Methods for controlling diseases and pests in flowers
1. Tobacco has stomach poison, contact poison, and fumigation effects. Due to its strong penetrating power, it can paralyze and kill pests. Use it by soaking tobacco leaf stalks or leftover cigarette butts (with the filter removed) in 50-60 times water for 24 hours, filtering, and then spraying. This can control aphids, cotton spider mites, and newly hatched scale insects.
2. Eucalyptus oil: Diluting eucalyptus oil 600-800 times can control aphids, scale insects, and moth larvae; a 400-600 times dilution can control cotton spider mites.
3. Mosquito repellent: Hanging lit mosquito repellent on plants and sealing with plastic film, then fumigating for about 10 minutes can kill whiteflies.
4. Soapy water: Dissolving regular soapy water or other soap scraps/flakes in hot water at a 1:60 ratio, cooling, and then spraying can control aphids and cotton spider mites. Soaking cigarette butts (with ash removed) in soapy water can further enhance the control of aphids and spider mites…
2. Eucalyptus oil: Diluting eucalyptus oil 600-800 times can control aphids, scale insects, and moth larvae; a 400-600 times dilution can control cotton spider mites.
3. Mosquito repellent: Hanging lit mosquito repellent on plants and sealing with plastic film, then fumigating for about 10 minutes can kill whiteflies.
4. Soapy water: Dissolving regular soapy water or other soap scraps/flakes in hot water at a 1:60 ratio, cooling, and then spraying can control aphids and cotton spider mites. Soaking cigarette butts (with ash removed) in soapy water can further enhance the control of aphids and spider mites…
A solution of 2 grams of laundry detergent mixed with 500 grams of water can be sprayed onto plants to kill aphids, scale insects, cotton red spider mites, green spiny moths, white butterflies, and whiteflies. Plants with tuberous roots (such as peonies and dahlias), bulbs (such as lilies and lycoris), or fleshy roots are susceptible to nematode infestations. Alternatively, a 1000-fold diluted laundry detergent solution can be poured around the base of the plant.
A solution of soap and hot water dissolved at a ratio of 1:50 can be sprayed on the affected area. Soap solution can clog the respiratory organs of pests, leading to their death. It is effective against aphids and scale insects. Tobacco liquid contains nicotine, which has a strong contact-killing effect on aphids, cotton red spider mites, and ant larvae. It also has fumigation and stomach poison effects. Take 20 grams of tobacco powder or shredded tobacco. Soak leaves in 500g of water for 24 hours, filter, and then add 500g of 2% soapy water. Spray the solution onto the affected leaves. Alternatively, spray the solution directly onto the potting soil and around the bottom of the pot without soapy water to kill soil pests.
Garlic solution can treat powdery mildew and black spot on *Echeveria elegans*. Crush 30g of garlic, add 500g of water, stir well, filter, and spray the solution onto the leaves once a day for 3-4 days. Alternatively, apply the garlic solution directly to the leaves with a brush or toothbrush . Crushing garlic and sprinkling it into the potting soil can also kill earthworms, ants, and nematodes.
Scallion solution can treat aphids and other pests, as well as powdery mildew, by crushing 50g of scallions into a paste, soaking for 12 hours, filtering, and spraying the solution multiple times a day for 3-4 days.
