1. Basic requirements for maintenance management: a. The selected materials must be of reliable quality, have normal procurement channels, comply with relevant national standards, and meet construction requirements. b. The entire maintenance must comply with the relevant national garden and greening specifications and standards and meet the standards. c. Accept Party A's assessment and management of the quality of greening maintenance, and promptly and unconditionally rectify any problems that arise to ensure that the standards are met; d. Ensure that the entire maintenance complies with the relevant national garden and greening specifications and standards and meets the maintenance quality technical grade standards.

1. Lawn maintenance methods and technical measures

2. Lawn pests and diseases and their prevention and control: Except for a few birds and beasts, the vast majority of animals that harm lawns are harmful insects, followed by mites.

3. Basic ways of pest control: a. Control the biological community, that is, reduce the types and number of pests, and increase the types and number of beneficial organisms (natural enemies of pests). b. Control the number of major pest populations. Specific measures: eliminate or reduce the insect source; worsen the environmental conditions for pests to cause harm; take appropriate measures in time to suppress pests before they cause harm in large numbers.

4. Causes of lawn diseases: (pathogens, susceptible hosts, environmental conditions, etc.). a. Pathogens: refers to the dominant factor that plays a direct role in the occurrence of diseases. According to their nature, they can be divided into two categories: biological factors and non-biological factors. Diseases caused by biological factors are called infectious diseases, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas and nematodes; diseases caused by non-biological factors are called non-infectious diseases, also known as physiological diseases, which include various physical and chemical factors. Physical factors include changes in temperature, humidity, and light; chemical factors include nutritional imbalance (macro and trace elements), air pollution, chemical poisoning, etc. b. Susceptible hosts: The existence of susceptible hosts is another important factor in the occurrence and development of lawn diseases. As a living organism, lawn grass must also have a resistance reaction to diseases. This interaction between pathogens and hosts determines whether the disease occurs and the extent of the disease. c. Environmental conditions: The occurrence of lawn diseases is also restricted by environmental conditions (including non-biological factors and biological factors). On the one hand, environmental conditions affect pathogens, promoting or inhibiting their development; on the other hand, they also affect the growth and development of the host, affecting its susceptibility and resistance to disease. Therefore, diseases can only occur and develop when environmental conditions are favorable to pathogens but unfavorable to hosts; conversely, when environmental conditions are favorable to hosts but unfavorable to pathogens, diseases will not occur or will be inhibited.

5. Main symptoms of lawn diseases: (1) Discoloration: When a lawn grass loses its normal color partially or completely after it becomes sick, it is called discoloration. Discoloration is mainly caused by the inhibition or destruction of chlorophyll or chloroplasts, resulting in an imbalance in the pigment ratio. One form is that the entire plant or leaf changes color, which is mainly manifested as yellowing. Another form is that the leaf changes color unevenly, and the leaf changes to a mixed color of yellow or green, which is called mosaic or mottle. Examples include yellow dwarf disease of lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, fescue, ryegrass, and bluegrass, and mosaic disease of lawn grasses such as bentgrass, fescue, ryegrass, and bluegrass. (2) Necrosis: The death of diseased cells and tissues of lawn grasses. Necrosis is often manifested as necrotic spots and leaf blight on leaves. Spots are the most common necrotic symptom of leaf diseases. The shape, size, and color of necrotic spots vary depending on the disease, but the outlines are relatively clear. Examples include net spot and ring spot of bermudagrass; copper spot and red spot of bentgrass. (3 ) Decay: refers to the decomposition and destruction of plant tissues over a large area. It is caused by the hydrolytic enzymes produced by pathogens that decompose and destroy plant tissues. Examples include bud rot, root rot, rhizome rot, and snow rot of overwintering grasses in areas with long-term snow cover in winter. (4) Wilting: refers to the phenomenon in which the branches and leaves of the entire plant or part of the plant droop due to dehydration. It is mainly caused by damage to the plant roots, difficulty in water absorption and transportation, or poisoning by pathogenic toxins and induced duct blockage. Examples include bacterial wilt of creeping bentgrass in Toronto. (5) Deformity: refers to the occurrence of lesions that promote or inhibit cell division and growth in the affected parts of the plant, resulting in abnormal morphology of the entire plant or part of the plant. Deformity is mainly caused by pathogens secreting hormone substances or interfering with the host hormone metabolism. Examples include yellow dwarf disease of grasses such as Bermuda grass, Fescue, Rye grass, and Poa annua.

