1. Evening primrose (Evening Primrose/Tuberose) planting method
      Onagraceae. Biennial herb. Solitary flowers in leaf axils, light yellow, 5 cm in diameter. Capsules are cylindrical, with small seeds. Flowering period is from June to August, and fruiting period is from August to September. It has strong adaptability, is not strict with soil, and is resistant to barrenness, drought, and cold.
      After sowing, the soil should be kept moist so that the seeds can absorb water and germinate. The seeds can germinate about 10-15 days after sowing. It is a medicinal plant with multiple uses. Seed oil is not only a medicine, but also a nutritional supplement and an ointment for refined cosmetics. Flowers can be extracted from aromatic oils and extracts. The flowers are large and beautiful, with a fresh fragrance. They open at night and have a pleasant aroma. They are suitable for embellishing night scenes and matching other greening materials.
      It performs best when cultivated in a ventilated and bright place in the courtyard, in loose, fertile, and well-drained sandy loam. It can also be placed in a pot on the balcony for viewing. Under the moonlight on a quiet night, the bursts of fragrance make people feel refreshed. Evening primrose has a strong ability to self-seed. After planting once, its self-sown seedlings can grow every year and bloom continuously. Artificial sowing and propagation are best done in October. After winter, the seedlings are stored in the sunny bed and covered at night to prevent cold.

Plant in the open field or in pots the following spring. It can also be sown in early spring in March and bloom in the same year, but the quality of the flowers is not as good as that sown in autumn. When the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, transplant them once to promote growth, and then transplant them when they grow 6 to 7 true leaves. Evening primrose has a well-developed taproot. Generally, after it survives in the pot, it can be pinched to promote branching and more flowering. During the growth period, depending on the growth strength, organic or inorganic liquid fertilizer can be applied once every two weeks, and the pot soil should be kept moist. After flowering, the remaining flowers are cut off in time to reduce nutrient consumption in order to bloom again. For home flower cultivation, you can sow in pots indoors in early spring. Because the seeds are small, they should not be sown too densely, and the covering soil should not be too thick. When the seedlings grow 6 true leaves, the whole clump is removed and transplanted with soil in the ground or pots. It can bloom in May and bloom until the end of October.

2. Violet planting method
[Other names] Grass violet, grass osmanthus
[Ecological habits] Originated from the Mediterranean coast of Europe, it is commonly cultivated in gardens of various countries. It likes a cool and sunny environment and is also slightly tolerant to semi-shade. The suitable temperature for growth is 15-18 degrees Celsius during the day and about 10 degrees Celsius at night. It can withstand low temperatures of -5 degrees Celsius in winter. It requires loose, fertile, moist and deep neutral or slightly acidic loam. Perennial herbaceous flowers are often cultivated as biennials.

[Cultivation and Management] Propagation by sowing in autumn, the suitable temperature for germination is 16-18 degrees Celsius, and germination occurs in about 4 days. Overwinter in a cold bed, and plant in the open field in the spring of the following year. It blooms around May 1. It is an annual variety, which can be sown in all seasons in cool summer areas and can provide flowers all year round. The cultivation should not be too dense, and attention should be paid to fertilization during the growth period. If properly maintained, it can bloom in mid-April. Cut off the flower branches after flowering, and apply top dressing 1-2 times, and
it can bloom for the second time in June-July. Seedling management: When the seedlings grow 3-4 true leaves, they can be planted. Planting containers usually use flower pots with a diameter of 25cm, a height of 17cm, and a bottom diameter of 15cm. When planting, add 20% of the volume of decomposed horse manure to the cultivation soil as base fertilizer. Violets grow fast, so they need more fertilizer. In addition to applying thin liquid fertilizer once a week during the vigorous growth stage, when the plant grows a flower stalk, it is also necessary to spray 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 3-4 times. Violets like slightly moist and dry soil, so in addition to watering once after planting, try not to let the soil be too wet. Since the seedlings need to be squatted in the early stage of growth, the soil should be kept in a slightly moist and dry state. In the late stage of growth, the amount of watering should be increased, otherwise the plant will grow shorter. In addition, when the seedlings are about 6 cm tall, pinch them once to promote branching and increase the number of flowers. Flowering management: After violets bloom, they must not be short of water and no additional fertilizer is needed. They should be placed in a cool place with a suitable temperature of 12-18℃, otherwise the flowers will quickly wither. The remaining flowers should be cut off in time to avoid consuming too many nutrients in the plant due to solidification.
Pest and disease control: In greenhouse cultivation, violets are mainly seriously damaged by damping-off disease, downy mildew and aphids.

Damping-off disease:
(1) Seed disinfection: Before sowing, immerse the seeds in 400 times diluted 40% formaldehyde for 25 minutes or in 50°C warm water for 10 minutes. After disinfection, dry them and sow them.

(2) Soil disinfection: Use 70% chlorine-free nitrobenzene, 2 kg per mu, add appropriate amount of fine soil, mix and spread, then sow.

(3) Eliminate diseased and damaged plants. Downy mildew: Cut off diseased leaves and destroy them promptly, reduce infection sources, and maintain ventilation and light transmission. Spray 500 times diluted 50% Phytophthorachlor during the disease period. Aphids: Spray 2000 times diluted 20% pyrethroids or 400 times diluted 40% omethoate

3. How to plant poppy　　

Morphological characteristics: It is an annual or biennial herb. The plant height is 30-90cm, the stem is slender, and the branches are thin and weak. The whole plant is pubescent and has white latex. The leaves are alternate, the leaves are irregularly pinnate, and have serrations. The flowers are solitary at the top of the stem, with long stalks, drooping buds, and the stalks are upright after the flowers bloom. The flowers are upward, the petals are thin, shiny, and like silk. The flower diameter is more than 4.5cm. The petals are broadly obovate or nearly round, with entire or slightly cracked edges. There are semi-double and double varieties. The flower colors are dark red, bright red, pink, purple, light yellow, white and complex colors. Some have different color borders, and some have black spots at the base of the petals. Growth habits: Likes plenty of sunlight and warmth, is not cold-resistant, nor is it resistant to high temperatures, avoids high humidity, and is not strict with soil requirements. But it grows best in well-drained and fertile sandy loam. The flowering period is between spring and summer. Reproduction and cultivation: Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 18-20℃, light covering. Days required for germination: 7-12 days. Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 10-13℃. Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting) in full sun: 10-11 weeks. The seeds are small and are generally propagated by direct broadcasting. Sowing can be done in spring or autumn. Autumn sowing requires mulch to keep warm before winter. It blooms in June of the following year. It is sown directly in flower beds or borders in late March and can also bloom in June. The soil should be kept moist during the growth period and watered once every 10 days under normal circumstances. 4.

 

 

4. Straw chrysanthemum planting method
: Sowing method. Autumn, winter or early spring are all suitable for sowing, but autumn and winter are better. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 15-20 degrees C. The sunshine needs to be good, and the nature likes warmth. The suitable temperature for growth is 12-25 degrees C. During the rainy season, attention should be paid to drainage to prevent water stagnation and root rot at the roots. During the growth period, topdressing should be applied every 20-30 days. The three elements or various organic fertilizers are ideal. After survival, pinch the top once to promote more branches and more flowers. The plant height is 70-120mm, the stem is thick and rough, and it seems to be hairy. The leaves are strip-shaped or lanceolate. The first inflorescence is solitary at the top of the branch, with a flower diameter of 3-6mm. The disc-rimmed petals are multi-layered bracts surrounding the first inflorescence. The outer bracts are short and arranged in a shingle-like shape. The inner layers of bracts are elongated into petal-like shapes, light red or yellow, and the base becomes thick and green, dry and hard. The small flowers gather into a yellow disk with a diameter of about 2mm. The flower colors include white, light pink, rose red, purple red, light yellow, dark yellow to dark red. Flowering period: Winter to late spring, from about December to May of the following year

5.
Morphological characteristics of small lily: Perennial herb. The morphology of small lily is very similar to that of dahlia. The main difference is that small lily is short, 20cm-60cm high; the stem is branched, with many small flowers, 5cm-7cm in diameter; the tubers are also thinner. The flower shape is not as rich as that of dahlia, but the flower color is bright and colorful. The flowering period is longer, from June to the frost, the flowers bloom continuously. The fruit-bearing ability is very strong. The six-propagation points are basically the same as those of dahlia, but most of them are mainly propagated by sowing. After spring sowing, it can bloom in the same year, but the offspring are separated and varied, and it is difficult to maintain the excellent characteristics of the variety. To maintain the variety, grafting or cutting methods can be used. The maintenance and management is simpler than that of dahlia. Because it has many fruits and is easy to propagate by sowing, generally after collecting seeds, most tubers are not needed. If they are retained, the storage method is the same as that of dahlia.