Ginger solution can also be used. Fresh ginger, mashed into a paste, soaked in 20 times its volume of water for 12 hours, filtered, and the filtrate sprayed on the plant can control leaf spot, sooty mold, rot, and black spot diseases, as well as aphids, cotton red spider mites, and leaf miners. Sichuan
pepper liquid: 50 grams of Sichuan pepper mixed with 500 grams of water , heated and boiled to obtain 250 grams of liquid. Dilute with 6-7 times the amount of water before use and spray to control whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. Citrus peel liquid: 50 grams of citrus peel soaked in 500 grams of water for 24 hours, filtered, and the filtrate sprayed on the leaves to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, and leaf miners; poured into the soil to control nematodes. Alternatively, 1 part citrus seeds can be soaked in 5 parts water for 4-5 days, then the ovules of flowers and plants can be soaked in this liquid for 10 minutes to control various pests. Bitter gourd leaf liquid: 100-200 grams of bitter gourd leaves mashed with water, mixed with an equal amount of lime, and poured onto the roots of seedlings to control leaf miners. Tomato Leaf Liquid: Crush 50g of fresh tomato leaves, add 150g of water, soak for 6 hours, filter, and spray with the filtrate to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, etc., and also repel flies. Chili Pepper Liquid: Boil 50g of chili peppers in 10 times the amount of water for 20 minutes, filter, and spray with the filtrate to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, stink bugs, etc. Pouring it into the soil can control moths. Castor Bean Leaf Powder: Dry castor bean leaves and stems, grind them into powder, and apply to the soil to control grubs. Oleander Liquid: Chop 50g of oleander branches and leaves, add 100g of water, boil for 20-30 minutes, remove the residue, and spray with the clear liquid to control aphids and whiteflies. Pouring it into the soil can control nematodes. However, be aware that oleander is highly toxic; prevent accidental ingestion by humans and animals. Rice vinegar solution: Rice vinegar contains abundant organic acids, which have a good inhibitory effect on pathogens. Spraying a 150-200 times diluted rice vinegar solution on the leaves every 7 days for 3-4 consecutive applications can prevent powdery mildew, black spot, and downy mildew. Baking soda solution: Dissolve 5 grams of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) in a small amount of alcohol, then add about 1000 grams of water to make a 0.5% concentration solution. Spraying this solution on the plants can prevent powdery mildew. Mosquito repellent: Light mosquito repellent and hang it on plants infested with insects. Cover the plants and pots with a plastic bag. After 1 hour, the pests will be eliminated. Eucalyptus oil: Eucalyptus oil diluted 400-500 times with water can kill aphids. Mothballs... Crushed granules placed in potting soil can control underground pests. Potassium permanganate, commonly known as potassium permanganate solution, can control powdery mildew in flowers and grasses. Spraying with a 0.1%–0.2% solution at the onset of the disease, once every 7 days for 2–3 consecutive sprays, can achieve an effect of over 92%. Note: Do not directly touch solid potassium permanganate. Common insecticides and fungicides: Common insecticide 1: Trichlorfon is a highly effective, low-toxicity organophosphate preparation. It has a strong stomach poison effect and also contact killing effect on pests. It kills pests quickly, with an effective period of 4–5 days in the field. A 1000–1500 times dilution of the undiluted solution is commonly used for spraying to control rose leafhoppers, bagworms, and short-horned grasshoppers. 1. For pests such as cotton leafrollers, inchworms, leafhoppers, and small earthworms, trichlorfon should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 2. Dichlorvos is a highly effective, low-toxicity organophosphate pesticide with strong contact, fumigation, and stomach poison effects. It has a wide insecticidal range, fast speed, short duration of action, and low residual toxicity. Commonly used sprays include 50% EC at 1000x dilution or 80% EC at 1500x dilution to control whiteflies, spider mites, green mirid bugs, aphids, scale insects, and pomegranate leafminer moths. Note that it should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. Dichlorvos EC is volatile; the bottle cap must be tightly closed after dispensing. High concentrations can easily cause phytotoxicity to cherry blossoms and plum blossoms. 3. Oxymethoate has contact, systemic, and stomach poison effects, and can control many piercing-sucking and chewing pests. It has acute stomach poison effects on humans and animals. For pests with high toxicity, a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-1500 times is commonly used for spraying to control scale insects, aphids, whiteflies, cinnabar spider mites, green mirid bugs, thrips, leafhoppers, citrus leafminers, etc. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 4. Dimethoate is a highly effective, low-toxicity, broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticide with contact, systemic, and stomach poison effects. It is generally used as a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-1500 times or a 60% wettable powder at a dilution of 3000-5000 times for spraying to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, leafhoppers, leafminers, whiteflies, etc. Alternatively, 1 gram of the pesticide can be mixed with 20-40 grams of water and then used as a seed dressing of 400-500 grams to control mole crickets and other underground pests. Plum and cherry blossoms are sensitive to dimethoate; therefore, it should be used with caution and should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. Mixing of pesticides: 5. Malathion: It has contact, stomach poison, and fumigation effects; high efficacy; broad insecticidal range; residual effect generally lasts about one week; low toxicity to humans and animals; relatively safe. Commonly used is a 1000-2000 times dilution of 50% emulsifiable concentrate for spraying to control aphids, cotton spider mites, leafhoppers, thrips, scale insects, beetles, etc. Malathion has poor stability and a relatively short duration of effect; it cannot be mixed with alkaline or strongly acidic pesticides. 6. Dimethoate: It has strong contact action, systemic and stomach poison effects; broad insecticidal range; residual effect lasts about one week; relatively high toxicity to humans and animals. Commonly used is a 2000-4000 times dilution of 50% emulsifiable concentrate for spraying to control aphids, cotton spider mites, leafhoppers, thrips, green mirid bugs, etc. It cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 7. Fenmethoxam is a broad-spectrum insecticide with contact and stomach poison effects, or it kills borers. Its efficacy generally lasts 3-4 days. A 50% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-2000 times is generally used to control aphids, tussock moths, leafhoppers, codling moths, scale insects, thrips, spider mites, and other pests. A 2% powder can also be used for dusting. The dosage is generally 1-3 grams per square meter. It easily causes phytotoxicity to cruciferous plants and should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 8. Deltamethrin has strong contact and stomach poison effects and a long-lasting efficacy, lasting up to several months. It is highly toxic to the skin. A 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 3000-8000 times is commonly used for spraying to control tussock moths, blue moths, cotton leaf rollers, small ground beetles, thrips, leafhoppers , etc. 9. Trichlorfon is an organochlorine-containing acaricide with strong contact action, effective against larvae and eggs, and can disrupt the physiological functions of adult mites, rendering them infertile. Its residual effect can last up to one month. Commonly used is a 20% wettable powder at 800-1000 times dilution or a 50% wettable powder at 1500-2000 times dilution for spraying to control mite pests. 10. Trichlorfon has a strong contact action, acts quickly, and is effective against mite eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. Its residual effect lasts 10-20 days. Commonly used is a 20% emulsifiable concentrate at 600-1000 times dilution or a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000-1500 times dilution for spraying to control various mites. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
1. Furadan is a broad-spectrum, low-residue insecticide with systemic and some contact action. It can control chewing and piercing-sucking insects and nematodes. Commonly used granules (3%, 5%, 10%, 2%) and wettable powders (75%) can control nematodes, scale insects, mites, leafhoppers, rice stem borers, tussock moths, aphids, thrips, and other pests. It cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
12. Pine resin mixture is a dark brown liquid made from pine resin and caustic soda. It is strongly alkaline and has contact action. It is usually sprayed at 8-12 times dilution during the winter dormancy period or 10-18 times dilution during the growing season to control scale insects, whiteflies, cotton spider mites, and other pests. It cannot be mixed with pesticides that are incompatible with alkaline pesticides or pesticides containing calcium.
13. 1. Mefenoxam has contact, systemic, and fumigation effects, with a fast-acting effect, but its efficacy generally lasts only 2-3 days. Commonly used sprays include 25% wettable powder at 200-400 times dilution or 20% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000-1500 times dilution to control leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, and other pests. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 2.
Common fungicides
: Bordeaux mixture is a good protective fungicide, prepared from copper sulfate, quicklime, and water. Depending on the amount of copper sulfate and quicklime used, it can be divided into several types, such as equal-volume (11), half-volume (10.5), multi-volume (13), and double-volume (12). When preparing it, first dissolve copper sulfate and quicklime in equal amounts of water, then pour the copper sulfate into the quicklime solution. Bordeaux mixture, prepared by stirring with a stick, is a sky-blue colloidal suspension. It is alkaline, has strong adhesion, and can form a thin film on the plant surface. Its effectiveness lasts for about half a month. Bordeaux mixture is not resistant to storage and must be prepared and used immediately. It cannot be mixed with alkaline-sensitive pesticides. It can prevent and control various diseases such as black spot, rust, downy mildew, and gray spot.