6. Main symptoms of lawn diseases : (1) Mold: After pathogenic fungi infect plants, their vegetative and reproductive bodies appear as molds of various colors on the infected parts of lawn grass. Such as downy mildew, penicillium, gray mold, black mold, sooty mold, and gibberellosis. Such as grass downy mildew. (2) Powdery: After pathogenic fungi infect plants, their vegetative and reproductive bodies appear as powders of various colors on the infected parts of lawn grass. Such as white powder, black powder, etc. For example, the white powdery substance shown by powdery mildew that harms major grasses such as bentgrass, bermudagrass, fescue, bluegrass, and buffalo grass, and the black powdery substance shown by powdery mildew of bentgrass and bluegrass in the late stage of the disease. (3) Rust: Yellow-brown or rust-colored spots, blocks, hairs, or flowers produced by pathogenic fungi on the infected parts of lawn grass. Such as rust. (4) Dots (granules) : Pathogenic fungi produce black (mainly), brown or orange-red granules under the epidermal tissue of the infected part of lawn grass or break through the host tissue. These are the reproductive bodies of the pathogen. For example, the black dots of anthracnose of temperate grasses. (5) Threads (filaments): Threads (filaments) produced in the infected part of lawn grass are mycelial cords. For example, the granules formed in the diseased part of white rot of bentgrass, fescue, ryegrass, and bluegrass. (6) Pus (exudation ): Pathogenic bacteria produce pus-like mucus in the infected part of lawn grass. After drying, it becomes gelatinous granules or small pieces. This is a unique symptom of bacterial diseases. For example, the exudation of pus in the diseased part of bacterial wilt.

7. Lawn fertilization season: The best way to provide plants with suitable nutrients is to apply commercial fertilizers at the appropriate time in the annual life cycle of the lawn. In high-tech areas, fertilizers can be applied twice, once in early spring and once in early autumn. In this way, the lawn grass will start to grow 2-3 weeks earlier than the lawn fertilized in March or April. Fertilizing as early as possible can not only advance the green period, but also help the cold-season lawn grass to heal various injuries and form a dense turf before the annual weeds in the summer get the appropriate germination humidity. Fertilizing in late August or early September can not only extend the green period to late autumn or early winter, but also stimulate the lawn grass to tiller and produce underground stems in the second year.

8. Composition and amount of lawn fertilizer: Apply fertilizer with high nitrogen content and appropriate phosphorus and potassium to lawn grass. N:P:K is 10:6:4 or 10:5:5. The amount of fertilizer should be determined by lawn growth and soil, geology and other factors. Grass growing on poor soil should be fertilized more. At the same time, the lawn with a higher usage rate during the growing season should be fertilized more to ensure the healthy growth of the lawn. Generally, 9kg of fertilizer per 100m2 of 10:5:5d is used.

9. Key points of lawn fertilization technology: a. Water the lawn in time after applying fertilizer, but do not water too much to prevent fertilizer leaching. b. Inorganic quick-acting soluble fertilizers can be dissolved in water and fertilized using the "fertilizer water irrigation" method, but the concentration must not be higher than 5‰, otherwise it will burn the lawn. c. Inorganic quick-acting fertilizers should be applied in small amounts and multiple times to improve fertilizer efficiency. d. It is best to use slow-release fertilizers that release fertilizer effects more slowly. This type of fertilizer has a long-lasting and uniform effect on lawn grass. e. Fertilization must be uniform. Each application of fertilizer should be divided into two equal parts and spread evenly in perpendicular directions to prevent excessive fertilizer in some parts from burning the lawn.

10. Lawn mowing principles: Generally follow the "1/3" principle, that is, for each mowing, the part to be mowed is 1/3 of the vertical height of the lawn. If you mow too much at one time, the photosynthesis capacity of the lawn will be weakened due to the large loss of leaf area. Most of the existing carbohydrates will be used to form new young tissues, resulting in insufficient nutrients for the root system to maintain and die in large numbers. The final result is lawn degradation.

11. Lawn mowing height: The lawn mowing height is also called the stubble height, which refers to the vertical height of the branches above the ground measured immediately after the lawn is mowed. Different types of lawn grass have different tolerances to mowing. Therefore, the appropriate stubble height of lawn grass should be determined based on the physiological and morphological characteristics of the lawn grass and the purpose of use, with the principle of not affecting the normal growth and development and function of the lawn grass. The first mowing is carried out when the lawn is 10-12 cm high, and the stubble height is 6-8 cm. The number of mowing times depends on the growth rate of the lawn. Usually May and June are the most vigorous growth periods for lawns, and they are mowed 1-2 times every 7-10 days, and 1-2 times every 10-15 days at other times. After multiple mowings, the lawn not only has developed rhizomes and strong covering ability, but also is short, with thinner leaves and high ornamental value.

12. Mowing period and frequency: Mowing period and frequency The mowing period of the lawn is related to the growth of lawn grass. Generally speaking, lawn mowing starts in early March and ends in November, usually in sunny weather. The mowing frequency depends on many factors, such as lawn type, lawn quality, weather, soil fertility, and lawn growth conditions throughout the year. In seasons with suitable temperatures and abundant rainfall, cold-season lawns need to be mowed twice a week, while under normal climatic conditions, mowing once a week is sufficient. Lawns that are heavily fertilized and irrigated grow faster than ordinary lawns, so they need to be mowed frequently. Some fast-growing lawn grasses, such as centipede grass and fine-leaved fescue, have a relatively high mowing frequency.

