 2. Cut off diseased branches and leaves and burn them in time; 3. Chemical control: Spray 3-4 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture or 1:2:100-200 Bordeaux mixture before budding in early spring. Spray 50% carbendazim 800-1000 times solution, 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution, etc. in the early stage of the disease. 5. Rose rust Rust can harm many flowers. Depending on the host, it can be divided into rose rust, peony rust, chrysanthemum rust, daylily rust, etc. (1) Symptoms: Rose rust mainly harms roses, roses, and Chinese roses. After the plant is infected, small yellow spots appear on the front of the leaves and small yellow spots on the back, with a fading ring on the periphery. As the disease progresses, pink powder is produced on the diseased part, which is the rust spore organelles of the pathogen. Later, larger polygonal lesions of about 3 to 5 mm are produced on the back of the leaves, with yellow powdery summer spores. In late autumn, brown-black powdery winter spores are produced on the lesions. When tender shoots, petioles and fruits are affected, the lesions will bulge. (2) Pathogen: Rose rust is caused by Phragmidium rosae rugosae kasai; P.mucronatum (Pers.) schtecht. (3) Disease pattern: The pathogen overwinters on diseased buds and branches as hyphae or winter spores, and produces basidiospores the following year, invading the young and tender parts of the host plant through the stomata to start infection. Generally, the germination and infection rate is highest at 9 to 27 degrees Celsius. The disease is prone to occur when it is warm and rainy, humid and foggy, and when nitrogen fertilizer is applied excessively. (4) Prevention and control methods: 1. Careful management, reasonable fertilization, and cultivation of disease-resistant plants; when cultivating in protected areas, ventilation and light transmission should be strengthened to reduce humidity; combined with pruning, the diseased parts should be removed and burned in time. 2. Chemical control: spray 3-4 degrees of lime sulfur mixture of Baume before budding in early spring; after leaf expansion, you can choose to spray 1500-2000 times of 25% triadimefon, 250-300 times of sodium dithiamethoxam, 500 times of 50% mancozeb, 0.2-0.4 degrees of lime sulfur mixture of Baume, 3000 times of 75% oxycarboxin, etc. 6. Gray mold Gray mold is harmful to many flowers, and cyclamen, chrysanthemum, peony, and peony are more seriously affected. (1) Symptoms: Leaves, flowers, fruits, stem bases, etc. can be infected. When leaves are infected, brown spots appear, followed by large areas of water-soaked rot, and the diseased parts are covered with a layer of gray mold, that is, the mycelium layer of the pathogen. When flower buds are infected, they turn black and wither. (2) Pathogen: ① Botrytis Cinerea Pers． ex Fr． ; ② B.paeoniae Oud． . (3) Pathogenesis: The pathogen overwinters in the diseased and damaged plants and soil as sclerotia, germinates and produces conidia in the next year, and spreads by wind and rain. It is more serious when it rains continuously or is foggy and humid. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① Remove the diseased and damaged plants and eliminate the pathogen; ② Implement crop rotation; ③ Soil disinfection. 7. Sooty mold disease is also known as soot disease, coal disease, black mold, etc. It is harmful to camellia, Milan, osmanthus, crape myrtle, citrus, peony, etc., and is common in greenhouses in the north. (1) Symptoms: It mainly harms branches, leaves, fruits, etc. In the early stage of the disease, the diseased part has scattered gray-black to black radial spots, which are then connected into pieces to form sooty black mold, which affects photosynthesis and reduces the ornamental value of flowers and trees. (2) Pathogen: The pathogen has a sexual state of Meliola sp. and Capnodium sp., and the asexual forms include Fumago sp. and Cladosporium sp. (3) Occurrence pattern: The pathogen overwinters in the diseased part as mycelium, conidia, and ascospores, and is spread by air currents, wind and rain, and aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, etc., and reproduces with the secretions of these pests as nutrients. Sooty mold disease is serious in places with high temperature and humidity, poor ventilation, shade and stuffiness, and serious insect pests. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① When cultivating flowers in protected areas, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, lower the temperature, place potted flowers at a certain distance between plants and rows, and prune them reasonably. When the disease is mild, wipe and rinse with clean water. ② Eliminating pests such as aphids and scales is an important prevention and control measure. ③ Chemical control: Spray 509 carbendazim wettable powder 500-800 times diluted, 70% methyl thiophanate 500 times diluted, etc. 8. Root cancer is also known as root nodule, root swelling, crown gall, etc. It is a serious threat to roses, cherry blossoms, peach blossoms, plum blossoms and other flowers and trees. (1) Symptoms: The disease mainly occurs at the root neck close to the ground, and occasionally occurs on the roots and aboveground parts. In the early stage of the disease, a small nearly round tumor is formed on the diseased part, which is light brown, rough in surface, soft or slightly spongy, and then gradually increases in size and hardens, and the color deepens. The tumors vary in size. The diseased plants are dwarfed and poorly developed, and in severe cases die. (2) Pathogen: The pathogen that causes root cancer is Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Towns) Conn. (3) Pattern of disease: The pathogen overwinters in the tumor and soil, and invades the host through the grafting site, insect wounds, etc. The incidence rate is high in moist, alkaline soil. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen quarantine and strictly prohibit seedlings from moving from diseased areas to disease-free areas; ② Use sterile soil or crop rotation; ③ Prevent underground pests, avoid mechanical trauma, and change the cleft grafting method to bud grafting. ④ If diseased plants are found, they should be pulled out and burned, and the soil should be disinfected with chloropicrin. ⑤ Seedling disinfection: Roots can be soaked in 0.1% mercuric chloride water or 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 minutes, then immersed in 2% lime water for 1 minute, or soaked in 500-2000μl/L agricultural streptomycin or supramycin. 9. Scabies rot Scabies rot can harm many flowers and trees, such as Clivia, orchid, peony, peony, citrus, locust, peach, etc. (1) Symptoms: The disease occurs at the root neck of the plant near the ground. In the early stage, water-soaked purple-brown spots appear on the diseased part, which then spread and expand, and the leaf base rots. There is an obvious white mycelium layer on the diseased part and the nearby soil surface, and there are many rapeseed-sized sclerotia, which are white at first and then gradually turn yellow and brown. The plant wilts and dies. (2) Pathogen: The pathogen that causes white rot is Sclerotiumrolfsii Sacc. (3) Disease pattern: The hyphae and sclerotia of the pathogen can survive in the soil for a long time. When conditions are suitable, the hyphae invade from the root collar or root of flowers and trees, and the disease will occur in about a week. The disease is easy to spread when the temperature is high and humid, the soil is waterlogged, and the ventilation and light transmission are poor. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen cultivation management: water appropriately, apply fertilizer reasonably, and do not plant too deep; ② Soil disinfection: formalin can be used for disinfection before planting seedlings; ③ When diseased plants are found, the diseased parts should be removed in time, coated with sulfur powder or wood ash and replanted. 10. Bacterial soft rot Bacterial soft rot can infect flowers and trees such as cyclamen and Clivia. It is a devastating disease with great harm. (1) Symptoms: ① Cyclamen bacterial soft rot generally first infects petioles and pedicels. Water-soaked spots appear on the affected parts, which are dark green or brown and slimy and soft rot. They quickly wilt and fall, and extend downward to the tubers, causing the death of the plants. Sometimes the bacteria infect the bulbs alone. The outer skin of the bulbs is normal, but the internal tissues collapse and the plants die quickly. ② After Clivia is infected, light yellow oil droplet-like spots appear on the heart leaves and the base of the heart leaves in the early stage of the disease. After expansion, they form a large irregular lesion and spread all the way to the roots. In the later stage, they become brown and soft and mushy. In severe cases, the plants die. (2) Pathogen: Cyclamen bacterial soft rot is caused by Erwinia aroid PnP (Townsend) Holland and E. carotovora Holland. (3) Disease pattern: The pathogen has a wide host range and strong saprophytic ability. It survives for a long time in diseased and damaged plants, soil, and compost. It spreads through soil, water flow, tools, insects, and contact between diseased and healthy plants. The bacteria usually invade through wounds and cause disease quickly. It is very easy to cause disease during high temperature and high humidity in July and August every year. (4) Prevention and control: ① Careful management, pay attention to ventilation and avoid rain in hot seasons, do not water the top of the tuber when watering, prevent artificial trauma when transplanting and moving, and prevent insect pests; ② Avoid cross infection: timely remove and burn diseased leaves and diseased plants, do not reuse diseased soil without disinfection, and tools, flower pots, etc. must be disinfected with 0.1% potassium permanganate before use; ③ Immediately spray or water with 400μg/g streptomycin or oxytetracycline solution at the early stage of the disease. 