6. How to plant small zinnias.
Zinnias, also known as step-by-step, opposite-leaf plum, and five-color plum, are annual herbaceous flowers of the genus Zinnia in the Asteraceae family. The plant is 40 to 120 cm tall, with an upright stem, short hairs on the upper part and a rough surface. The leaves are opposite, oval or elliptical, and the leaf base embraces the stem. The diameter of the head inflorescence is 5 to 15 cm, growing on the top of the branch, with long pedicels. There are multiple rounds of ligulate flowers, the petals are obovate, and the top tip is rolled back. There are white, yellow, red, pink, purple, green, orange and other colors, and the tubular flowers are concentrated in the center of the flower disk. The involucre of the inflorescence is multi-layered and bell-shaped, and the base is united. The ligulate flowers can also bear fruit, and their achenes are oval or bottle-shaped, with a gradually pointed top and a slightly concave middle part. The achenes produced by the tubular flowers are oval, flat and small. From August to October, the fruits of zinnias mature one after another, and the seed life span is up to 3 years. The flowering period of zinnias is from June to October.
　　After long-term artificial hybridization and breeding, there are many varieties of zinnia, which can be roughly divided into three categories: large flower high stem type, medium flower medium stem type and small flower cluster type. The large flower high stem type has a plant height of 90 to 120 cm, few branches, and the diameter of the terminal inflorescence can reach 12 to 15 cm. The medium flower medium stem type has a plant height of 50 to 60 cm, many branches, and an inflorescence diameter of 6 to 8 cm. The top is slightly flat, and the entire inflorescence is approximately flat spherical. The small flower cluster type has a plant height of 40 cm, many branches, and a large number of flowers per plant, but the inflorescence diameter is small, only 3 to 5 cm, the ligulate flowers are flat and not rolled, and the inflorescence looks like a ball. The new type of zinnia of the dwarf system cultivated in the 1970s has flat branches and a semicircular shape. The flower diameter is 7 to 8 cm and the plant height is less than 30 cm. The shortest miniature plant is only 20 cm tall and the flower diameter is about 4 cm.
　　Zinnia is native to Mexico and other places, and is now widely cultivated around the world. It is strong and adaptable, with deep roots and hard stems that are not easy to fall over. It likes sunlight and warmth, is not cold-resistant, can tolerate barrenness and drought, avoids continuous cropping, and is afraid of heat and humidity. It grows well in fertile and deep soil fields. When potted, it is best to use sandy culture soil containing humus, loose and fertile, and well-drained.
　　The sowing method is usually used to propagate zinnias. The suitable temperature for germination is 20℃~25℃, and it can germinate in 7~10 days. The time for open-field sowing should not be too early. If the temperature drops below 15℃ after germination, the seedlings will stop growing and will always grow poorly in the future, forming "small old seedlings". When the seedlings are 5~8 cm tall, they should be divided once and transplanted to the flower bed in late May. After mid-June, side branches can also be used for cuttings and propagation. Pay attention to shade and rain protection to prevent the cuttings from infection and rot. Potted zinnias should be selected from new types of dwarf systems and dwarf large-flowered varieties. They can be sown in greenhouse pots in early February, transplanted into pots with an inner diameter of 10 cm in mid-March, one plant per pot, and transplanted into pots with an inner diameter of 18 cm in early April. Under the conditions of stable room temperature, sufficient light, air circulation, and appropriate water and fertilizer, zinnias can bloom and display on May Day.

7. Planting method of sweet alyssum Alias
: small white flower
Family: Cruciferae Sweet alyssum
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 20-22℃
Days required for germination: 8-10 days
Seeds are evenly sown in the green and beautiful soil. Seeds are light-proof and slightly covered with soil. Place them in a cool place to keep them moist. To promote germination, you can use Shida B-1 diluted 500 times and water them for about 5-8 days. After germination, move them to a place with sufficient sunlight. The value is set when the plant height is 5-6 cm. The culture soil is preferably the green and beautiful soil with good drainage, good air permeability and disinfection. Mix it with old fertilizer as base fertilizer before planting. It likes ventilated, sunny and warm places. For crops with long periodic teaching, apply old fertilizer once a month.

Light requirements and other growth conditions: Full light
growth temperature (daytime/nighttime): 13-21℃
Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 8-9 weeks
Habit: Perennial herb, often cultivated as an annual. Strong, relatively cold-resistant, avoids heat, likes sunlight, and is not strict on soil requirements, but not too wet. Flowering period is from March to June. Cultivation
: Propagation is done by sowing or cuttings. It is suitable for autumn sowing, and the seedlings emerge quickly and neatly, and it can overwinter in cold beds in the north. Cuttings are suitable for autumn, and strong branches are selected as cuttings. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 true leaves, they are planted in pots. During the growth period, attention should be paid to watering, fertilizing and loosening the soil. After flowering, the flower branches should be cut off, topdressing should be carried out, and the plant should be placed in a semi-shaded place.

Pests and diseases: Few pests and diseases. Application: Sweet alyssum has a short plant shape and is very suitable for potted ornamental.


8. Phlox planting method
　 Sowing and seedling raising: The seeds are small and can be sown directly in the seedling tray. Use a light sowing medium. After sowing, cover the soil slightly. Fine-grained vermiculite is often used to help keep it moist. At the same time, spray fungicides to prevent the seedlings from getting sick. The best germination temperature is 20-22 degrees. The soil temperature has a great influence on seed germination and should be doubled. Generally, seedlings can emerge in 7-14 days. Pay special attention to the fact that seedlings are not resistant to transplantation. The time of sowing and seedling raising varies from place to place. In the north, sowing can be done in early February and flowering after May. A cool climate is needed in summer. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the areas to the south, autumn sowing is often used due to the hot summer. The seedlings overwinter above 0 degrees, so that they can bloom in spring. Likes sufficient sunlight and well-drained humus soil
　 Transplantation/potting: Phlox seedlings are not resistant to transplantation, so it is better to do it early rather than late, and try to keep the root system of the seedlings intact. It is usually transplanted to pots within 4 weeks after germination. The variety 'Palona' is suitable for small pots of about 10 cm and potting media with good drainage, looseness and air permeability.
　 Temperature regulation: The temperature is relatively high when the seedlings emerge, which can be 22 degrees. It is best to maintain 18 degrees in the early stage of transplanting to pots. Once the root system is elongated, it can be reduced to about 15 degrees for growth. In this way, it can bloom in about 9-10 weeks. Keeping a low temperature can form a good plant shape. Phlox can withstand low temperatures of about 0 degrees, but its growth period is relatively long.
　 Cultivation and management: Phlox is suitable for growing in an environment with sufficient sunlight and a cool climate. In this way, there is no need to use dwarfing to control the plant shape. When the environmental conditions are not ideal, spraying dwarfing 1-2 times can prevent leggy growth. During the cultivation process, a good spacing between plants and rows must be maintained to prevent crowding from affecting the plant shape and causing diseases and insect pests. The plant is short and the branches and leaves are hairy, so watering and fertilizing should avoid staining the leaves to prevent the branches and leaves from rotting. The entire growth and development period is 10-14 weeks, which is related to the size of the pot, light conditions and seedling raising time. Detailed introduction
of Fragrant Phlox
: Mixed racemes, plant height 40cm, flower diameter 2-3cm, fragrant, sown in spring and autumn, flowering period from March to November, growing period 55 days.

9. Hollyhock planting method
[Family] Malvaceae genus
[Ecological habits] Hollyhock is native to Asia. It was first discovered in Sichuan, so it is named hollyhock. It likes light, is not shade-tolerant, and is cold-resistant underground. It can overwinter in the open field in North China. It does not choose soil, but grows well in loose and fertile soil. It is a
herbaceous .
[Cultivation and management] It is usually propagated by sowing. The germination temperature is 18-25℃. Sow directly and cover slightly in June-July. It can also be sown in autumn. It can also be propagated by division and cutting. The seeds mature in August and September. They can be sown after harvesting and bloom the following year. It is not easy to bloom in the same year if sown in spring, and the seedlings will emerge after 7 days. When the seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves, they should be transplanted once and the spacing between plants and rows should be increased. In winter, cover them slightly (straw or leaves) to prevent cold, and they can be planted when they sprout in the following spring. For small-scale planting of hollyhock, you can directly sow them. After the seedlings emerge, remove the weak seedlings appropriately. Division propagation is carried out in spring. Water the hollyhock in time after planting. Before flowering, combine inter-cultivation and weeding with topdressing 1 to 2 times. When the old roots sprout in early spring, water appropriately. Generally, it is renewed every 4 years. Hollyhock is susceptible to leaf rollers, aphids, and red spiders. Old plants and dry weather are prone to rust, so they should be prevented and controlled in time.