13. Technical points of pruning: a. Pruning must follow the "1/3" principle. If the lawn grows too high due to poor management, it should be pruned gradually to the stubble height, and it cannot be pruned to the standard height at one time. Otherwise, the upper nutrient organs of the lawn will lose too much, resulting in weakened photosynthetic capacity, excessive loss of stored nutrients, and the lawn will turn yellow, weaken, or even die. b. The blades of the mowing machine must be sharp to prevent the lawn blade from becoming filamentous due to blunt blades. If the weather is particularly hot, the lawn landscape will turn white, and it is also easy to cause wound infection, causing lawn diseases. c. When mowing the lawn, the mowing belt must be parallel. The same lawn should not be mowed in the same direction every time. The direction should be changed every time to prevent repeated mowing in the same direction at the same location. Otherwise, the lawn grass will tend to degenerate and the lawn growth will be unbalanced. d. The grass clippings after mowing must be cleaned up, especially when the lawn grass is humid. Because the grass clippings left behind are conducive to the growth of weeds, which can easily cause the infection and spread of pests and diseases, and can also easily block the ventilation of the lawn and cause the lawn to degenerate prematurely; but in drought, the trimmed grass can be placed on the lawn to cool down, but it cannot be left there for a long time, otherwise it will easily make the lawn soft, grow slowly and breed bacteria. e. Pruning should be done after the dew has subsided. Usually, no watering is done in the afternoon of the day before pruning. Watering should be done every 2 to 3 hours after pruning to prevent the spread of diseases. f. It is best to disinfect the blades before pruning, especially in July and August when diseases are prevalent. g. Avoid pruning in direct sunlight (such as noon).

14. Lawn watering time: The first spring watering (combined with topdressing fertilizer) is carried out in mid-to-early February to promote the early greening of the lawn; the last freezing watering is carried out in mid-to-late November to help increase the ground temperature and ensure that the roots of the overwintering lawn have sufficient water. When to irrigate during the day depends on the soil and lawn, season, weather conditions, etc., but watering is mainly carried out at night when the evaporation is large in summer. However, the lawn should not be burned.

15. Lawn irrigation amount: The total amount of water for each lawn irrigation is related to soil texture and season. Generally, lawns need about 20 to 40 mm of water per week during the dry period of the growing season; vigorously growing lawns need 50 to 60 mm of water per week in hot and severe drought conditions. In dry climates, continuous watering can be done 2 to 3 times to relieve drought. In normal rainless seasons, watering can be done once to 3 times per week. When watering the lawn, it should be watered thoroughly and fully, at least 5 cm or more of the soil layer should be wetted. The total amount of water for one irrigation in the growing season is to wet the soil layer to 6 to 10 cm, and 20 to 25 cm in winter.  The time for watering in summer and autumn is generally in the morning, and in spring and winter it is generally in the afternoon; the frequency of watering requires watering according to the actual situation of the lawn and weather conditions, and abide by the principle of "no watering if not dry, and watering thoroughly if watered".

16. Key points of lawn watering technology: a. When watering the lawn, water it thoroughly at one time. Do not just water the topsoil layer. The water must penetrate to a depth of at least 5 cm. Otherwise, it will be difficult to relieve the drought. For severely trampled lawns, because the topsoil layer is dry, hard and compact, it is difficult for water to penetrate. Before watering, you can use a spiked roller harrow to make many puncture holes on the lawn surface. This is conducive to the rapid penetration of water into the soil and the growth and development of the roots of lawn grass. b. Artificial watering should be done from far to near, and gradually move backwards to avoid trampling on the watered areas. For large lawns, they can be divided into several areas and watered in different areas to avoid missing any. c. In the northern region, water should be applied once in spring before the lawn grass sprouts, which is called "spring water". When the lawn grass stops growing in autumn, water it once with "freezing water". These two waterings are very important for the growth of lawn grass in the north.

17. Lawn weeds: ① Principles of weed removal: remove early, remove small, and remove all weeds. ② Damage of weeds to lawns a. Compete with lawns for water and fertilizer. Weeds have strong adaptability, huge root systems, and strong ability to consume water and fertilizer. b. Invade the aboveground and underground space, affecting the photosynthesis of lawns. The number of weed seeds is much higher than the sowing amount of lawn grass, and the growth rate of weeds is also much higher than the growth rate of lawn grass. In addition, early emergence can easily lead to weed barrenness and destroy the lawn. c. Weeds are the intermediate hosts of lawn pests and diseases. d. Increase maintenance and management costs. The more weeds there are, the more manpower and financial resources will be spent on weed control. e. Affect the quality and ornamental effect of lawns. In the weed growing season, weeds grow faster than lawn grass, making the lawn look uneven; after the arrival of frost, weeds die first, and large patches of baldness appear on the lawn, which lasts until the next year, becoming a favorable space for the growth of new weeds.

18. Lawn replanting:  To ensure the overall beauty of the lawn, if the lawn is damaged by pests and diseases or human activities, manpower should be organized in time to replant the lawn and restore it to its original state, so that the greening rate remains above 99% and the single grass missing area does not exceed 0.1m2.

2. Maintenance and technical measures of hedge plants

19. Management standards for green space hedges: a. The hedges should grow vigorously, with strong branches and leaves, no bare bottom, no missing plants, and no broken layers. b. The pruning process should be standardized and fine, with clear edges and new shoots not exceeding 8cm. c. The overall effect should be good, and there should be no garbage, dead branches or other debris under the hedges. d. Weed and loosen the soil frequently, and protect the roots when weeding, without damaging the roots or exposing the roots. e. Dead seedlings should be replaced in a timely manner. 2. Watering and fertilizing Hedges can be watered and fertilized simultaneously with lawns, and watering should be done at least once a week in summer.