11. Leaf perforation disease Leaf perforation disease is caused by fungal or bacterial infection. Plum, cherry, peach, apricot, plum and other flowers and trees are susceptible to damage. (1) Symptoms: ① In the early stage of fungal perforation disease, purple-brown spots appear on the leaves, which then expand into round or nearly round spots, light reddish brown, and gray-brown mold spots appear on the spots in the later stage, and the leaves are perforated. ② In the early stage of bacterial leaf punching, the lesions are light brown and water-soaked, surrounded by a light yellow halo. When the diseased part is moist, dirty yellow secretions overflow. Later, the lesions expand, the color deepens, and the edges become corky and perforated. (2) Pathogen: Fungal leaf punching is caused by Cercospora circumscissn Sacc., while bacterial leaf punching is caused by peach bacterial punching pathogen. (3) Disease pattern: The pathogen overwinters in the diseased part and the disease occurs when the temperature rises in the second year. The conidia of the pathogenic fungus are spread by wind and rain, invading from the stomata, starting in June, and the disease is serious in August and September. The bacteria are spread by wind and rain, insects, and invade from natural orifices, bud scars, etc. The disease occurs in late April and is serious in June and July. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① Remove and burn diseased branches and leaves in time; ② Strengthen cultivation management and cultivate healthy plants; ③ Spray 65% ​​Zineb 500 times before and after leaf expansion; ④ Spray 120-160 times of Bordeaux mixture or zinc sulfate lime solution (5009 zinc sulfate, 2000g slaked lime, 120kg water). 12. Root-knot nematode disease Cyclamen, dahlia, snapdragon, impatiens, and sage are all susceptible to root-knot nematode infection. (1) Symptoms: After the plant is infected, round nodule-like root knots are produced on the branch roots or lateral roots. They grow singly or in clusters. They are yellow-white in the early stage, smooth and solid, and turn brown in the later stage. The surface is rough or even rotten and broken. There are white granular female adult bodies in the nodules. The growth of infected plants stagnates, the plants are short, and the leaves turn yellow or even die. (2) Pathogen: The pathogenic nematode is Meloidogyne spp. Among them, the most common and harmful ones are: southern root-knot nematode M. incognita Chitwood, Hua Niu root-knot nematode M. arenaria Neal, northern root-knot nematode M. hapla Chitwood and Java nematode M. javanica Chitwood. (3) Disease pattern: Root-knot nematodes overwinter in the soil, and diseased soil and diseased plant bodies are the main sources of infection. After the larvae invade the young roots, they fix and parasitize to form root knots. The larvae mature in the root knots after 4 instars, and the adults mate and lay eggs. Generally, one generation is completed in 30 to 50 days, and multiple generations occur in a year. Sandy loam with high temperature and humidity is prone to disease. (4) Prevention and control methods: ① Strict quarantine to prevent the spread of the diseased area. ② Infected cyclamen bulbs can be soaked in 50 degrees Celsius water for 10 minutes. ③ Use sterilized disease-free soil for cultivation. Dichlorobromopropane can be used for field soil disinfection. For detailed usage, please refer to the instruction manual. Pot soil disinfection can also be done with 3% furadan granules, 15% ferric chlorpyrifos granules, dazomethane, chlorpyrifos, etc. ④ During the planting or growth period, 10% chlorpyrifos can be applied, 45-75 kg per hectare, and can be applied in furrows, holes, or broadcast. 13. Viral diseases Viral diseases have been spreading and infecting a variety of flowers, including carnations, cannas, chrysanthemums, lilies, tulips, etc. (1) Symptoms: After the plants are infected, they may show symptoms such as mosaic, chlorosis, streaks, ring spots, necrosis, broken flowers, dwarfing, and deformities. (2) Occurrence pattern: Most viruses are transmitted by aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, etc., and grafting and cuttings are also effective ways of transmission. In addition, contact between sick and healthy plants can also easily transmit viruses. (3) Prevention and control: ① Strengthen quarantine and control the spread of viruses; ③ Select disease-resistant and disease-tolerant varieties, select non-toxic planting materials, strengthen cultivation and maintenance, and cultivate healthy plants; ③ Effectively prevent and control pests; ④ Remove and burn diseased plants in time; ⑤ Soak seeds in 50-55℃ warm water for 10-15 minutes, and place asexual propagation materials at high temperature for a certain period of time. How to prevent and control pests in the soil? Pests in the soil are also called underground pests. There are many types. Among them, mole crickets, grubs, cutworms, wireworms, etc. are more harmful to flowers. Except for mole crickets, which are harmful as larvae and adults, cutworms and wireworms are harmful as larvae. The characteristics of soil pests are that they lurk in the soil for a long time, have a very diverse diet, and the damage period is mostly concentrated in spring and autumn. In Beijing, they are rampant mainly in April and May. To prevent and control soil pests, a combination of agricultural measures and pesticide control should be adopted. The seedling bed should be properly deep-ploughed and carefully cultivated to eliminate weeds, so as to facilitate the growth and development of flowers and enhance their ability to resist pests; on the other hand, proper deep plowing will worsen the living conditions of pests in the soil, thereby inhibiting the development and reproduction of pests. The application of organic fertilizers must be fully decomposed. Undecomposed