Secondly, lime sulfur mixture is also a protective fungicide. It is made by boiling quicklime, sulfur powder, and water in a 1:2:10 ratio. The original solution is a dark reddish-brown transparent liquid with a rotten egg smell and is alkaline. When preparing it, first boil water in a pot, add 1 part quicklime, and after the lime dissolves, add 2 parts quicklime that have been mixed with a small amount of water to form a paste. Add sulfur powder while stirring. After adding, boil over high heat for about 1 hour until the solution turns reddish-brown. Stop the heat, cool, and filter out the sediment. This is the lime-sulfur mixture stock solution, with a Baumé degree of 20-24. The stock solution must be diluted before use. During dormancy, a Baumé degree of 3-5 can be used for spraying. During the growing season, only a Baumé degree of 0.3-0.5 can be used. It can control various diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, downy mildew, leaf spot, and can also control pests such as whiteflies, spider mites, and scale insects.
III. Chlorothalonil has protective and curative effects, a broad bactericidal range, and a long residual effect. It has an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes A common method is to spray with a 600-1000 times dilution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder for prevention.
A solution of soap and hot water dissolved at a ratio of 1:50 can be sprayed on the affected area. Soap solution can clog the respiratory organs of pests, leading to their death. It is effective against aphids and scale insects. Tobacco liquid contains nicotine, which has a strong contact-killing effect on aphids, cotton red spider mites, and ant larvae. It also has fumigation and stomach poison effects. Take 20 grams of tobacco powder or shredded tobacco. Soak leaves in 500g of water for 24 hours, filter, and then add 500g of 2% soapy water. Spray the solution onto the affected leaves. Alternatively, spray the solution directly onto the potting soil and around the bottom of the pot without soapy water to kill soil pests.
Garlic solution can treat powdery mildew and black spot on *Echeveria elegans*. Crush 30g of garlic, add 500g of water, stir well, filter, and spray the solution onto the leaves once a day for 3-4 days. Alternatively, apply the garlic solution directly to the leaves with a brush or toothbrush . Crushing garlic and sprinkling it into the potting soil can also kill earthworms, ants, and nematodes.
Scallion solution can treat aphids and other pests, as well as powdery mildew, by crushing 50g of scallions into a paste, soaking for 12 hours, filtering, and spraying the solution multiple times a day for 3-4 days.
Ginger solution can also be used. Fresh ginger, mashed into a paste, soaked in 20 times its volume of water for 12 hours, filtered, and the filtrate sprayed on the plant can control leaf spot, sooty mold, rot, and black spot diseases, as well as aphids, cotton red spider mites, and leaf miners. Sichuan
pepper liquid: 50 grams of Sichuan pepper mixed with 500 grams of water , heated and boiled to obtain 250 grams of liquid. Dilute with 6-7 times the amount of water before use and spray to control whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. Citrus peel liquid: 50 grams of citrus peel soaked in 500 grams of water for 24 hours, filtered, and the filtrate sprayed on the leaves to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, and leaf miners; poured into the soil to control nematodes. Alternatively, 1 part citrus seeds can be soaked in 5 parts water for 4-5 days, then the ovules of flowers and plants can be soaked in this liquid for 10 minutes to control various pests. Bitter gourd leaf liquid: 100-200 grams of bitter gourd leaves mashed with water, mixed with an equal amount of lime, and poured onto the roots of seedlings to control leaf miners. Tomato Leaf Liquid: Crush 50g of fresh tomato leaves, add 150g of water, soak for 6 hours, filter, and spray with the filtrate to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, etc., and also repel flies. Chili Pepper Liquid: Boil 50g of chili peppers in 10 times the amount of water for 20 minutes, filter, and spray with the filtrate to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, stink bugs, etc. Pouring it into the soil can control moths. Castor Bean Leaf Powder: Dry castor bean leaves and stems, grind them into powder, and apply to the soil to control grubs. Oleander Liquid: Chop 50g of oleander branches and leaves, add 100g of water, boil for 20-30 minutes, remove the residue, and spray with the clear liquid to control aphids and whiteflies. Pouring it into the soil can control nematodes. However, be aware that oleander is highly toxic; prevent accidental ingestion by humans and animals. Rice vinegar solution: Rice vinegar contains abundant organic acids, which have a good inhibitory effect on pathogens. Spraying a 150-200 times diluted rice