20. Replanting: The integrity of the hedge shape determines the overall greening effect. If the hedge shape is damaged by human or engineering, seedlings of the same specifications should be replanted in time to make up for the shortage. In order to ensure the survival rate, the replanted seedlings in summer should be shaded and covered to reduce water evaporation.

4. Maintenance methods for trees (including flowering shrubs)

22. Quality requirements for plant watering: ① Principles of watering: do not water unless the soil is dry, and water thoroughly when you need to; ② Water thoroughly and evenly, and avoid leaving the soil wet on the top and dry on the bottom; ③ The water source must be unpolluted and non-toxic; ④ Before watering, the soil must be loose and the surface must not be compacted to facilitate water penetration; ⑤ Do not water when the surface temperature is high.

23. Watering of trees and shrubs: ① Watering period: A Watering during dormancy is in autumn, winter and early spring; B Watering during the growth period is after flowering and during the flower bud differentiation period. ② Common methods of watering: A Manual watering; B Automatic sprinkler watering. ③ The amount of water to be watered should be 60%-80% of the soil water content.

24. Drainage: In low-lying areas and places where drainage ditches are blocked, water is prone to accumulate during the rainy season and drainage work should be done well to prevent plants from drowning. The drainage methods are generally ditch drainage and hole drainage (usually used for potted plants)

25. Safety precautions for watering: ① Watering should be thorough and even, and avoid wet top and dry bottom; ② The water source must be pollution-free and non-toxic; ③ Do not water when the surface temperature is high; ④ When using a water pump for watering, check the pump and wires first to make sure there is no leakage before use.

26. Fertilization: (1) Types of fertilizers: organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers; (2) Characteristics of various fertilizers: ① Organic fertilizers have a long effect and are rich in nutrients. They are good at improving soil and are generally used as basal fertilizers; ② Inorganic fertilizers have a fast effect, are easily absorbed, have no odor, are convenient and hygienic to use, and are generally used as topdressing; ③ Comparison between organic and inorganic fertilizers: Inorganic fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizers can promote the growth of branches and leaves, and are beneficial to the formation of chlorophyll, making the plants green and upright. Nitrogen fertilizers or fertilizers containing nitrogen are beneficial to promoting flower bud differentiation and laying a good foundation for flowering. During the flower bud differentiation period, do not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will affect flower bud differentiation. In autumn, apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and stop applying nitrogen fertilizers to prevent the plants from growing too tall, so as to facilitate safe wintering. Inorganic fertilizers are generally used as topdressing and applied during the plant growth season. Organic fertilizers are generally used as basal fertilizers and applied to the planting holes before planting, or applied to large trees in late autumn, early winter, and early spring.

27. Fertilization methods: ① Root fertilization: a Ring ditch fertilization: the most commonly used method for tree fertilization. In late autumn, when the trees are dormant, dig a 30-40 cm wide ring ditch with a depth of 20-50 cm (depending on the size of the tree) along the outer edge of the crown projection on the ground, and evenly apply fertilizer into the ditch. Add an appropriate amount of topsoil and mix well, then fill the soil and level the ditch. This method can ensure that the tree roots absorb fertilizer evenly and is suitable for young and strong trees; b Radial ditch fertilization: With the root base as the center, dig horizontal trenches outward along the root propagation and growth direction, from shallow to deep, and dig 5-6 evenly distributed and radial trenches for each tree. The length of the trench slightly exceeds the edge of the crown projection. Apply fertilizer into the ditch, then add an appropriate amount of topsoil and mix well, and finally fill the soil to a level slightly higher than the ground. This method can ensure that the inner roots can also absorb nutrients, and is suitable for strong and old trees; c. Hole application: dig 7-8 evenly distributed holes at the edge of the crown projection at noon, apply fertilizer and fill the soil (slightly higher than the ground); d. The above three methods of applying basal fertilizer are best used in turn, learning from each other's strengths and weaknesses, which is most beneficial for trees to absorb nutrients. ② Foliar fertilization method: Spray the pre-prepared nutrient solution on the branches and leaves of the plant with a sprayer, which is absorbed and utilized by the branches and leaves to promote plant growth.

28. Matters needing attention and requirements for fertilization: ① Matters needing attention for fertilization: a Organic fertilizers must be fully fermented, decomposed, and of appropriate concentration; chemical fertilizers must be completely crushed into powder and should not be applied in blocks; b After fertilization (especially chemical fertilizers), timely and appropriate watering must be done to allow the fertilizer to penetrate into the soil, and then sprinkled once more the next morning, commonly known as "returning water", which is conducive to avoiding fertilizer damage and ensuring that the plant fully absorbs the fertilizer; c Foliar topdressing must strictly control the concentration to avoid burning the leaves. It is best to spray on cloudy days or before sunset, and follow the principle of "thin fertilizers and frequent applications".

