Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) , also known as two-flower, double-flower, silver flower, old man's beard, spirit herb , mandarin duck flower, etc., is the dried flower bud of the honeysuckle plant (Lonicera japonica genus) in the Caprifoliaceae family. It is cold in nature and sweet in taste, possessing the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and dispelling wind-heat. Clinical applications have found that honeysuckle has extremely strong resistance to various fungi, bacteria, and viruses, hence its reputation as a "traditional Chinese medicine antibiotic." In recent years, with the expansion of honeysuckle cultivation, some previously rare pests and diseases have begun to occur in large numbers, causing varying degrees of damage to the honeysuckle industry in different regions. The following is a brief introduction to the life habits, identification methods, and control techniques of several major pests and diseases, hoping to be helpful to honeysuckle growers.

　　1. Coffee Tiger Beetle (Xylotrechus grayii White) : The coffee tiger beetle mainly damages coffee, teak elm, Japanese paulownia, honeysuckle, etc.

　　( 1 ) Morphology: Body length 9.5-15 mm, Resting width 2.5-4.5 mmThe body is black, with white hairs on the last six segments of the antennae. The pronotum has ten pale yellowish-white spots on its dorsal surface and one on each side of its ventral surface . The tip of the scutellum is covered with milky-white hairs. The elytra are chestnut brown with sparse white hairs forming several zigzag white lines. The mesothorax and metathorax have sparse white spots, with one white spot next to each abdominal segment. The legs are reddish-brown, with the fore and mid femurs and the anterior part of the tibiae mostly brownish-red. The frons are clearly defined along the basal ridges of the antennae, with milky-white hairs around the periphery and in the eye depressions. The vertex is rough with granular wrinkles. The antennae are about half the length of the body. The pronotum is highly convex in the center, spherical, with coarse punctures and densely covered with black hairs. The base of the elytra is slightly wider than the base of the pronotum, gradually narrowing towards the apex, with a densely distributed puncture surface and a straight posterior margin. The metathorax also has densely punctures.

　　( 2 ) Symptoms of damage: This insect feeds exclusively on the xylem of honeysuckle stems, forming winding tunnels within them. There are no frass holes, and the insect feeds forward, its excrement immediately blocking the tunnels behind. Therefore, it is difficult to detect from the surface. The damage is only known when the plant suddenly dies in July or August , and older and weaker honeysuckle plants are severely affected.

　　( 3 ) Life history and habits: One generation occurs per year . The insect overwinters as both larvae and adults in the stems or dead branches at the base of the honeysuckle plant. Overwintering adults emerge in mid- April of the following year when the average daily temperature reaches [missing information].150CAt this stage, the adult beetle bites through the bark of the branches to create an opening, and then lays its eggs in cracks in the old bark of the trunk. The peak hatching period for larvae is from mid - May. Newly hatched larvae initially bore into the phloem to the edge of the xylem. When the larvae grow to...3 mmThe insects begin to bore into the wood, and older larvae pupate inside the tunnels . They emerge as adults in mid-to-late August and overwinter. Overwintering larvae bore into branches and trunks until early May , pupating then emerging in mid-to-late May . They lay eggs in early June , which hatch in late June , and the eggs grow to a certain size...3 mmThe borer burrows into the stem to feed until winter.

　　(4) Prevention and control methods:

　　A. Agricultural control: Prune branches in winter, clean the plant and prepare the planting holes, remove and burn old branches. Manually capture adults and larvae. Use a wire to pierce and kill newly opened insect holes.

　　B. Biological control: The early to mid- May and mid to late June are the peak hatching periods for the two overwintering larval stages, respectively. On sunny and windless days, release the parasitoid wasps artificially. The parasitism rate in the field is 70% to 80% .

　　C. Chemical Control: Early to mid- May and late June are the peak hatching periods for the two overwintering larval stages, respectively. Before the larvae bore into the xylem, spray once with a 1500- fold dilution of 80% dichlorvos emulsion to kill the newly hatched larvae. Late April and late May , during the emergence period of the two overwintering stages, using a grain-vinegar solution to trap and kill adults (sugar-vinegar solution: sugar: vinegar: water: dichlorvos = 1:5:4:0.1 ) is also effective . Alternatively, stuff cotton soaked in undiluted 80% dichlorvos into the insect holes and seal them with mud to poison the larvae.

　　2. Aromatic wood borer (Cossuscossus Linnaeus) : This is a highly damaging wood-boring pest that infests honeysuckle. It also damages various other trees and fruit trees, such as poplar, willow, elm, apple, pear, and apricot.

　　(1) Morphology: Adult body length 30-40 mmWingspan 70-104 mmThe front of the head is pale yellow, the thorax and abdomen are gray, and the abdomen is large and thick. The wings are grayish-brown, and the forewings are covered with many black horizontal stripes, resembling cracks in soil. The male's antennae are pectinate, while the female's are nearly filiform.

　　The egg is nearly round and long.1.5 mm,Width1 millimeterThe eggs are nearly white when first laid, turning dark brown before hatching. Each egg has 14 black radial stripes on its surface.