organic fertilizers, such as cake fertilizer or manure, can cause a variety of pests to occur. Treat the soil with the pesticide trichlorfon powder. Mix one part of trichlorfon powder with fifty parts of fine soil, spread it directly on the seedling bed, and then turn it into the soil or dig a trench to scatter it; trichlorfon powder can also be mixed with fertilizers and applied to the soil as base fertilizer or topdressing, which has a good control effect on mole crickets, cutworms, grubs, wireworms, etc. Artificially capture larvae or adults. In the early morning, dig up the soil around the broken seedlings or the holes where the damaged stems and leaves are left, and you can find black-brown fleshy worms, which are cutworm larvae. You can also use the pseudo-death nature of scarabs to knock on the branches of flowers and kill them at dusk. For potted flowers, dipterex powder can be added to the culture soil to prevent soil pests. It is advisable to mix it evenly one week before use. If you find pests such as white grubs and earthworms in the potting soil, you can also use a dilute dipterex solution to treat them. What are the common parasitic diseases of flowers? (1) Fungal diseases Fungal diseases are the most important type of flower diseases. Fungi are lower plants without chlorophyll and are invisible to the naked eye. They cannot produce nutrients themselves and absorb nutrients in the body of flowers through mycelium. Fungal spores are spread everywhere by wind, rain, insects, etc. Common fungal diseases of flowers include: Powdery mildew: The pathogen attaches to buds and young leaves, and a white mold layer appears. The affected leaves and tips curl, shrink, and become deformed. The flower buds cannot open normally. The pathogen spores spread with the air flow. It is most likely to occur on a large scale when the temperature difference between day and night is 10℃, and it is most likely to spread in a greenhouse. Examples include roses, fuchsias, plum blossoms, impatiens, cineraria, and dahlia powdery mildew. Black spot disease: It is a common disease of flowers. The disease lurks in the soil, invades the lower leaves with the splash of rainwater, and spreads upward rapidly. Black spots first appear on the affected leaves, gradually expanding into circular and oval shapes. The diseased leaves turn yellow and fall off, which has a great impact on the growth of flowers. The disease usually occurs rapidly in the rainy season from July to August. Common black spot diseases include roses, chrysanthemums, peonies, and geraniums. Black rust: The spores of the pathogen infect, and small pale spots appear on the front of the leaves at first, gradually expanding into slightly round protrusions, and the epidermis on the back breaks to produce orange-yellow powder, which is scattered by the wind and infects a large area. Subsequently, dark ink-colored oval spots appear on the leaves, and black powder appears again after the epidermis on the back of the leaves breaks. In severe cases, the whole plant is infected from bottom to top, the leaves are scorched and fall off early. Common black rust diseases include roses, irises, and roses. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : When a small amount of leaves are injured, the diseased leaves can be cut off and burned. In severe cases, 50% 50% pyrosin wettable powder 500-flower 1000 times solution, or 50% pyrosin wettable powder 500 times solution, which has good control effects. Soot disease: harms the branches and leaves and fruits of various flowers and trees. The pathogen is a variety of fungi. They mostly use aphids or scale insects as the medium of transmission. In the early stage, dark brown mold spots appear on the surface, gradually expanding to form a black soot-like mold layer, hindering the photosynthesis of the plants, making the plants unable to produce nutrients and wither and die. Prevention and treatment method: Aphids and scale insects should be prevented first; if soot disease has occurred, 0.3 degrees of pyrosin pyrosin can be used in summer, and 3 degrees of pyrosin pyrosin can be used in winter and 1 degree of pyrosin in spring; pyrosin in the above examples can also be used in the above examples to prevent and treat. In addition, root rot, leaf spot disease, etc. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Mites among this type of insect can spin silk and tie nets. When it is severe, the net can stick to leaves and branches, which is very easy to find. At this time, it is also a period of serious pests. 3. Drilling pests: This type of insect pests are harmful to eat in the branches and stems of flowers. Eat the stems and branches to cause them to die. For example, chrysanthemum ox, dahlia borer, rose stem bee, etc. Some are harmful to the leaves, and the leaves can be seen to see the drilled tunnel, causing the leaves to die. 4. Soil cultivation pests: This type of insects live in the shallow and surface of the soil throughout their lives. Flowers are damaged often cause plants to wilt or die, such as tigers, golden needle insects, mole crickets, etc. 2. Inspection and identification 1. Check insect dung: Place the surrounding and on the branches of flowers and trees to check that there is insect dung. For pests drilling into the branches, check whether there is feces and wood chips scattered on the ground. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Physical machinery prevention and control: use light and color to lure and kill. Use black light to lure and attract pests with phototaxis. Use yellow plate viscose to lure and kill winged aphids in flower cultivation sites. Heat treatment can expose the pot soil in summer to eliminate nematodes in the soil.