29. Fertilization procedure : a. Select fertilizers according to plant growth and needs: organic fertilizers (garbage fertilizer, mushroom fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc.), inorganic fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, compound fertilizer); b. Fertilization method: organic fertilizers are mostly used as base fertilizers, i.e. hole application, ring application, ditch application, and watering must be done after fertilization, otherwise it is easy to cause fertilizer damage: inorganic fertilizers (chemical fertilizers) are mostly used for broadcasting, spraying and root hedge topdressing;

30. Fertilization requirements and standards: Generally, it is appropriate to apply fertilizer on cloudy days or in the evening; Requirements and standards : Four more, four less, four don’ts and three taboos : Four more: more fertilizer for yellow and thin plants, more fertilizer before germination, more fertilizer during the bud formation period, and more fertilizer after flowering; Four less: less fertilizer for fat and strong plants, less fertilizer after germination, less fertilizer during the flowering period, and less fertilizer in the rainy season; Four don’ts: no fertilizer for leggy growth, no fertilizer for new plantings, no fertilizer in hot summer, and no fertilizer for dormancy; Three taboos: avoid concentrated fertilizer, avoid hot fertilizer (referring to fertilizing when the weather is hot, and avoid sitting fertilizer (referring to the roots sitting on the base fertilizer when planting).

31. Pruning: ① The pruning of garden trees should be based on the needs of the garden greening function and the requirements of the design. Under the premise of not violating the growth characteristics and natural branching rules of the trees (except for special trees), the relationship between the trees and the growth environment should be fully considered, and the pruning should be carried out according to the age and growth strength of the trees;  ② Before pruning the trees every year, a pruning technical plan must be formulated and the workers must be trained. Only after the plan is carefully implemented can the operation be carried out, so as to adapt to local conditions and prune according to the trees; ③ The pruning of natural trees should be based on the crown shape formed by the natural branching habits of the trees; ④ The pruning of shaped trees should be based on the specific requirements of garden greening for trees, and some branches of the trees should be appropriately controlled, and the trees should be pruned into various ideal shapes according to the requirements of greening and beautification;

32. Periods for pruning garden trees: a Garden trees can be pruned during the dormant and growing seasons, but renewal pruning must be done during the dormant season; b Tree species with severe sap flow and gum flow should be pruned away from the growing season and the period of severe sap flow after leaf fall. c Tree species with poor cold resistance and easy to grow branches should be pruned in early spring. d Pruning of evergreen trees should be avoided during the vigorous growth period. e Pruning of hedges, color blocks, boxwood balls, etc. must be done in early May and before the end of August each year.

33. Tree pruning:  A. For tree species with obvious main axis, care should be taken to protect the central leading branch when pruning, so that it grows upright. If the original branch is damaged or broken, the top side branches should be used to cultivate new branches. B. The reasonable ratio of trunk and crown should be adjusted year by year. The height of branching points should be basically the same for forests of the same age and variety. The branching points of trees at the edge of the forest can be slightly lower than those of trees in the forest. C. Coniferous trees should have their branches hanging down to the ground cut off. As the trees grow, the branching points can be gradually raised as needed, and the main tip should be protected to grow upright. D. Ginkgo pruning can only be done by thinning, not scissoring. Whorled branches can be thinned out .

34. In addition to the above requirements, the following provisions should also be observed when pruning street trees: a) The tree shape and branch point height of street trees should be basically consistent, and the minimum branch point height standard is 2.8m. b) When there is a conflict between trees and overhead lines, branches should be pruned to keep a safe distance from the overhead lines. c) The tree crown within 30m of the traffic intersection cannot block traffic signs. d) Branches near street lights and transformer equipment should be kept at a sufficient safety distance from them.

35. Shrub pruning:  A. Shrubs should be pruned to make the tree shape high inside and low outside, forming a naturally plump round head or semi-circular tree shape. B. The inner branches of shrubs should be thinned appropriately, strong branches should be appropriately shortened, and drooping thin and weak branches and those sprouting from the ground should be completely thinned out. C. For shrubs planted for many years, old branches should be renewed year by year, dense branches in the inner chamber should be thinned out, and new branches should be cultivated. For shrubs with main trunks planted for many years, the crown should be controlled by alternating main branches every year to prevent the tree from being strong at the top and weak at the bottom. D. Long branches growing outside the crown should be thinned out or shortened early to promote secondary branches. E. The remaining flowers and fruits formed after the flowers fall should be pruned as soon as possible if they have no ornamental value or other needs. F. When pruning shrubs planted in groups, they should be formed into a cluster shape with high in the middle and low around, or low in the front and high in the back. G. When pruning shrubs planted with multiple varieties, the main variety should be highlighted and appropriate growth space should be left. H. When pruning shrubs for shaping, the outline of the shape should be clear and the branches and leaves on the outer edge should be dense.

36. Special attention should be paid to the pruning of flowering shrubs: a) For flowering shrubs with branches growing in the current year, such as crape myrtle, hibiscus, rose, pearl bush, etc., when pruning during the dormant period, in order to control the height of the tree, the healthy branches should be pruned at 3 to 5 buds to promote new branches. For shrubs that can bloom several times a year, such as rose, pearl bush, crape myrtle, etc., the remaining flowers should be cut off in time after the flowers fall to promote flowering again. b) For shrubs with branches flowering every other year, such as peach, plum, forsythia, callicarpa, lilac, yellow rose, etc., appropriate shaping and pruning should be done during the dormant period. 10 to 15 days after the flowers fall in the growing season, the flowering branches should be medium or heavy pruned, and the overcrowded branches should be thinned out to promote the growth of healthy new branches next year. c) For flowering shrubs with perennial branches, such as redbud and crabapple, attention should be paid to cultivating and protecting old branches, and overcrowded branches, weak branches, dead branches or diseased and insect-infested branches that interfere with the tree shape and affect ventilation and light transmission should be cut off.