10. Cornflower,
   also known as blue hibiscus. Asteraceae, one- or two-year-old herb. The plant is 60 to 80 cm tall, with many branches, and the stems and leaves are covered with white wool. The leaves are linear and entire; the base is often toothed or pinnate. The head inflorescence is terminal, the marginal ligulate flowers are funnel-shaped, the petals are toothed on the edges, and the central flower is tubular, showing white, red, blue, purple and other colors, but mostly blue. The flowering period is April and May. It is native to southeastern Europe. The dwarf species is only 20 cm tall and can be used as potted plants; the tall species is suitable for cut flowers and flower bed arrangements. It likes cool climates and is propagated by sowing.
　　Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 18-21℃, soil covering.
　　Days required for germination: 7-10 days.
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 10-13℃.
　　Light requirement and other growth conditions: full sun.
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 11-13 weeks.
　　Ground planting height (cm): 45-50cm.

11. Triumph, an annual herb with creeping stems and hairs all over the plant, up to 25cm tall. Loose racemes, about 1.3cm in diameter,
pink in color, calyx tube swells after flowering. Flowering period is summer. Common cultivars: Double-petaled dwarf snow wheel, pink, double petals;
Triumph Mixed, plant height 15cm, flower pink, orange-red, orange-red. Native to southern Europe. Also known as small red flower, large creeping
primrose . An annual plant of the genus Triumph in the Caryophyllaceae family, pink and white mixed color, 10-20CM, spreading and creeping in clusters, sown in early spring and autumn, covered with fine soil or direct
seeding, suitable temperature for germination is 16-24℃, transplanted in November in autumn or March in spring, flowering period is April-June, the calyx tube swells after flowering and is very beautiful, suitable for potted plants, flower beds,
flower borders, and ground covers.

12. Hesperis matronalis
Family: Cruciferae, Hesperis matronalis
Type: Perennial or biennial herb with a short growth period.
Origin: Native to Eurasia, but has been introduced to eastern North America for many years and has grown in many places in the east.
Light conditions: Sufficient light or slightly shaded　
Water requirements: Moderately moist Maintenance requirements: Low maintenance requirements, can be extensively managed
Flowering period: Early spring, slightly later than February blue, but the peak flowering period is longer than February blue, and the flowering period in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is from March to June.
Morphological characteristics: Vertical, multi-branched, about 60 to 90 cm high, usually not more than 120 cm. Crown width 30 to 60 cm. The leaf margin is serrated, elliptical to lanceolate, dark green. The flowers are white, lavender or purple, with a flower diameter of 1.2 to 2.4 cm, 4 petals, and racemes, which are very similar to February blue. Because the flowers are similar to those of phlox, both of which grow in clusters on a long stalk, it is often called "wild phlox", but blue mustard has one less petal than phlox. The flowers have a fresh fragrance like cloves, especially in the evening, when the fragrance is strong. The number of clusters of flowers per plant is more than that of February blue, and the flower shape and color are consistent. The seeds are smaller than those of February blue, with about 540,000 seeds per kilogram, while February blue generally has less than 400,000 seeds.
　　Suitable areas: It can be planted in a wide area in China, including most areas in the Yangtze River Basin and the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River (it can be planted in most areas in the south and the north with warm winters).
　　Planting tips: It has strong adaptability. It is easy to plant in moderately moist, well-drained soil under full sunlight to slightly shaded conditions. It is best planted in partial shade in hot summer climates. Through a large amount of self-seeding and reproduction, it can be retained in the planting site for many years. It blooms luxuriantly in the spring of the second year, and the effect is very good. It is especially suitable for matching with other flowers and plants that bloom at the same time, such as oxeye daisy. Removing withered flowers and stems in time can make the second season bloom luxuriantly. Because of its short growing season, it can be sown several times in spring or autumn to extend the viewing period. The root base is woody and remains so for many years. New buds can sprout on the continuously multiplying tubers and continue to bloom in the second season and beyond. However, sowing is the most ideal. Sowing is best in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai from August to September. Although it can also be self-sown, the overall effect may not be very good. It can only be used in rough and natural landscape areas.
　　Pests and diseases: No serious pest and disease problems
　　Garden use: The bright and fresh blue color of blue mustard is extremely rare among spring flower species. It is an excellent natural site, roadside slope and courtyard plant. It can also be used as a flower border, but in the summer after the flowers bloom, like February blue, the leaves will fall off, so it is necessary to fill the gap with annual or slow-growing perennial plants. Generally, it is used as a single sowing, but it can also be mixed. In the positive area, it is mixed with Mirabilis jalapa, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, Vermilion lips, and A string of blue; in the semi-shady area, it is interplanted with Hosta and Ophiopogon japonicus. In addition, blue mustard is also a very good plant for pasture.

13. European primrose planting method
Also known as European primrose, Primulaceae Primrose, perennial herb, fragrant flowers, mixed racemes, plant height 20cm, flower diameter 2-3cm, greenhouse sowing all year round, growing period 70 days, European primrose likes a warm and cool, humid environment, not resistant to high temperature and strong direct light, nor to severe cold.
　　European primrose, use hole tray sowing or sowing box sowing, after sowing, it is not suitable to cover the soil, but it needs to be kept moist, so it needs to be covered with glass, or placed in a semi-shaded place. It will germinate in about 10-15 days, and the suitable temperature for germination is 15-21℃. When it exceeds 25℃, the germination rate will drop significantly, and the pH value should be around 5.5.
　　After the seeds germinate, the cotyledons of the seedlings are fully unfolded. Temperature control is the key at this stage. Through temperature control, yellow leaves caused by dryness can be prevented and treated. Place the seedlings on a seedbed with a good water spray device, and the temperature can still be maintained at 18-20℃. When the cotyledons are fully expanded, the temperature should be lowered to 16-17℃ to prevent the seedlings from growing too long. After the cotyledons are expanded, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should be added in time with a ratio of nitrogen/potassium = 1:2.
　　For seedlings sown in plug trays, the seedlings should not be kept in the plug trays for too long to avoid delaying flowering. They should be planted 5-6 weeks after sowing. The soil of the newly potted seedlings should not be too dry. A mixed matrix mainly composed of peat is better.
　　Humidity: Keep the medium moist and not heavy.
　　Temperature: The temperature can be as high as 20℃ during the seedling stage. After potting until the seedlings have grown, the temperature should be maintained at 15℃ and not lower than 8℃. It should be maintained at 7-10℃ in the future. After budding, the temperature can rise to 12-14℃.
　　Light: After germination, the temperature is controlled at 20℃, and 14 hours of light is maintained to promote plant growth. Keep sufficient sunlight in winter and spring, and shade is required when transplanting or potting seedlings. When the natural light is lower than 8000LX, supplement the light (70LX/m2). After potting, no artificial light supplement is needed. Water and fertilizer management: Keep the pot soil moist during the growth process. Keeping the temperature cool and reducing the amount of watering is the ideal method. Drizzling and high temperature can easily cause the leaves to grow too large. It is not suitable to drench at low temperatures, and it is also necessary to prevent high temperature and dryness from causing deformed leaves.
　　European primrose should not be heavily fertilized. To prevent the leaves from growing too long, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizers and use a higher proportion of potassium. The ideal nitrogen-potassium ratio is 1:2-1:3. After the plant is planted in the pot, apply balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Due to the low temperature and low water evaporation, continuous fertilizer supply is important to ensure that the plant grows compactly and has high quality. If the fertilizer supply is insufficient in the early stage of planting, it will be difficult to make up for it later. The pH value should not be higher than 6, otherwise it will easily cause the plant to lack trace elements such as iron and manganese, and the plant will fade easily.
　　Shading: The plant should be shaded before the roots are fully extended in the pot. It is recommended to use shade nets outside for the first two weeks after potting.
　　Flower bud differentiation: Growth temperatures below 15°C are conducive to flower bud formation. Early flowering varieties are suitable for warm areas, such as 'Biseta'. There should be enough leaves to grow before flower bud differentiation, at least the leaves can cover the potting soil. There is no need to use dwarfing agent, and the plant shape is controlled by low temperature.
　　Growth cycle: European primroses usually bloom after 18-20 weeks and can be supplied to the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets. The forced cultivation of primroses can be carried out in a greenhouse in late autumn and early winter, and the temperature is adjusted to 10-15°C.