Flower terminology 1. Explanation of terms - withholding water Withholding water means not watering or watering less during the growth of flowers to limit their nutritional growth, so that nutrients can be accumulated and conducive to the differentiation of flower buds. For example, when the new shoots of bougainvillea and plum blossoms (peach, chrysanthemum, jasmine, winter coral, bergamot, orange, etc.) grow to about 20 cm, they start to "withhold water", that is, not watering for 2-3 days. Due to lack of water, the top leaves of the plants begin to wilt, and then a small amount of water is applied to restore the leaves. After repeating 2-3 times, the growth of the top of the branches is inhibited, so that nutrients are concentrated and flower bud differentiation is promoted. 2. Explanation of terms - backwater Backwater means that after fertilizing the night before, you must water it again the next morning. It can promote the root system to absorb fertilizers and avoid fertilizer damage. Because the fertilizer applied the night before has penetrated overnight, the fertilizer concentration is too high, which is not only difficult for the root system to absorb but also burns the seedlings. After pouring "backwater", the fertilizer in the soil is diluted, which is beneficial to the root system to absorb. (It is more suitable for the following flowers: Western (Guo) azalea, Clivia, Camellia, White Orchid, Jasmine, Pearl Orchid, Michelia, etc.) 3. Glossary - Waist Water "Waist Water" is also called "Half Water", which means that the pot soil is "wet on the top and dry on the bottom", that is, the upper half is wet and the lower half is dry. Due to poor soil drainage, the pot soil accumulates water, and the water poured cannot leak out from the pot hole. 4. Glossary - Hard Water and Soft Water Water is divided into hard water and soft water according to the salt content. Soft water refers to water with a hardness of less than 8 degrees; hard water refers to water with a hardness of more than 8 degrees and a high salt content. Soft water without salt should be used for watering. 5. Glossary - See dry and wet For some flowers that like moisture, such as azalea, camellia, Michelia, gardenia, Milan, etc., watering should be based on the principle of "see dry and wet". Water when the surface of the cultivation medium turns white, and water until it is moist. The pot soil should not be too dry or too wet for a long time, just keep it "moist". 6. Explanation of terms - Water thoroughly when the soil is dry For potted flowers such as orchids, wintersweets, and geraniums that like dryness and are afraid of waterlogging, watering should be based on the principle of "water thoroughly when the soil is dry". Watering can only be done when the cultivation medium is dry. "Water thoroughly" means not to water "waist-to-waist", but to make the soil in the pot completely wet. If it is not watered thoroughly, the roots will not be able to absorb water, which will affect its growth. 7. Explanation of terms - It is better to be dry than wet For five-needle pine, black pine and xerophytes, watering should be based on the principle of "it is better to be dry than wet". Watering should be done only when the soil is completely dry, and water should not accumulate. 8. Explanation of terms - Soil moisture is usually expressed as a percentage of soil moisture content. The water needed for flower growth is mainly absorbed from the soil, so the soil moisture is generally 60-70% of the field water holding capacity. 9. Explanation of terms - Field water holding capacity Field soil has a maximum water holding capacity. This indicator is collectively referred to as field water holding capacity, and its value is about 25%, which is the limit value of a soil's water holding capacity. 10. Explanation of terms - air humidity The size of air humidity is usually expressed as a percentage of relative humidity. During the day, the relative humidity is the lowest in the afternoon when the temperature is the highest, and the highest in the early morning. Generally, flowers require an air humidity of about 65-70%, while plants in arid and desert climates are much lower than this. Greenhouse flowers, tropical foliage plants, tropical orchids and other species with aerial roots, as well as moisture-loving plants such as ferns, require an air humidity of about 70-80%. 11. Explanation of terms - air drought Air drought: Due to air drought, a large amount of water in the flowers evaporates. At this time, lack of water in the soil will cause the plants to wilt temporarily due to water imbalance, but they will not die. 12. Explanation of terms - soil drought Soil drought: Atmospheric drought often causes soil drought. The soil has been expending water for a long time without timely replenishment, and cannot supply the water needed by flowers, resulting in withering and death. 