　　Newly hatched larvae are pink. Mature larvae are 80 cm in length.-100 mmThe back is purplish-red, the sides are yellowish-brown, the head is black and glossy, the pronotum is pale yellow, the body is stout and slightly flattened, the body surface is sparsely covered with short yellowish-brown bristles, and has large butterfly-shaped dark brown spots.

pupa length50 mmLeft and right, dark brown. Segments 2-6 have two rows of spines on their dorsal surface; the anterior row is thicker, and the posterior row is thinner. Segments 7-9 have one row of spines on their dorsal surface, and the anus has three pairs of teeth . The cocoon is formed by a mature larva spinning silk and binding it with soil before pupation, and is approximately [length missing].50 mmIt is long and cylindrical, slightly curved, and pointed at the end.

　　(2) Damage symptoms: The larvae bore into the bark of the stem in groups to feed on the phloem and cambium, and then gradually enter the xylem, digging irregular tunnels from top to bottom. This not only affects the growth of the plant, but can also cause the plant to die in severe cases.

　　(3) Life history and habits: One generation is completed every 2-3 years . Young or middle-instar larvae overwinter inside the stems of honeysuckle or other trees. In April , middle-instar larvae move downwards to cause damage, and as temperatures rise, they move upwards to expand their damage. In September and October , as the larvae approach maturity, they leave the affected plants and move to new plants, burrowing into the xylem for a second overwintering. The larvae that overwinter a second time burrow into the xylem after the weather warms up in spring .-6 cmThe insect digs a long, slanted nest in the deep soil, spins a cocoon, and pupates. The pupal stage lasts 30-45 days. Adults emerge in large numbers from late May to early June , mating and laying eggs at night. Eggs are laid in cracks in the lower part of the plant stem, and the insect secretes a sticky substance to bind them together in clumps. The eggs hatch in about two weeks, with the peak hatching period for larvae occurring from late June to early July . Newly hatched larvae initially congregate around the hatching site, but gradually disperse and bore into the woody parts as they grow older, causing damage. They enter their first overwintering period in September and October . Adults are weakly attracted to light, and the pupal case is brought to the ground with them when they emerge. When disturbed, the larvae emit a distinctive aromatic odor. They prefer to parasitize isolated trees, forest edges, and scattered trees, thus making scattered honeysuckle plants more susceptible to this pest.

　　(4) Control methods: If an unusual fragrance is detected during spring cleaning and pruning, it indicates the presence of aromatic wood-boring moth larvae, which can be manually removed. Before spring budding, apply 1% dichlorvos powder around the trees.15 gramsThen mound soil around the trunk; or sprinkle phorate around each tree at a rate of 50g.-100 gramsDuring the adult emergence period in May and June , use light traps to kill the adults and reduce the source of infestation.

　　3. Leopard Wood Borer (Zeuzeraleuconotum Butler) : The larvae bore into the branches of fruit trees and other host plants, causing damage. It has a varied diet, affecting honeysuckle, walnuts, pomegranates, apples, pears, persimmons, dates, cherries, locust trees, and toon trees, among others.

　　(1) Morphology: The female moth is 11 cm long .-15 mmWingspan 40-46 mmAntennae are filiform. The male moth is 18 cm long.-20 mmWingspan 33-36 mmThe antennae are feathery at the base and filamentous at the tip. The entire body is grayish-white, with three pairs of nearly circular bluish-black markings on the dorsal surface of the thorax. The forewings are grayish-white with scattered short, oblique bluish-black spots of varying sizes. The hindwings have eight bluish-black spots along the outer margin, with one larger spot of the same color in the center . Each segment of the dorsal surface of the thorax has three longitudinal stripes and one round spot on each side .

　　The eggs are oblong and brownish-brown. The larvae are reddish-brown and elongated.30 mmLeft and right. The base of the pronotum has a dark brown, nearly rectangular patch, with two rows of small black teeth along the posterior margin, resembling serrations. The anal plate and the base of the second terminal segment are dark brown. The pupa is reddish-brown with serrated transverse bands on its back and a short spine at the tail end.

　　(2) Damage symptoms: The larvae emerge from the overwintering branches and move into the new branches. They usually bore into the branches from the base, first biting a ring around the branch between the xylem and phloem, and then boring tunnels upwards along the pith. At intervals, they open a row of frass holes to expel frass. The upper part of the affected branches withers soon after, and they are easily broken off at the frass ring when exposed to wind.

　　(3) Life cycle and habits: One generation per year . Larvae overwinter in branches, emerging from the overwintering branches in March-April of the following year to feed on new branches. Larvae begin to mature in early May . They spin silk and debris to seal both ends of the tunnel and open a single emergence hole to pupate. Adults begin to emerge in mid-May, with a few still appearing in August . Eggs are laid singly on newly emerging shoots or axillary buds. After hatching, larvae usually bore into the shoots from a few axillary buds at the top, tunneling upwards . The affected shoots wither within 3-5 days. The larvae emerge, move downwards, and then bore into the shoots again from the internodes a short distance away, continuing to feed upwards. After multiple migrations, a large number of withered shoots appear in late June. Larvae continue to feed until the end of October , overwintering at the base of the affected branches. Adults are attracted to light, and larvae have a tendency to migrate and feed.

(4) Control methods: In winter, combine pruning with cutting off infested branches to kill overwintering larvae. After budding in spring, check frequently and promptly cut off and burn any withered branches. In June , if newly sprouted branches or petioles wither, cut them off immediately to kill newly infested larvae. This pruning should be done as early as possible before the larvae move to other branches to cause damage .