14. How to plant morning glory
Family name: Convolvulaceae
Other names: Feather-leaved morning glory, bride flower
Origin: Tropical America
Uses: Potted plants, fences, etc.
Cultivation tips: Suitable temperature for germination: 20-30℃, Suitable temperature for growth: 15-30℃
Characteristics: Annual weak twining herb, vines up to 400 cm Leaves alternate, pinnately lobed, cymes axillary, several flowers, deep red color. It used to be a material for Western wedding bridal bouquets, but is now rarely used. It is not cold-resistant, can self-sow, and large seedlings are not suitable for transplanting.
Sowing period: April-June Flowering period: July-September
Seedling cultivation: Soak the seeds in water for 2 hours and then sow them in the open-air seedbed or in the flowerpot, maintain appropriate humidity, and germinate after about 10-15 days. It can be transplanted when there are 4 leaves.
Cultivation: Pot sowing can also be done with small pots and large pots for planting, which has good effects and is easy to manage. The spacing between the flower beds and fences is 30*60-80 cm. The drainage and sunshine requirements are good. The seedlings grow slowly, and turn faster after planting. They are good for fertilizer and water melons. The supporting bamboo branches must be inserted at the same time as planting to facilitate their climbing. When the seedlings are 30 cm high, pinch the top to promote more branches and more flowers. The seedlings of morning glory are sown in the ground or pots in late April, and the soil is about three times the size of the seeds. The seedlings will emerge in about 10 to 15 days. When the seedlings grow 2 to 3 leaves, they should be transplanted and planted as soon as possible. The seedlings will not tolerate transplanting when they grow up. They can also be sown directly near the fence at a spacing of 30 cm. For open-field cultivation of morning glory, it is advisable to choose a location that is leeward and sunny, with loose soil and good drainage. Potted morning glory should be cultivated with culture soil. During the growth period, if the base fertilizer of ground-planted morning glory is insufficient, liquid fertilizer can be applied 1 to 2 times before flowering. When planting honeysuckle in pots, add a little feather or hoof slices as base fertilizer at the bottom of the pot, and apply liquid fertilizer once a month. Honeysuckle planted in the open field must be watered thoroughly when planting, and watered every 7 to 10 days thereafter. Water and drain potted plants as usual. In the rainy season, be careful not to accumulate water in the pot, otherwise it is easy to rot the roots. Honeysuckle seeds can also sow into seedlings the next year after they fall to the ground. Potted honeysuckle can be tied into various supports such as pavilions, birds and animals with thin bamboo or reed stalks to lure vines to entwine and form a landscape. It is very interesting to place it on the courtyard balcony.


15.
Introduction to the planting method of foxglove: Also known as the Liberty Bell and Digitalis. It belongs to the genus Foxglove in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is a perennial herb with mixed-color flowers. The whole plant is covered with grayish-white short hairs. It is 60-120CM tall, with an inflorescence of 50-80CM and a bell-shaped corolla. The flowering period is from April to August. It is sown in spring, summer and autumn. It germinates in 14-18 days. It is not resistant to transplanting and will bloom in the second year. If it is sown too late in autumn, it will not bloom or will bloom very little in the spring of the following year. It can also be propagated by division. In spring and autumn, young plants are sent out from the base for division, and the division is rejuvenated every 3-4 years. It needs a cold room to overwinter in the north and provide appropriate shade in the summer.
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 15-18℃
　　Number of days required for germination: 5-10 days
　　Suitable temperature for growth (day temperature/night temperature): 13-15℃
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: partial shade or partial light
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 20-24 weeks
　　Ground planting height (cm): 75-90cmUse
　　: cultivation in flower beds and large containers
　　Foxy: perennial, blooms in the first year, and blooms in June-July.


16. Planting method of Aquilegia vulgaris
[Other name] Aquilegia vulgaris, Aquilegia vulgaris
[Scientific name]
Aguilegia vulgaris [Family] Ranunculaceae Aquilegia
[Germination conditions] 21-24℃, covered with soil. Days required for germination: 21-28 days
[Suitable temperature for growth] 10-15℃. Partial shade or partial light
[Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting)]: 26-32 weeks
[Height of ground planting (cm)]: 35-60
[Ecological habits] Originated from Europe. Strong, cold-resistant, likes fertile, moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. Requires higher air temperature, and should be maintained in semi-shaded conditions in summer.
[Cultivation and management] Propagated by sowing and division, carried out in March to April or August to September. Direct sowing requires flowering the following year. Seedlings can be planted when they are about 10cm long, with a spacing of 30 to 40cm between rows and plants. Topdressing should be applied once before flowering. Shade is required in summer. Slightly cover in winter in cold areas. After 3 years, the plant is prone to decline, so it should be divided in time to promote its renewal.


17. Coreopsis
Coreopsis is propagated by sowing, has low soil requirements, is cold-resistant and drought-resistant, and the suitable temperature for germination is 15-20 degrees Celsius. It is a perennial herb that can bloom in the same year and has a flowering period of more than four months. The flowers are double, large and bright, and golden when they bloom. Against the backdrop of green leaves, it is like a golden rooster standing alone, gorgeous and eye-catching.

18. How to plant wreath chrysanthemums
? Also known as tricolor chrysanthemums. Asteraceae, Chrysanthemum genus, perennials are often cultivated as one or two annuals, 60-90CM high, mixed colors, single petals, flower diameter 7-9CM. The petals and the center of the flower form a ring of colors due to different colors, hence the name. Flowering period is from April to September. Growing period is 75 days. Sow in spring and autumn, germinate in a week, transplant after 15CM, pinch 1-2 times, sow in autumn and often overwinter in a low-temperature greenhouse, flower beds, potted cut flowers. Asteraceae, Chrysanthemum genus. Also known as tricolor chrysanthemums. Plant height 40-60 cm. Flowers are mixed colors. Suitable temperature for germination is 15-20℃, germinates about a week after sowing, and transplants and cultivates when the plant height is about 15 cm. It can also be sown directly.
Characteristics: Plant height 60-90cm, thick and smooth stems and leaves, alternate leaves, 2 pinnate-shaped mid-lobes, head inflorescence, flower diameter 6cm. The ligulate flowers are white, yellow, orange, brown, light red, dark red, rose red and snow blue, with red, white-yellow and brown-red forming three rings at the base or tip. The center of the disk is yellow, green, red or two colors. Cultivation: Sow the seeds on the seedbed or direct sowing. Cover the sowing soil with about 0.3 cm. Seedlings will emerge in about 10-14 days. Transplant when there are 8 true leaves. The spacing between plants is 30-40 cm. Fertilizer and water should be controlled during the growth period. It likes cool summer and is not cold-resistant. It requires deep soil.


19. How to plant California poppy
[Alias] Golden English Flower, Ginseng Flower
[Ecological Habits] Native to California, USA. It is relatively cold-resistant, likes cool and dry climate, not easy to get hot and humid, and should be loose and fertile, well-drained, and have a deep upper layer of sandy loam. It is also tolerant to poor soil. It is a perennial herbaceous flower, often cultivated as an annual or biennial.
[Cultivation and Management] Propagate by sowing, cover the seeds with soil after sowing, and sow in autumn in areas where the soil does not freeze in winter. In the northern region, seedlings are raised indoors in early spring, and the seedlings will emerge in about 7 days at 15-20 degrees Celsius. Remove the seedlings and pot them in time before the true leaves unfold. After frost, remove the seedlings from the pots and plant them with soil (do not damage the roots, otherwise it will be difficult to resume growth or even die). It can also be sown directly in the open field before the soil freezes. Add windbreaks for protection, and the seedlings will emerge the following year. Sufficient water and nutrients should be provided during the seedling stage to promote its healthy growth. Good sunlight is required, and topdressing should be done every 20-30 days

20. Black-eyed Susan
germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 21-24℃, pre-soaking seeds overnight can make germination faster.
　　Number of days required for germination: 6-12 days
　　. Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 15-17℃.
　　Light requirement and other growth conditions: full sun
　　. Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 8-9 weeks. Detailed introduction: Also known as wing-petaled morning glory.. Tongbeixiao, morning glory of the Araliaceae family. Yellow flowers. Orange red. Yellow black butterfly spots. White black butterfly spots, orange black butterfly spots are five-color. The flower diameter is 3-7cm. It is a woody climbing vine with winged petioles. It is often cultivated as an annual, 200-300cm. It is sown in early spring and blooms from June to November. It can be propagated by cuttings. The roots and leaves can be used as medicine. It can be cultivated on courtyard trellises and vertical greening.

21. How to plant delphiniums:
Also known as plover grass, it belongs to the genus Delphinium of the Ranunculaceae family. It is 30-60cm tall, with racemose inflorescence and multi-colored flowers. It blooms from May to June. It is an annual or biennial herb, cold-resistant and highly adaptable. Sowing is done in September to October. Family: Ranunculaceae, genus Delphinium. Origin and distribution: It is native to southern Europe and is cultivated in all provinces.

         Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 18-24℃
　　Number of days required for germination: 12-18 days
　　Suitable temperature for growth (daytime temperature/nighttime temperature): 10-13℃
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sun　　Ground
　　planting height (cm): 90-110cmMorphological
characteristics: Delphinium is an annual or biennial herb. Stems are erect, with sparse branches on the upper part, and the plant height is 30-120cm. Stems and leaves are sparsely covered with soft hairs. The leaves are deeply or completely palmately lobed, and the lobes are linear. The leaves at the base have long petioles, and the leaves at the upper part are sessile. The terminal inflorescence is a raceme or spike inflorescence. Lifespan is 1 year, and the flowering period is May to June. Habits: Delphinium is a taproot plant with few fibrous roots. It is suitable for direct seeding and transplanting with soil balls. It is relatively cold-resistant, likes sunshine, is afraid of heat, and avoids waterlogging. It is suitable for growing on deep and fertile sandy soil. In summer, it is suitable to plant in a cool place, with a daytime temperature of 20-25°C and a night temperature of 13-15°C. Acidic soil is preferred.
Key points for reproduction and cultivation: Delphinium can be propagated by seeds or cuttings. The suitable temperature for germination is around 15°C, and the temperature is preferably below 20°C. It will germinate in about two weeks. Autumn sowing is from late August to early September. It is first sown in the open-air seedbed, and then put into the cold bed or cold room for wintering before winter, and then planted in the spring. In the south, it is sown directly in the open field in early spring, and the seedlings are thinned to maintain a plant spacing of 25-50 cm. In the north, seedlings are generally raised in advance, and planted in April, transplanted when there are 2-4 true leaves, and planted when there are 4-7 true leaves. Pay attention to drainage on rainy days. The fruit ripening period is inconsistent, and it will naturally crack after ripening, so it should be harvested in time. Generally, the ripe seeds are harvested 1-2 times in June, and all the best seeds are harvested, dried and threshed in July. Cutting propagation is carried out in spring. When the new plant grows more than 15cm, cut the cuttings and insert them into sandy soil. Division propagation can be carried out in spring and autumn, usually once every 2 to 3 years. Daily management is to apply nitrogen fertilizer before flowering, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer when flowering begins, and prevent lodging when used as cut flowers.

22. Planting method of Diaozhongliu
　　Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 18-23℃, soil covering
　　Days required for germination: 8-10 days
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 18-24℃
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sun
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 16-18 weeks
　　Ground planting height (cm): 45cmUse
　　: flower beds and large container cultivation, landscape gardening and garden ground planting
　　Electric Blue: performs well in warm climates, with a crown width of 60cm, a perennial variety that blooms in the first year, and does not need spring flowers.
Morphological characteristics: perennial herb, plant height 60cm, the whole plant is pubescent, and the stems are erect and clustered. Leaves are alternately opposite, sessile, ovate to lanceolate, with sparse and shallow teeth on the edges. The flowers are solitary or 3-4 are borne on the peduncles in the leaf axils, in irregular racemes. The corolla tube is about 2.5 cm long. The flower colors are white, purple, lavender, rose red, etc., with white stripes in between. The flowering period is May-June.

Habits: It likes a sunny, moist and well-ventilated environment. It avoids heat and drought, is not cold-resistant, and is not strict with soil requirements, but must be well-drained, preferably sandy loam containing lime. It is native to Mexico and Guatemala.
Reproduction and cultivation management: It can be propagated by cuttings, sowing, and division. Excellent varieties can be propagated by cuttings in autumn. The cuttings are inserted in a low-temperature greenhouse and kept moist. They can take root in about a month. If propagated by sowing, the seedlings are delicate and need to be watered frequently to keep the air moist. In hot and rainy places in summer, attention should be paid to drainage. If the land is waterlogged, the plants are easily killed by waterlogging. In the northern region, potted plants should cut off the upper dead branches in late September to early October, and put them into the sunny bed after removing the pots for wintering; those planted in the ground should trim the above-ground parts in late autumn and water them with antifreeze water for protection during the winter.
Garden application: Diaozhongliu is a good material for flower borders and flower beds. It can also be potted for viewing.


23. Aster planting method
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 21℃, soil covering
　　Days required for germination: 8-10 days
　　Suitable temperature for growth (day temperature/night temperature): 15-27℃
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: Full sun
prefers warm to high temperatures, the optimum temperature is 22~25℃, and fertile loam is the best soil for cultivation. Good drainage is required, and long sunshine is preferred, with 15 hours a day being the most ideal. Mix organic fertilizer in the soil as base fertilizer before planting. Pinch the top once after planting to promote more branches and more flowering. Topdress once a month during the growth period, and various organic fertilizers and quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers are all good. It can be propagated by sowing, which can be used all year round. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 18~25℃. Sow the seeds in loose sandy loam with sufficient sunshine and good drainage. It will germinate after about 3-6 days, and transplant to flower beds or pots when the leaves grow to 6-8 pieces. The life span of seeds is extremely short, only 50% after one year, and completely ineffective after more than 2 years, so attention must be paid to the timeliness of seeds. When sowing aster, you can insert the seeds one by one into the soil with the tip facing down (of course not too deep, 1mm is enough, or a little exposure is also OK), because the roots grow from the tip, so it will be easier for the seeds to drill out of the soil, and the roots will grow relatively stable.

24. Daisy planting method
Germination temperature: 15-20℃ Sowing period: Autumn August-September
Growth temperature: 5-25℃ Flowering period: November-May of the following year
Seedling cultivation: Both pot sowing and box sowing are possible. Do not cover the soil after sowing, otherwise it will not germinate. It must be kept moist until germination. In the high temperature of August,
it is easy to raise seedlings, but care must be taken to prevent seedling blight.
Planting: When there are 2-3 leaves, transplant once, with a spacing of 5×5CM. When there are 6-7 leaves, dig with soil, and plant in the flower bed with a spacing of 15-20CM. Only one plant should be planted in a flowerpot. In addition to applying more basal fertilizer, topdressing should be applied once a month during the growth period. Water should be controlled when the potted plants are budding to prevent the flower stems from stretching too long.
[Cultivation and Management] Sowing, division and cutting propagation are all possible. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 22-28 degrees Celsius. In North China, open-field sowing is carried out from late August to early September. Seedlings emerge 5-10 days after sowing, and they are moved to the sunny bed in late October to overwinter. Planting is carried out in late April of the following year, with a spacing of 12cmX15cm between plants and rows. If sufficient fertilizer and water are given during the growing season, the flowers will bloom luxuriantly and the flowering period can also be extended. Daisy has well-developed fibrous roots. After flowering, it can be propagated by dividing roots. It can be planted in flowerpots and placed in a cool place to oversummer. It can be moved into a greenhouse in early winter. Fertilizer and water management should be strengthened, and it can bloom again in winter or the following spring. It often grows poorly or even dies in hot summer weather.
Characteristics: Perennial herb, cold-resistant but not heat-resistant when cultivated as a biennial, and likes good sunshine. Suitable for fertile loam with good drainage, and general garden soil can also adapt. Plant height 15-20cm.


25. Cosmos planting method
　　Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 19-21℃, soil covering
　　Number of days required for germination: 5-7 days
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 13℃
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sun
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 10-12 weeks
　　Ground planting height (cm): 40-60cm
Cosmos is native to Mexico, not cold-resistant, likes sunshine, and avoids extreme heat. It is not strict with soil requirements, tolerates poor soil, but cannot accumulate water. It can grow well in well-drained, moist, and fertile soil, but it grows poorly in fertile soil, and the branches and leaves grow too long, resulting in poor flowering.
Cosmos stems are thin and easy to fall over. For home planting, a support can be set up, or it can be pinched several times in late spring to promote its branches to sprout more and densely, inhibit growth height, and maintain a beautiful plant shape. During the growing season, fertilizer and water should be controlled, and keeping the soil moist can make the flowers dense. When the temperature exceeds 33℃, the plant often stops growing and enters a dormant state. After the flowers fade and the fruits ripen, the cosmos plant dies, and the seeds are automatically sown to continue life. You can also collect seeds when the fruits are ripe, sow and raise seedlings in late March, and they will bloom after 2 months. You can also choose cutting propagation, which can be carried out in May. You can choose thick top branches, cut a section of 8 cm to 10 cm long as cuttings, and insert 3 to 5 plants in a cluster into a flowerpot. The pot should be buried in the soil, 4 cm to 5 cm above the ground, and water and shade it. It will take root after half a month. After rooting, apply thin fertilizer solution once every 15 days, and remove the top buds when they grow to 15 cm to promote more branches. If fertilizer and water are properly controlled, flowers will be seen in about 45 days. Cosmos has slender leaves and large and beautiful flowers. Especially because of its long flowering period, it has become an excellent material for arranging flower beds, lawns, gardens, and fences. It can also be used as potted plants and vase inserts, which is very popular.