13. Explanation of terms - waterlogging Due to poor soil drainage, excessive water accumulation, and air cannot enter the soil, it will cause the plants to suffocate and die over time. 1. Definition of terms - Fertilizers can directly or indirectly provide nutrients to plants, improve the quality of flowers and trees, and improve the rational properties and fertility of the soil for flowers and trees. 2. Definition of terms - Organic fertilizers are fertilizers in which nutrients exist in the form of organic compounds. 3. Definition of terms - The nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contained in inorganic fertilizers exist in the form of inorganic compounds, and most of them are produced by the chemical industry. 4. Definition of terms - Alum fertilizer water is a slightly acidic fertilizer. It is made of ferrous sulfate, dry manure, cake fertilizer and water in a ratio of 1:3:5:100, and becomes a black-green liquid after full fermentation. 5. Definition of terms - Composting uses dead poles, garbage, weeds, fallen leaves, etc. mixed with human feces and urine, and is applied after being piled, fermented, and decomposed. The fertilizer effect is slow and lasting, which can improve the soil and serve as base fertilizer. 6. Definition of terms - Base fertilizer is the fertilizer applied to the soil before planting flowers and trees, with the purpose of improving soil fertility. 7. Glossary - Topdressing refers to the fertilizer applied during the growth and development period of flowers and trees. 8. Glossary - Foliar topdressing refers to foliar fertilization. All fertilizers applied to the soil or sprayed on the above-ground parts of flowers and trees provide nutrients to plants. 1. Glossary - Vernalization refers to the phenomenon that one- and two-year seed crops need to endure a period of low temperature during the seedling stage before they can bloom and bear fruit. This development period is called the vernalization stage. 2. Glossary - Air temperature refers to the temperature value measured in the louvered box when the ball of the thermometer is 1.5 meters above the ground. 3. Glossary - Three base point temperature The temperature required by flowers and trees throughout their life activities is called biological temperature, which can be expressed by three temperature indicators. The biological minimum temperature is the lower limit temperature for starting growth and development; the biological optimum temperature is the temperature that is most suitable for maintaining life and the fastest growth and development; the biological maximum temperature is the upper limit temperature that can be tolerated to maintain life. 4. Glossary - Effective accumulated temperature Each flower has its lower limit temperature for growth. It can only grow and develop when the temperature is higher than the lower limit temperature. This higher temperature value that plays an effective role in the growth and development of flowers is called effective accumulated temperature. It is the sum of the effective temperatures of flowers during the entire growth period. 5. Glossary - Frost During the growth period, when the temperature drops to or below 0 degrees, the gaps between plant cells will freeze. If the temperature rises quickly, the cells will not have time to absorb the evaporated water, causing dehydration or death of the plants. 6. Glossary - The temperature of cold damage is above 0 degrees, but lower than the lowest temperature that flowers can tolerate at the time of their growth stage, causing its energy-saving activities to be hindered, reducing the vitality of cell protoplasm, declining the absorption capacity of roots, and causing the phenomenon of wilt of young branches and leaves. 1. Glossary - The three parts of sunlight that have the greatest impact on flowers are visible light, ultraviolet light and infrared light. 2. Glossary - Visible light is the energy source for flowers to carry out photosynthesis. Sunlight is divided into seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple by a prism to form a light band. Chlorophyll absorbs the most red-orange light and blue-violet light, while green light is almost completely reflected, so the leaves are green. 3. Explanation of terms - Ultraviolet light is invisible light other than purple light and cannot pass through ordinary glass. The part with a longer wavelength can promote seed germination, fruit ripening, and is conducive to flower coloring. The part with a shorter wavelength can inhibit the excessive growth of flowers and kill pathogens, thereby increasing the germination rate of seeds. 4. Explanation of terms - Infrared light is invisible light other than red light. It is a kind of heat ray and its existence can be detected. It is absorbed by the ground and converted into heat energy, which can increase the ground temperature and air temperature and provide the heat needed by flowers. 5. Explanation of terms - Long-day flowers are flowers that need more than 12 hours of sunshine per day to form flower buds. Flowers that bloom in spring and summer are mostly long-day flowers, such as irises and impatiens. 