vinegar solution on the leaves every 7 days for 3-4 consecutive applications can prevent powdery mildew, black spot, and downy mildew. Baking soda solution: Dissolve 5 grams of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) in a small amount of alcohol, then add about 1000 grams of water to make a 0.5% concentration solution. Spraying this solution on the plants can prevent powdery mildew. Mosquito repellent: Light mosquito repellent and hang it on plants infested with insects. Cover the plants and pots with a plastic bag. After 1 hour, the pests will be eliminated. Eucalyptus oil: Eucalyptus oil diluted 400-500 times with water can kill aphids. Mothballs... Crushed granules placed in potting soil can control underground pests. Potassium permanganate, commonly known as potassium permanganate solution, can control powdery mildew in flowers and grasses. Spraying with a 0.1%–0.2% solution at the onset of the disease, once every 7 days for 2–3 consecutive sprays, can achieve an effect of over 92%. Note: Do not directly touch solid potassium permanganate. Common insecticides and fungicides: Common insecticide 1: Trichlorfon is a highly effective, low-toxicity organophosphate preparation. It has a strong stomach poison effect and also contact killing effect on pests. It kills pests quickly, with an effective period of 4–5 days in the field. A 1000–1500 times dilution of the undiluted solution is commonly used for spraying to control rose leafhoppers, bagworms, and short-horned grasshoppers. 1. For pests such as cotton leafrollers, inchworms, leafhoppers, and small earthworms, trichlorfon should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 2. Dichlorvos is a highly effective, low-toxicity organophosphate pesticide with strong contact, fumigation, and stomach poison effects. It has a wide insecticidal range, fast speed, short duration of action, and low residual toxicity. Commonly used sprays include 50% EC at 1000x dilution or 80% EC at 1500x dilution to control whiteflies, spider mites, green mirid bugs, aphids, scale insects, and pomegranate leafminer moths. Note that it should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. Dichlorvos EC is volatile; the bottle cap must be tightly closed after dispensing. High concentrations can easily cause phytotoxicity to cherry blossoms and plum blossoms. 3. Oxymethoate has contact, systemic, and stomach poison effects, and can control many piercing-sucking and chewing pests. It has acute stomach poison effects on humans and animals. For pests with high toxicity, a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-1500 times is commonly used for spraying to control scale insects, aphids, whiteflies, cinnabar spider mites, green mirid bugs, thrips, leafhoppers, citrus leafminers, etc. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 4. Dimethoate is a highly effective, low-toxicity, broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticide with contact, systemic, and stomach poison effects. It is generally used as a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-1500 times or a 60% wettable powder at a dilution of 3000-5000 times for spraying to control aphids, cotton red spider mites, leafhoppers, leafminers, whiteflies, etc. Alternatively, 1 gram of the pesticide can be mixed with 20-40 grams of water and then used as a seed dressing of 400-500 grams to control mole crickets and other underground pests. Plum and cherry blossoms are sensitive to dimethoate; therefore, it should be used with caution and should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. Mixing of pesticides: 5. Malathion: It has contact, stomach poison, and fumigation effects; high efficacy; broad insecticidal range; residual effect generally lasts about one week; low toxicity to humans and animals; relatively safe. Commonly used is a 1000-2000 times dilution of 50% emulsifiable concentrate for spraying to control aphids, cotton spider mites, leafhoppers, thrips, scale insects, beetles, etc. Malathion has poor stability and a relatively short duration of effect; it cannot be mixed with alkaline or strongly acidic pesticides. 6. Dimethoate: It has strong contact action, systemic and stomach poison effects; broad insecticidal range; residual effect lasts about one week; relatively high toxicity to humans and animals. Commonly used is a 2000-4000 times dilution of 50% emulsifiable concentrate for spraying to control aphids, cotton spider mites, leafhoppers, thrips, green mirid bugs, etc. It cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 7. Fenmethoxam is a broad-spectrum insecticide with contact and stomach poison effects, or it kills borers. Its efficacy generally lasts 3-4 days. A 50% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000-2000 times is generally used to control aphids, tussock moths, leafhoppers, codling moths, scale insects, thrips, spider mites, and other pests. A 2% powder can also be used for dusting. The