26. How to plant petunias
[Biological characteristics]
Petunias are native to South America. They like warm and sunny environments. They are not cold-resistant and afraid of rain and waterlogging. The suitable temperature for the growth of petunias is 13-18℃, and the temperature in winter is 4-10℃. If it is lower than 4℃, the plant growth stops, and it can withstand a low temperature of -2℃. However, when the summer temperature is 35℃, petunias can still grow normally and have a strong adaptability to temperature. Petunias like dryness and fear wetness. During the growth process, they need sufficient water, especially in the high temperature season in summer. Watering should be done in the morning and evening to keep the pot soil moist. However, there is a lot of rain in the rainy season, which is very unfavorable for the growth of petunias. If the pot soil is too wet, the stems and leaves are easy to grow. There is a lot of rain during the flowering period, and the flowers fade and rot easily. If there is a shower, the petals are easy to tear. If there is water accumulation in the pot for a long time, the roots often rot and the whole plant wilts and dies. Petunia is a long-day plant. The growth period requires sufficient sunlight. Most petunia varieties take about 100 days from sowing to flowering under normal sunlight. If there is insufficient light or too many rainy days, flowering is often delayed by 10 to 15 days, and there are few flowers. Therefore, when petunias are cultivated in a greenhouse in winter, the stems and leaves grow luxuriantly under low temperature and short-day conditions. When the spring is under long-day conditions, flowers will bloom quickly from the top of the stems and leaves. Petunias should be propagated in loose, fertile and well-drained slightly acidic sandy loam.
[Propagation method]
Sowing, cuttings and tissue culture are commonly used for propagation.
Sowing propagation: Petunias are often cultivated as annuals. The sowing time depends on the time of listing. If flowers are needed in May, they should be sown in the greenhouse in January. If flowers are needed in October, they need to be sown in July. The actual sowing time should be adjusted according to different varieties. Petunia seeds are small, with 9,000 to 10,000 seeds per gram. The optimum temperature for germination is 20 to 22°C. Sowing in indoor pots is done with a mixture of high-temperature sterilized culture soil, leaf humus and fine sand. No need to cover with soil after sowing, just press lightly, and it will germinate in about 10 days. When true leaves appear, the room temperature should be 13 to 15°C.
Cutting propagation: Indoor cultivation can be carried out throughout the year. After flowering, cut the sprouting top shoots, 10 cm long, and insert them into the sand bed. The temperature of the soil is 20 to 25°C. Roots will grow 15 to 20 days after cutting, and they can be transplanted to pots in 30 days.
[Cultivation and management]
When the seedlings have 5 to 6 true leaves, they can be planted in 10 cm pots or 12 to 15 cm hanging pots. For varieties that need to be topped, do it when the seedling height is 10 cm. Spray the leaves with 0.25% to 0.5% B9 3 to 4 times 10 to 15 days after topping to control the height of the plant and promote branching. The effect is very significant. During the growing period, you can use "Huiyou" 20-20-20 general fertilizer or 15-15-18 soilless cultivation fertilizer. In traditional cultivation, fertilize once every half month, mainly with decomposed cake fertilizer water. Apply superphosphate 2 to 3 times during the flowering period. When petunias are cultivated in soilless culture, the application of potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate is most beneficial to the growth and development of petunias. For example, spraying 0.25% to 4% B9 solution on petunias during the seedling stage can make them bloom early and make the flowers dense and beautiful. Petunias are prone to lodging under high temperature and humidity in summer. Pay attention to pruning and trimming, and remove the remaining flowers to achieve luxuriant flowers and leaves.
[Disease and Pest Control]
Common virus-induced mosaic disease and bacterial wilt damage. First of all, the potting soil must be disinfected. If diseased plants appear, they should be removed immediately and sprayed with 10% antibacterial agent 401 acetic acid solution 1000 times diluted for prevention and control. Insect pests include aphids, which can be sprayed with 10% dichlorobenzene ether permethrin emulsifiable concentrate 2000-3000 times diluted.
[Postpartum treatment]
Petunia flowers are large and colorful, with a variety of flower shapes. They are vigorous decorative flowers, and can also be reproduced and listed all year round. They can be widely used in flower bed layout, flower trough configuration, scenic spot placement, and window sill decoration. Double-petal varieties can also be cut for viewing. During market regulation and transportation, petunias should be protected from wind to avoid dehydration of stems and leaves, cracking of flowers, and affecting the quality of potted flowers. When transported in containers, flowers will wilt. In addition to watering the pots before packing, spraying 0.2-0.5 mmol/L silver thiosulfate 15 days before listing can inhibit the production of ethylene in potted plants and reduce flower shedding.


27. Catharanthus roseus*Heatwave (mixed color, creeping) (imported)
Detailed introduction: Mixed color, blue with eyes, red-spotted lavender flowers, yellow-spotted lavender flowers, red-spotted white flowers, cherry red, white, yellow-spotted deep rose-red flowers, red, yellow-spotted salmon, red flowers, pink, red-spotted apricot-colored flowers with red cores, yellow-spotted apricot-yellow flowers with red cores. Blooms earlier than the cool-color series, 25cm tall, creeping, suitable for flower beds and garden green land cultivation. Suitable temperature for germination is 21-24℃, germination takes 14-21 days, requires light, likes warmth.

28. How to plant Impatiens balsamina
: Characteristics: Perennial herb, often used as an annual. Prefers a warm and humid environment, not tolerant to drought and low temperatures. Most varieties are sown, and cuttings have fewer branches and scattered shapes, and the flowers are also scattered. There are also special cutting varieties of New Guinea Impatiens, which have compact shapes and large and bright flowers.

Seeding and seedling raising: Impatiens has a long flowering period and can be seen in all seasons. It can be sown all year round in greenhouses under many climatic conditions. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, due to the high temperature in summer, Impatiens is mostly used in spring flower beds, so its sowing time is mostly in winter. The seeds of Impatiens are about 1700-2000 seeds/gram, and seeds need a certain amount of light to germinate. The suitable temperature for germination is 20-22℃, and it can germinate in about 8-15 days. The soil for sowing should be a loose and breathable medium, which can be prepared with peat soil, vermiculite, and perlite in a ratio of 6:2:2. The seeds are sown after disinfection, and the pH value is controlled between 6.0-6.2, and the EC value is less than 0.75.
　　The first stage:
　　The radicle appears about 4-5 days after sowing. This stage requires high humidity and the medium needs to be kept moist. Since germination requires 100lux of light, it is recommended to cover with a thin layer of vermiculite to keep it moist. It is not suitable for fertilization, and pay attention to maintaining a constant germination temperature.
　　Stage 2:
　　The humidity requirement at this stage is slightly reduced so that the radicle can stretch better and "take off the cap" smoothly. The taproot of Impatiens is not obvious, and 1-2cm fibrous roots can be seen in the later stage. At this stage, the cotyledons unfold and the first true leaves appear. At this time, a small amount of fertilizer can be applied, with 50ppm of 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer, preferably combined with watering.
　　Stage 3:
　　At this time, the seedlings begin to grow rapidly, but it seems that Impatiens still grows relatively slowly, so this stage will be longer than other varieties. During this period, 70-100ppm of 20-10-20 and 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizers are applied alternately every week. At this time, it is required to control the water content and combine it with fertilization to make the medium dry and wet. The growth environment also needs to maintain a certain space humidity, but the temperature should be lowered to be more conducive to growth. When the seedlings have 3-6 true leaves and the roots have appeared at the bottom of the hole, it means that this stage is over.
　　Stage 4:
　　At this point, the root system is already strong, and water should be controlled to harden the seedlings. They can be prepared for transplanting or selling. Ventilation should be strengthened to prevent the seedlings from growing too long.
　　Transplanting/potting: Impatiens should be grown in plug trays, otherwise its root system will develop slowly. When transplanting, the seedlings have 4-6 true leaves and the roots are clumped. Usually, they can be potted or transplanted to a 12cm nutrient pot, all in one go.
　　Light regulation: Impatiens cannot tolerate strong light when growing, especially in summer, shade should be strengthened, and they can be planted under trees or in hidden places.
　　Temperature control: Impatiens cannot tolerate high and low temperatures, and grows well between 15-25℃. Plants are susceptible to diseases in high summer temperatures and low winter temperatures.
　　Water and fertilizer management: Impatiens flower stems are fleshy and soft, and will wither quickly when lacking water. Even mature plants planted under trees need additional water and fertilizer to avoid competing with the tree's roots. All Impatiens varieties grow well in fertile and humid environments, but of course they need to be regularly fertilized with water-soluble fertilizers. Use 20-10-20 and 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizers at
100ppm-150ppm once a week. Apply less fertilizer in summer and winter, especially pay attention to halving the concentration.
　　Pests and diseases: There are fewer pests and diseases. They are mainly susceptible to gray mold in summer and winter. In addition to strengthening ventilation, 800-1000 times dilution of chlorothalonil can be applied for prevention and control. Aphids also occur frequently. Observe them regularly. Once they occur, you can apply pesticides for prevention and control. In the summer, when the temperature is high, dryness often causes the bottom leaves to turn yellow and fall off, affecting the plant shape.