37. When pruning garden trees, deciduous trees are generally not left with pegs, while coniferous trees should be left with pegs of 1cm--2cm in length. The cuts must be smooth and not split, and attention should be paid to the orientation of the buds. Cuts with a diameter of more than 4cm should be flattened with a knife and preservatives should be applied to promote wound healing. When sawing off large branches, care should be taken to protect the bark ridge.

38. Replanting: Trees that die due to human factors or improper maintenance should be replaced at any time, and the time should not exceed 48 hours. The replacement seedlings must be of the same specifications and varieties as the original ones to ensure the overall effect of greening. Newly replanted seedlings should be maintained to ensure survival rate.

5. Greening maintenance process and operation flow

VI. Maintenance schedule plan measures

39. Green space maintenance can be divided into four parts throughout the year: December to February is the winter maintenance period, April to October is the summer maintenance period, mid-to-late February to early April is the spring maintenance period, and mid-to-late October to December is the autumn maintenance period. Therefore, the work throughout the year can also be divided into four stages for planning.

40. Winter maintenance and management (December-February): ① Lawn maintenance: At this time, the lawn has stopped growing and entered a dormant period, but the soil has not been completely frozen in early December. At this time, the grass roots are in the alternating period of late freezing and daily thawing, which can easily cause the grass roots to be stretched and broken, especially the capillary roots. For green land, the main work is to do winter irrigation, drilling holes for vegetable roots, filling sand, and applying base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly compound fertilizer, which is a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The base fertilizer application rate is 0.1-0.15kg/㎡, mainly broadcasting, and then filling sand, drilling holes and watering. ② Tree and shrub maintenance: For deciduous trees, they are dormant at this time. Pruning starts from mid-December, and fertilization is combined, mainly hole application. For some tree species (tree species that are prone to underground pests, such as roses), furadan is applied in holes, with an application rate of 20-25g/plant. ③ Replanting of seedlings and lawns: Replanting of seedlings and lawns caused by the construction of public facilities and human factors. Watering once every 3 days within a week after replanting, and once every half a month thereafter. Normal watering can be resumed after three times. ④ In winter, there is less rain and snow, and there is more dust on the leaves, so wash the leaves more often.

41. Spring maintenance and management (February-April): ① Lawn maintenance: At this time, the lawn begins to sprout, and the soil is in the alternating period of late freezing and daily thawing. Water as soon as possible, apply topdressing (mainly urea), combine grassing, and pull out weeds. ② Management of trees and shrubs: For deciduous trees, leaf buds begin to sprout at this time, and they are in a semi-dormant state. They are particularly sensitive to light and water, and the root system has not yet sprouted. The nutrients absorbed by the leaf buds come from the tree trunk and itself. Water them in time to make the roots sprout fine roots early, which is conducive to the metabolic balance of the tree. At the same time, apply long-term fertilizers, and prune repeatedly, and prune drooping branches, sprouting branches, and dry branches. Shrubs should be pruned into shape, hedges should be straight, and the balls and shapes should be carried out according to the design requirements. Apply topdressing to shrubs, mainly urea and diamine, and loosen the soil and water at the same time after application. ③ Replanting: For those that cannot be replanted in winter, replanting should be carried out, water three times within a week, and trees over 6 cm should be set up with racks.

42.Summer maintenance and management (April-October): Summer management of green space is the main part of the whole year. In order to meet the design requirements, it is necessary to strictly follow the green space maintenance rules. ① Lawn management: Starting from May, weed twice a month, requiring uprooting. Cutting should start when the stock is 8cm, and mowing should start when the mixed seeding is 7cm. Use an edger on the curb and fill in the uneven potholes. The grass integrity rate is more than 99%, there are no weeds, the growth is vigorous, and the height is 5-8cm. Neat and beautiful, without debris, garbage, leaves, diseases and insect pests. The degree of damage does not exceed 4%, and does not cause landscape impact. Watering is more than 18 times a year, each watering depth is more than 8cm, and the number of mowing is not less than 15 times. Apply topdressing at least 3 times, and the amount used each time is 0.1-0.15kg/㎡. ② Management of trees and shrubs: From mid-April, trees and shrubs grow vigorously. They should be pruned twice a month and watered no less than 15 times. At the same time, thin topdressing should be applied in combination with watering. In summer, long-term fertilizer should be applied 3-4 times, and it should be applied in holes. The shrub modeling has a certain garden effect. The new shoots cannot exceed 8cm, and there should be no faults. After pruning, the 5 faces should be straight, and there should be no debris or garbage on the ground. In the flowerbed, the dead flowers should be removed in time, the single branches and the branches with diseases and insect pests should be pruned, and the weeds and debris should be removed in time. Apply basal fertilizer once a month and loosen the soil after fertilization. ③ Replanting seedlings: Dead seedlings should be replanted in time, no more than 48 hours, and generally the principle of replacing them as they die should be followed. ④ Prevention of diseases and insect pests: Prevention should be the main focus in the prevention of diseases and insect pests, and prevention and control should be combined. According to the development law of diseases and insect pests in Xi'an, late March is the peak period of aphids, mainly new buds and growth points. Fast-growing tree species such as roses, cherry blossoms, Ligustrum lucidum, Sophora japonica, and purple-leafed peach are more susceptible to disease. Use 800 times of omethoate solution for prevention and control. Red spider mites that appear in June should be controlled before May 25th, and 1000 times of phoxim should be sprayed. The main tree species that appear are red leaf plum, cherry, juniper, and hibiscus. In late June, longhorn beetles mainly harm species such as Sophora japonica and sycamore. Use 100 times of phoxim to irrigate once a week. Irrigate three times in a row. In mid-August, the second peak of recurrence will occur, and the treatment method is the same as above. It is the most serious in early October. If the prevention and control in April and August is not thorough, a large number of insects may appear, which has a great impact on the trees. For the prevention and control of diseases, spray fungicides such as fenxiuning and topzen once a week to prevent the high incidence of diseases, especially in rainy seasons.