6. Explanation of terms - Short-day flowers are flowers that can only form flower buds when the sunshine time is less than 12 hours per day. In the long-day environment in summer, they can only grow and cannot differentiate flower buds. After autumn, when the sunshine is reduced to 10-11 hours, flower bud differentiation begins. Such as poinsettia, chrysanthemum, hydrangea, etc. 7. Definition of terms - Medium-day flowers are flowers whose flower buds are not strictly required by the length of daylight during the day. They have no obvious reaction to the length of light exposure time and can bloom all year round as long as the temperature is suitable. Such as roses, calla lilies, zinnias, etc. 8. Definition of terms - Light intensity refers to the energy of visible light received per unit area. It is referred to as illumination and the unit is lux (Lax). 9. Definition of terms - Direct light refers to the light that the sun directly projects onto the ground in parallel rays. 10. Definition of terms - Scattered light is the light that is diffused from the sky to the ground after sunlight passes through air molecules, dust, water droplets and other substances. 11. Definition of terms - Positive flowers can only grow strong under strong light. Otherwise, it will lead to thin branches, pale leaves, and no flowers. Such as roses, poinsettias, hibiscus, etc. 12. Definition of terms - Negative flowers can only grow and develop normally under weak light conditions with a shade degree of more than 50%. Such as begonias, ferns, turtle backs, etc. 13. Glossary - Neutral flowers can grow and develop regardless of the intensity of light. Such as cycads, asparagus, etc. Culture soil & medium 1. Glossary - Bulk density is the mass of the medium per unit volume. It reflects the looseness and compactness of the medium. A large bulk density means that the medium is too compact and has poor water and air permeability; a small bulk density means that the medium is too loose and the plant is not easy to stand. 2. Glossary - Total porosity is the sum of the water-holding pores and air-permeable pores of the medium, which is equivalent to the percentage of the volume of the medium. 3. Glossary - pH value pH value: an indication of acidity and alkalinity. PH7 means alkalinity. When the pH value exceeds 6.5, the absorption capacity of most plants for trace elements such as iron and boron will decrease, and nutrient deficiency will occur over time. 4. Glossary - EC value is an indicator of the salt concentration of the solution, usually expressed in millisiemens (mS). The hydroponic nutrient solution must be a pollution-free low-conductivity nutrient solution to ensure that the plants get comprehensive and reasonable nutrition while maximizing the dissolved oxygen. Because at the same pressure and temperature, the level of dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution decreases as the salt content increases. 5. Definition of terms - Alkalinity is the ability of water to neutralize acidic substances (H+), that is, buffering capacity. It is determined by the total amount of dissolved HCO3-, CO32- and OH-. Another understanding is like lime in water, the higher the alkalinity, the faster the pH value rises. 6. Definition of terms - Soil particles of different textures occupy different proportions in the soil, forming different soil qualities. 7. Definition of terms - Water holding capacity is the amount of water that the soil can hold after draining away gravity water. 8. Definition of terms - Pores refer to the large pores left after gravity water is drained away, usually also called ventilation pores. 9. Definition of terms - Carbon-nitrogen ratio refers to the relative ratio of carbon and nitrogen in organic media. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio is high, most of the nitrogen will be absorbed by soil microorganisms. 10. Definition of terms - CEC refers to the ability of soil to absorb and preserve nutrient ions, not be leached by water, and release nutrients to supply plant growth. 11. Glossary of terms: sandy soil, sandy loam, loam, clay. Sandy soil: a soil mainly composed of sand particles. Sandy soil is breathable and water-permeable, suitable for germination, but has poor fertilizer retention, is susceptible to drought, and has few nutrients. Organic fertilizers should be applied mainly, and chemical fertilizers should not be applied too much. Sandy loam: a soil with more sand particles and less fine soil. Generally, it can form a ball when wet, but the ball surface is uneven, and dry soil blocks are easily crushed. This kind of soil is loose, breathable and water-permeable, suitable for farming, but has poor fertilizer and water retention. Fertilization is mainly organic fertilizer, and the principle of applying chemical fertilizers is frequent and less application. Loam: a soil with good soil properties and appropriate sand and clay content. Its characteristics are loose but not loose, sticky but not inconvenient, breathable and water-permeable, water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining, and high fertility, suitable for planting various plants. Clay: a soil with an absolute advantage in clay content and very little sand. It has a high ability to retain water and fertilizer, and contains more nutrients needed by plants, but has poor ventilation and water permeability, large soil blocks, and is not easy to cultivate. 