29. New Guinea Impatiens Planting Method
Origin: New Guinea
is a perennial evergreen herbaceous plant of the Impatiens genus of the Impatiens family. It blooms in all seasons.
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, and light requirement, etc.): 22-25℃ (optimal temperature 25℃), lightly covered with coarse vermiculite,
maintain 100% humidity, number of days required for germination: 7-10 days
. Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 21-24℃ from germination to transplantation, soil temperature 21℃, 18-26℃ from transplantation to listing, temperature below 15℃ or above 32℃ will affect normal growth, light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: partial shade or partial light,
sufficient light is required, but strong light needs to be blocked in summer.
Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 12-13 weeks .
Cultivation technology: Finished flowers are usually planted in 10-15cm flower pots; the substrate should be sparse and breathable, and have a certain water retention. It is very sensitive to salt damage, and it is advisable to apply thin fertilizer frequently. Avoid overwatering or drought. The optimum pH is 5.8-6.5. To make the plant fuller, pinching and shaping should be performed.


30. How to plant Eustoma
[Overview]

Lisianthus, also known as prairie gentian, is a plant of the genus Gentiana in the Gentianaceae family. Lisianthus is light and graceful, with elegant and bright colors and unique and lovely flower shapes. It is one of the most popular potted and cut flowers in the world. Lisianthus originated in the United States and was introduced to Europe and Japan through hybridization and improvement. It has now become a charming and unusual flower. Among them, the Dutch companies K. Sahin Zaden and Kieft Bloemzaden have done a lot of work in the breeding of lisianthus and the promotion of new varieties. So far, the output value of lisianthus has reached 33.6 million US dollars, ranking tenth among cut flowers. It can be seen everywhere in flower shops and on the windowsills of families in European countries. In Japan, the world-renowned flower seed company Sakata has made outstanding achievements in lisianthus breeding. After the launch of the double-petal Echo series and the single-petal Haiti series in 1982, the sales volume of lisianthus in the market has increased dramatically. At present, the annual sales volume has reached 100 million pieces, with sales of 110 million US dollars, ranking seventh in cut flowers. For this reason, lisianthus has become the fastest growing variety in cut flower production. In recent years, lisianthus potted flowers have emerged in Europe and Japan and have developed rapidly. In addition to the above companies,
Thompson and Hishtil in Israel are also cultivating dwarf lisianthus varieties, which makes the development prospects of lisianthus broader. It is still in the introduction stage and has not yet formed large-scale production.
[Morphological characteristics and varieties]
Lisianthus is an annual or biennial herb. The stem is upright and gray-green. The leaves are opposite, gray-green, ovate to oblong. The corolla is bell-shaped, with colors such as light purple, light red, and white. At present, double-petal and two-color varieties have been bred. Common dwarf varieties include the Mermaid series, with a plant height of 15 to 20 cm, single petals, a diameter of 6 to 8 cm, and flower colors of pink, purple, beige, etc. It takes 120 days from sowing to flowering. Lisa Blue, plant height 15-20 cm, early flowering, single flower, dark blue, strong division. Red Glass, plant height 30-35 cm, good division, dark red flower, the most red lisianthus. Double Eagle, plant height 45-60 cm, flower diameter 7 cm, various colors. Eeidi series, plant height 50-60 cm, early flowering, flower diameter 8 cm, flower colors include dark blue, pink, rose red, yellow, white, blue and two-color, etc. Echo, plant height 55 cm, flower double, flower diameter 8-9 cm, flower colors include blue, pink, white, two-color, etc. Mariachi, plant height 50-80 cm (varies with the season), flower diameter 7-8 cm, various colors.
[Biological characteristics]
Lisianthus is native to Nebraska and Texas in the United States. It likes warmth, humidity and plenty of sunshine. It is relatively cold-resistant and not tolerant to water and humidity.
The suitable temperature for the growth of lisianthus is 15-28℃, and the night temperature during the growing season is not lower than 12℃. When the temperature is below 5℃ in winter, the leaves are in a rosette shape and cannot bloom. It can also withstand a short-term low temperature of 0℃. When the temperature exceeds 30℃ during the growing season, the flowering period is significantly shortened. Lisianthus has strict requirements on water. Although lisianthus likes a humid environment, excessive water is not good for the growth of the roots of lisianthus and is susceptible to disease invasion. After the flower buds are formed, high temperature and high humidity should be avoided, otherwise fungal diseases are likely to occur. At the same time, insufficient water supply during the growing season will cause the stems and leaves to grow thin and weak, and bloom early. Therefore, the cultivation of lisianthus in Israel and the use of drip irrigation facilities are very beneficial to the growth and development of lisianthus. Lisianthus is sensitive to light. Long-day light is very beneficial to the growth and development of lisianthus, which helps the growth of stems and leaves and the formation of flower buds. Generally, 16 hours of light per day is the best. Lisianthus requires fertile, loose and well-drained soil. Avoid continuous cropping. The soil for potting must be disinfected. The soil can be treated with high-temperature steam or bromine methanol. The soil PH value is preferably 6.5-7.0.
[Propagation method]
Sowing is commonly used for propagation. Indoor pot sowing is mainly in September-October or January-February. Lisianthus seeds are small, with 22,000-22,500 seeds per gram, a germination rate of 80%-85%, and a suitable temperature for germination of 22-24°C. Lisianthus is a light-loving seed. After sowing, it is not covered with soil, but only needs to be lightly pressed. Before sowing, the pot soil and container must be strictly sterilized at high temperature. Germination takes 10-14 days after sowing, and thinning is done once 10 days after germination. The time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 8-10 weeks from sowing to transplanting
[Cultivation and management]
Lisianthus seedlings grow very slowly and need to be managed carefully. Try not to damage the root system when thinning, and transplanting seedlings should not be too deep. When there are 4 to 5 true leaves, it can be planted in an 8 to 15 cm pot. During the operation, the roots must not be damaged, otherwise the seedlings will find it difficult to resume normal growth. Fertilize once every half month during the growth period, or use 15-15-30 "Huiyou" potted flower fertilizer and 12-0-44 potassium nitrate fertilizer. If medium-sized cut flower varieties are used for potted ornamental plants, spray the plants 2 to 3 times with 0.03% to 0.05% Bijiu solution 20 days after planting. For varieties with strong branching, pinching can be used to promote more branches, more flowering, and reduce plant shape. During the growth process, high temperature and long daylight can promote flower bud differentiation, so as to achieve the purpose of early flowering and shortening the growth period. Generally, it takes 120 to 140 days from sowing to flowering for dwarf potted lisianthus, and 150 to 180 days from sowing to flowering for cut flower varieties.
[Disease and Pest Control]
Common damages include stem blight and leaf spot. For stem blight, spray with 10% antibacterial agent 401 acetic acid solution at 1000 times dilution. For leaf spot, spray with 50% thiophanate wettable powder at 500 times dilution. Pests include aphids and leaf rollers, which can be killed by spraying with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate at 1500 times dilution.
[Postpartum treatment] The lisianthus plant is elegant and has fresh and elegant colors. Potted plants are used to decorate the living room, balcony or windowsill, showing a strong European style. For example, they are placed in a hotel in a block. Music teahouses, shopping mall windows, bank lounges and stair corners show an elegant and luxurious atmosphere. If you cut a few purple lisianthus as the main flowers, match them with white lilies and willow branches, and insert them into a bamboo basket, it will form a combination of Chinese and Western styles, which is poetic and picturesque and intoxicating. Although potted lisianthus is not sensitive to ethylene, it can also cause ethylene poisoning, such as wilting of flowers, during transportation. You can spray 0.3-0.4 mmol/L of silver thiosulfate once 2 weeks before listing to improve the quality of lisianthus potted flowers. How to cultivate lisianthus? How to regulate the flowering period of lisianthus?
Lisianthus is a perennial flower of the Gentianaceae family, cultivated as an annual or biennial. It is native to northern Mexico and the central and southern United States. It is a very promising flower.
The flowers of lisianthus are funnel-shaped. The flower colors are very rich. There are purple flowers with black spots, pink, pure white, peach, lavender, yellow and complex colors. The leaves are oval and opposite. Depending on the variety, each flower stem can produce 20-40 flowers, and the flower stems are racemose, usually forming several branches at the base. The length of the flower branch is generally 50-75 cm. Lisianthus likes warmth, is not resistant to severe cold, and is not resistant to extreme heat. If the temperature is higher than 30℃ or lower than 10℃ during the seedling stage, the growth and development will be slow, and the plant will be in a "clustering" state and unable to sprout and bloom. Lisianthus is a flower that needs low-temperature vernalization to differentiate
flower . Seedlings must be treated with low temperature after they have 4 true leaves before they can bloom normally. In addition to the problem of pests and diseases, the "clustering" caused by high temperature is a major problem in the cultivation of Lisianthus in Guangdong.
Lisianthus is propagated by sowing, and excellent single plants can be propagated by tissue culture. Sowing is the main method. The suitable temperature for germination is 20-25℃. Light supplementation is required during germination. The soil for sowing should be disinfected in advance to prevent the occurrence of seedling damping-off disease. It germinates about 10 days after sowing and grows slowly. The first transplantation is 3 months later. About 1 month later, the 4th and 5th pairs of leaves of the seedlings begin to grow, and then they are planted. This period is a critical period. If the temperature is high, the stems cannot be elongated and become "clustering". At present, the use of night cool temperature seedling cultivation or high mountain cold land seedling cultivation can solve the "clustering" problem. Lisianthus is a long-day plant. Long-day and high temperature can promote its early flowering. Generally, it is sown at about 20℃ and can bloom after 5 months. Therefore, the flowering period can be adjusted according to the sowing period. Lisianthus cultivation in Guangdong is mainly produced in simple plastic sheds, which mainly play a role in rain protection. As the plant grows, a net support should be pulled to facilitate the straightening and elongation of the pedicel. Proper shading in summer can improve the quality of cut flowers.