43. Autumn maintenance and management: Autumn management is somewhat similar to spring management, but mainly focuses on weeding, combined with pest control, and more base fertilizer should be applied. This will facilitate better growth of grass roots and more capillary roots, which is beneficial for wintering and growth next year.

VII. Quality Assurance Measures

     The maintenance quality goal is to meet the relevant specifications and standards and achieve qualification. In order to ensure the quality of the project, a strict management system and quality assessment standards must be formulated.

44. Lawn maintenance quality standards : ① The lawn is free of stones, paper scraps, garbage and other debris, and the cleaning rate is over 99%. ② The lawn is not damaged by human beings, and the damaged ones are replanted in time, and the greening integrity rate is over 99%. ③ Weeds are removed, and there are no weeds that are obviously higher than 15cm. The purity of the lawn is over 99%. ④ Water and fertilize in a timely and appropriate manner, and the fertilizer does not hurt the grass, and the growth is excellent. ⑤ Mowing the grass in time, leaving a stubble height of 4-6 cm, mowing flat and beautiful, and the edges are neat. ⑥ The lawn is green, without rotten grass or diseased grass. ⑦ Pay attention to wind and waterlogging prevention. There is no water accumulation on the lawn 12 hours after the storm.

45. Tree maintenance quality standards: ① Strong growth, neat shape, no messy branches and long leaves.
② Water, loosen the soil and fertilize in a timely and appropriate manner, use hole or ditch fertilization, cover the soil evenly, and do not expose the fertilizer to the soil surface. ③ There are no suckers over 30cm high at the base, no weeds or debris, the soil surface is not hardened, and the air permeability is good. ④ Prune in time to maintain a beautiful shape, the pruning cut is flush with the branch position, and the main and side branches are evenly distributed. ⑤ No obvious diseased branches.

46. ​​Quality Standards for Shrub Maintenance ① The plant shape is neat, the outline of the plant is clear, the trimming surface is straight and neat, and the edges and corners are clear. ② Water, loosen the soil, and fertilize in a timely and appropriate manner. Fertilize in holes or trenches, cover the soil evenly, and the fertilizer does not expose the soil surface. ③ The foot of the shrub is neat and clean, without excessive weeds and debris, serious yellow leaves, and dust accumulation. ④ Timely pruning, beautiful shape. There are no dead branches and yellow leaves longer than 20 cm, broken branches, and branches left after pruning. ⑤ No branches with obvious diseases. ⑥ Repair, support and replant flowers and trees that have suffered natural and man-made damage in a timely manner.

47. Quality standards for seasonal flower maintenance: ① No dead flowers, yellow leaves, bamboo sticks, weeds, etc. that are higher than the flower surface. ② The flower pots are neatly arranged, there is no debris in the pots, and the outermost circle of pots facing the owner is neat and beautiful. ③ No more than 1/3 of the entire flower bed needs to be replaced. ④ The seasonal flowers planted in the ground grow well, there are no weeds, no bald spots, clear boundaries, and the border grass does not creep into the seasonal flowers. ⑤ No obvious pests and diseases, no insect bites on the leaves of large-leaf seasonal flowers. ⑥ No water shortage and drought, the plants grow well.
 
48. Tool management: ① When distributing tools, each team leader should be mobilized to supervise each other, and the entry and exit should be registered. If they are not stored in the warehouse, they should be reported to the maintenance team leader and warehouse manager in time. ② For borrowing tools, there must be an IOU, and the principle is that whoever borrows it should take it back. ③ If the tools are damaged by human beings, the compensation will be determined according to the price of the tools. If they are intentionally damaged, they will be compensated according to the price. If they are damaged by negligence, it will depend on the circumstances. No compensation will be paid for natural damage, but the reason must be explained. If they are lost, they will be compensated according to the price. ④ Any problems with the vehicle must be reported promptly (including mechanical problems). Failure to do so will be considered human damage.