dosage is generally 1-3 grams per square meter. It easily causes phytotoxicity to cruciferous plants and should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 8. Deltamethrin has strong contact and stomach poison effects and a long-lasting efficacy, lasting up to several months. It is highly toxic to the skin. A 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 3000-8000 times is commonly used for spraying to control tussock moths, blue moths, cotton leaf rollers, small ground beetles, thrips, leafhoppers , etc. 9. Trichlorfon is an organochlorine-containing acaricide with strong contact action, effective against larvae and eggs, and can disrupt the physiological functions of adult mites, rendering them infertile. Its residual effect can last up to one month. Commonly used is a 20% wettable powder at 800-1000 times dilution or a 50% wettable powder at 1500-2000 times dilution for spraying to control mite pests. 10. Trichlorfon has a strong contact action, acts quickly, and is effective against mite eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. Its residual effect lasts 10-20 days. Commonly used is a 20% emulsifiable concentrate at 600-1000 times dilution or a 40% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000-1500 times dilution for spraying to control various mites. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
1. Furadan is a broad-spectrum, low-residue insecticide with systemic and some contact action. It can control chewing and piercing-sucking insects and nematodes. Commonly used granules (3%, 5%, 10%, 2%) and wettable powders (75%) can control nematodes, scale insects, mites, leafhoppers, rice stem borers, tussock moths, aphids, thrips, and other pests. It cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
12. Pine resin mixture is a dark brown liquid made from pine resin and caustic soda. It is strongly alkaline and has contact action. It is usually sprayed at 8-12 times dilution during the winter dormancy period or 10-18 times dilution during the growing season to control scale insects, whiteflies, cotton spider mites, and other pests. It cannot be mixed with pesticides that are incompatible with alkaline pesticides or pesticides containing calcium.
13. 1. Mefenoxam has contact, systemic, and fumigation effects, with a fast-acting effect, but its efficacy generally lasts only 2-3 days. Commonly used sprays include 25% wettable powder at 200-400 times dilution or 20% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000-1500 times dilution to control leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, and other pests. It should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides. 2.
Common fungicides
: Bordeaux mixture is a good protective fungicide, prepared from copper sulfate, quicklime, and water. Depending on the amount of copper sulfate and quicklime used, it can be divided into several types, such as equal-volume (11), half-volume (10.5), multi-volume (13), and double-volume (12). When preparing it, first dissolve copper sulfate and quicklime in equal amounts of water, then pour the copper sulfate into the quicklime solution. Bordeaux mixture, prepared by stirring with a stick, is a sky-blue colloidal suspension. It is alkaline, has strong adhesion, and can form a thin film on the plant surface. Its effectiveness lasts for about half a month. Bordeaux mixture is not resistant to storage and must be prepared and used immediately. It cannot be mixed with alkaline-sensitive pesticides. It can prevent and control various diseases such as black spot, rust, downy mildew, and gray spot.
Secondly, lime sulfur mixture is also a protective fungicide. It is made by boiling quicklime, sulfur powder, and water in a 1:2:10 ratio. The original solution is a dark reddish-brown transparent liquid with a rotten egg smell and is alkaline. When preparing it, first boil water in a pot, add 1 part quicklime, and after the lime dissolves, add 2 parts quicklime that have been mixed with a small amount of water to form a paste. Add sulfur powder while stirring. After adding, boil over high heat for about 1 hour until the solution turns reddish-brown. Stop the heat, cool, and filter out the sediment. This is the lime-sulfur mixture stock solution, with a Baumé degree of 20-24. The stock solution must be diluted before use. During dormancy, a Baumé degree of 3-5 can be used for spraying. During the growing season, only a Baumé degree of 0.3-0.5 can be used. It can control various diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, downy mildew, leaf spot, and can also control pests such as whiteflies, spider mites, and scale insects.
III. Chlorothalonil has protective and curative effects, a broad bactericidal range, and a long residual effect. It has an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes A common method is to spray with a 600-1000 times dilution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder for prevention.