12. Glossary - River sand, sea sand River sand: Sand dug from freshwater lakes or shallow ditches in mountainous areas, generally not saline or alkaline, can be mixed into the soil to plant flowers, or as a medium for cuttings. Sea sand: It is dug from the beach. Due to the washing of seawater, it is slightly saline and alkaline. It can be washed with clean water and mixed into the soil to plant flowers. 13. Glossary - Acidic soil, alkaline soil Soil pH is a term to measure the acid and alkalinity content in the soil. Acidic soil has a pH value of less than 7, and alkaline soil has a pH value of more than 7. pH value 3-4: Strong acid; pH value 5: Acidic; pH value 6: Weakly acidic; pH value 7: Neutral; pH value 8: Weakly alkaline; pH value 9: Alkaline; pH value 10-11: Strongly alkaline. 14. Definition of terms: Humus is a kind of soil organic matter. It is the remains of animals and plants that are completely rotten and decomposed by microorganisms. It has moderate cohesiveness and can make clay loose and sand cohesive. Humus itself contains a variety of nutrients and has strong absorption. It can improve the soil's fertilizer and water retention performance, and can also buffer the changes in soil acidity and alkalinity, which is conducive to microbial activity and plant growth. 15. Definition of terms: Leaf humus refers to organic matter formed by the accumulation and decomposition of fallen leaves. Leaf humus is soft and has the characteristics of good ventilation, good drainage and light weight. It is an excellent variety of potting soil. It is generally not used directly. It can be mixed with other soils to improve soil quality and make the soil loose and conducive to plant growth. 16. Definition of terms: Vegetable garden soil is soil used to grow vegetables in rural areas (including the topsoil of trees planted in courtyards and green spaces). This soil has a good aggregate structure, is relatively fertile, has good drainage, and is suitable for a variety of flower cultivation. 17. Definition of terms: Peat soil is also called peat. It is the plant body of moss and aquatic plants buried underground that has not been completely decomposed. It has an acidic reaction, is rich in organic matter, and can improve the physical properties of the soil. Peat soil itself does not have much nutrients for plants to absorb and utilize, but it contains a large amount of fiber and humic acid, and has a strong ability to absorb fertilizers and retain water. 18. Glossary - Humus soil is soil formed by the decomposition of weeds, dead stems, etc. mixed with soil and manure. It contains long-lasting nutrients for many years and is used to cultivate perennial plants. 19. Glossary - Wood soil is also called "tree manure". It is the product of the decomposition of dead branches and sawdust. Its properties and structure are similar to those of leaf humus. It is acidic and light, but lacks nutrients. It is suitable for planting Christmas cactus, dendrobium, etc. 20. Glossary - Mountain mud is formed by the accumulation and decay of fallen leaves in broad-leaved forests for many years. It is breathable and water-permeable, and has good fertilizer and water retention. It is suitable for growing orchids and Clivia. 21. Glossary - Orchid mud is also called black mountain soil, which is black in color and light in quality. Suitable for planting azalea, camellia, bamboo, etc. 22. Glossary - Bagasse is mostly used in tropical areas. It has a high carbon-nitrogen ratio and must be added with nitrogen to meet the needs of rapid decomposition by microorganisms. It has a high water holding capacity, decomposes quickly in the container, and is easy to be dense, resulting in poor ventilation and drainage, so it is rarely used. 23. Glossary - Bark Pine bark and hardwood bark have good physical properties and can partially replace peat as potting medium. 24. Glossary - Sawdust Sawdust and bark have similar properties, but are easier to decompose and deposit, and are too dense to dry. 25. Glossary - Shavings Shavings are similar to sawdust in composition, but are larger in size and can provide higher ventilation. 26. Glossary - Husk has good drainage and ventilation, will not affect the original pH value and soluble salts of the mixed medium, and can resist decomposition, and has a high use value. However, it needs to be steamed before use to kill pathogens. 27. Glossary: ​​Caramel is a soilless medium made from carbonized rice husks. Its pH is slightly alkaline, but it can become neutral after several waterings. It has poor nutrient absorption capacity, but it can achieve satisfactory results when mixed with an equal amount of peat as a medium for seedling potting. 28. Glossary: ​​Sphagnum moss Sphagnum moss, as the name suggests, is made by processing the fibers of mosses. Because of its good water absorption, it is very similar to sponges, and its fibrous physical properties are not easy to disperse. Therefore, it is often used with snake sawdust to cultivate orchids to make up for the shortcomings of snake sawdust that nutrients are not easy to adhere to and fertilize. In addition, it is particularly suitable for fixing plants in uneven places. For example, many landscape designers often plant orchids on tree trunks. At this time, it is most appropriate to fix them with sphagnum moss and ropes.