49. Work collaboration: ① Internal and external coordination should be unified. When encountering problems, they should be discussed and reported step by step. Reporting should not be skipped. The project manager is responsible for unified coordination and handling, and promotes a good atmosphere of unity and coordination. ② The project manager reviews the daily indoor and outdoor work assignments and contracted projects. Before assigning work, they should communicate with each other to have a clear idea, and conduct on-site inspections with a purpose. The purpose of the inspection is to see the presence of each team leader and management personnel, the work situation of the workers, and promptly propose rectification for problems in the work. ③ All levels should cooperate with each other and obey management.

50. Maintenance staff assessment management measures

51. Lawn mower: Before starting the lawn mower, check whether the engine oil and gasoline are normal, check whether the blade and other are normal, and deal with any problems in a timely manner; adjust the original cutting height according to the actual mowing requirements of the lawn; when starting the machine from a cold state, close the air damper first, then adjust the throttle to a low position, pull the starter rope, and then open the air damper; open the throttle until the machine is operating normally before starting to mow the lawn; after stopping the machine: (1) Wait until the blade stops running before cleaning the grass residue inside and outside, and then rinse the machine with water; (2) Check whether the engine oil has reached the normal oil level, and check and clean the air filter; (3) After the machine is used, store it in a warehouse and fill in the "Machine Use Registration Form"

52. Safety precautions for lawn mowers : Use only for mowing; perform inspection, cleaning and maintenance after use; do not use the lawn mower without thoroughly clearing away stones and debris from the mowing area and persuade irrelevant to leave; do not reach into the mower blade to clean debris while the machine is running; do not mow the grass before it is dry; check the engine oil before starting the machine each time it is cold, and do not start the mower if the oil is not at the normal level. Do not use a push-type lawn mower when the slope of the lawn is greater than 30 degrees; first-time users must use it only after normal guidance from an experienced person.

53. Hedge trimmer: Before using , check the installation of the hedge trimmer to ensure that there is no abnormal looseness of the parts; all wheel parts are well lubricated; prepare the mixed oil according to the regulations and inject it into the fuel tank; start the oil pump 4-5 times until the float chamber is filled with mixed oil; turn the combination switch to the start position and the air door to the closed position; pull the starter rope, and after hearing the machine sound, turn off the engine and open the air door; then start the machine and the machine will start to run. Normal operation: When operating, add the throttle to the bottom and start trimming the hedge in the working direction. After work: clean the dust and leaf residue on the machine body, clean the air filter; the team leader will check and store it in the warehouse, and fill in the "Machine Use Registration Form".

54. Precautions for hedge trimmers: You must use the mixed oil prepared according to regulations. During use, when the fuel is reduced to one-fourth , you must add fuel. It is strictly forbidden to refuel after the fuel is exhausted. The machine must be turned off when refueling. Pay attention to the principle of horizontal and vertical when pruning. The machine blade must not be directed to any part of your body at any time; because people using hedge trimmers are more prone to fatigue, operators should alternate between pruning and cleaning the cut branches and leaves , switching every 15-20 minutes; hedge trimmers can only be used to trim hedges and group-planted foliage shrubs; when the diameter of the hedge branches exceeds 2 mm; hedge trimmers cannot be used; it is forbidden to use hedge trimmers in rainy, windy, thundering, dense fog, and when the work site makes the body unbalanced. People who are physically tired are forbidden to operate the machine; first-time users must use it under the correct guidance of experienced people; when operating the machine, wear work clothes and a protective mask.

55. Brush cutter: Before use , check the installation of the brush cutter to ensure that there is no abnormal looseness of parts; all gear parts are well lubricated; prepare the mixed oil according to regulations and inject it into the fuel tank; adjust the length of the mowing rope, and control the single-side length to 10-15 cm. Press the oil pump 4-5 times to start until the float chamber is filled with mixed oil; turn the combination switch to the start position and the air door to the closed position; pull the starter rope, and when you hear the machine sound, turn off the flame and open the air door; then start the machine and it will start to run. Normal operation: During operation, add the throttle to the bottom and mow the grass in the direction of rotation of the mowing head. After work: clean the dust and leaf residue on the machine body, and clean the air filter. After the squad leader checks, put it into the warehouse for safekeeping, and fill in the "Machinery Use Registration Form"

56. Precautions for using brush cutters: Brush cutters with grass trimmer heads can only be used for mowing. Hedge trimmers are prohibited from being used in rainy, windy, thundering, foggy days, or when the work area makes it difficult for the body to balance. First-time users must use the machine under the correct guidance of experienced people. When operating the machine, wear work clothes and protective masks. Thoroughly clear the mowing area of ​​stones and debris and persuade irrelevant personnel in the work area to leave. Mixed oil prepared in accordance with regulations must be used. During use, when the fuel drops to one-fourth , fuel must be added. It is strictly forbidden to refuel after the fuel is exhausted. The machine must be turned off when refueling.

57. How to use the sprayer: Check whether the performance of the sprayer is good, and then turn the spray switch to the off position; pour the original medicine into the sprayer according to the dosage and cover it with a filter; use a bucket or water pipe to add clean water without debris to the water level line, and shake the medicine solution thoroughly; carry the sprayer on your back, hold the pressure rod with your left hand, and hold the spray rod handle with your right hand; press the pressure rod up and down with your left hand until there is a certain pressure, turn on the switch with your right hand, and adjust the switch size according to the size of the plant (or area) to be sprayed .