31. Planting method of Catharanthus roseus
[Overview]
Catharanthus roseus, also known as five-petal plum, is a plant of the genus Catharanthus roseus in the Apocynaceae family. Catharanthus roseus has a neat plant shape, green and shiny leaves, 5 flat petals, which resemble plum blossoms, and a long flowering period. It is the most common herbaceous flower in Jiangnan gardens. The history of cultivating Catharanthus roseus is not long. It is mainly cultivated in the south of the Yangtze River. It is more common in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces (autonomous regions). At present, various provinces and cities have introduced many new varieties of Catharanthus roseus from abroad for potted plants and planting troughs for viewing. Due to its strong heat resistance, long flowering period, bright colors and rapid development, it has occupied a certain position among herbaceous flowers.
[Morphological characteristics and varieties]
Catharanthus roseus is a perennial herb. The stem is upright and branched. The leaves are opposite, oblong, with short petioles, entire margins, smooth and hairless on both sides, and the main vein is white and obvious. The cymes are terminal. The flowers are rose red, the corolla is high-footed butterfly-shaped, 5-lobed, and there is a dark hole in the center of the flower. Common varieties include Apricot Delight, with a plant height of 25 cm, pink flowers, a flower diameter of 4 cm, and red eyes. Blue Pearl, blue flowers, white eyes. Cooler series, among which Grape flowers are rose red. Poppermint, white flowers, red eyes. Icy Pink, pink flowers. Raspberry Red
, dark red flowers with white eyes. Heat Wave series is the earliest variety to bloom among vinca roseus, including Orchid with purple-red flowers and Grape with light purple-blue flowers. Parasol, with a plant height of 40 cm and a flower diameter of 5.5 cm, is the largest flower among vinca roseus. Passion, with dark purple flowers, yellow eyes and a flower diameter of 5 cm. Pacificas, with large flowers, a flower diameter of 5 cm, strong branching, and only 60 days from sowing to flowering. Little series, including Linda with rose-red flowers, Blanche with white flowers, and Bright Eye with white flowers and deep rose-red eyes. The latest varieties include Balcony Lavender, with pale purple flowers and white eyes; Cherry Kiss, with red flowers and white eyes; and Caribbean Lavender, with pale purple flowers and purple eyes.
[Biological characteristics]
Vinca roseus is native to eastern Africa. It likes a warm, slightly dry and sunny environment. The suitable temperature for growth is 18-24℃ from March to July, 13-18℃ from September to March of the following year, and the temperature in winter should not be lower than 10℃. Catharanthus roseus is afraid of moisture and waterlogging. Do not water the pot soil too much, as excessive moisture will affect growth and development. In particular, watering should be strictly controlled for plants that spend the winter indoors. It is better to keep it dry, otherwise it is very easy to freeze. For open-field cultivation, pay attention to timely drainage during midsummer showers to avoid waterlogging and cause the entire plant to die.
Catharanthus roseus is a light-loving plant. It must have sufficient sunlight during its growth period. The leaves are green and shiny, and the flowers are bright. If it grows in the shade for a long time, the leaves will turn yellow and fall off. It is suitable for fertile and well-drained soil, and it is tolerant to barren soil, but it should not be alkaline. In clay soil with compaction and poor ventilation, the plant grows poorly, the leaves turn yellow, and it does not bloom.
[Propagation method] Sowing, cuttings and tissue culture are commonly used for propagation. The time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 10-14 weeks for spring flowers/8-10 weeks for summer flowers.
Seed propagation: sow in spring in April. There are 750 seeds per gram of vinca roseus, and the suitable temperature for germination is 18-24℃. Use a seed tray to hold a mixture of disinfected leaf humus, culture soil and fine sand, cover with soil, and germinate 14-21 days after sowing. After germination, shade is required for 2-3 hours at noon when the light is strong and the temperature is high. When the seedlings are 5 cm high and have 3 pairs of true leaves, they can be potted.
Cutting propagation: Cut young branches in spring or early summer, 8-10 cm long, cut off the lower leaves, leave 2-3 pairs of leaves at the top, insert them into the sand bed or leaf humus, keep the soil slightly moist, room temperature 20-24℃, and root 15-20 days after insertion.
[Cultivation and management]
When the seedlings have 3 pairs of true leaves, transplant them to a 10 cm pot, 3 plants per pot. Pinch the top once when the seedlings are 7-8 cm high, and pinch them twice later to promote more germination and branching, and more flowering. Fertilize once every half month during the growing season, or use 15-15-30 "Huiyou" potted flower fertilizer. Plant in pots or flower beds without pots, and bloom from late May to early November, for more than 5 months. Remove the remaining flowers at any time during the flowering period to prevent the remaining flowers from getting moldy and affecting the growth and ornamental value of the plant. August to October is the seed collection period for Catharanthus roseus, and they should be collected as they mature to prevent the seeds from being lost.
[Disease and Pest Control]
Leaf rot, rust and root wart nematodes are often harmful. For leaf rot, spray with 500 times of 65% mancozeb wettable powder. For rust, spray with 2000 times of 50% carboxin wettable powder. For root wart nematodes, spray with 50 times of 80% dibromochloropropane emulsifiable concentrate.
[Postpartum treatment]
Catharanthus roseus is suitable for viewing in pots, flower beds and rock gardens, especially for viewing in large flower troughs. Whether it is white flowers with red hearts or purple flowers with white, the decorative effect of the flower trough is excellent. In tropical areas, Vinca is planted in patches as a ground cover plant under forests. When it blooms, it is white, blue-purple or deep red, which has its own unique style. Vinca is suitable for rotation with Calendula. In summer and autumn, Vinca blooms beautiful pink flowers, while Calendula blooms bright yellow flowers in spring. Tall varieties can also be used as cut flowers for viewing.

32. How to plant small tomatoes:
　　Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 21-24℃, lightly covered with coarse vermiculite.
　　Days required for germination: 7-14 days.
　　Suitable temperature for growth (daytime/nighttime): 17-18℃.
　　Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sunlight.
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 6-8 weeks. Sow first, cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil, spray them with water, and cover them with plastic film (usually plastic wrap). Generally, they
will germinate in three or four days. Remove the film after germination, spray water once a day, and it is best to add a little urea to the water. When they are about ten centimeters, they can be planted in the soil or flower pots. Apply some calcium fertilizer (superphosphate) before planting. Tomatoes do not like a lot of water. Generally, water them when the surface of the pot soil is dry. When they are in the flowering and fruiting period, apply potassium dihydrogen phosphate (watered) once or twice a week. The film is used to keep moisture.


33. Nasturtium planting method
[Overview]
Nasturtium, also known as nasturtium, is a plant of the genus Nasturtium in the family Nasturtium. The nasturtium has winding stems and leaves shaped like lotus bowls. When the creamy yellow flowers are in full bloom, they look like flying butterflies, which is very interesting. It is an important summer ornamental flower in the garden. Nasturtium has gradually become popular in Europe and the United States since the early 20th century. It is widely used for potted ornamental windowsills. Its drooping stems are used to decorate hanging pots for indoor viewing or planted in small gardens. When it blooms, it presents an interesting scene of butterflies chasing each other. After the 1940s, European and American breeders began to select and breed semi-double and double flower varieties with richer flower and leaf colors. Among them, Pan American Seed Company in the United States, Hamilton Design Company and Thompson Morgan Company in the United Kingdom, and Bodejie Seed Company in France are leading the world in the breeding and cultivation of nasturtium. They launch new varieties every year, which makes the potted status of nasturtium rise year by year. At present, it has entered almost thousands of households in Europe and the United States.
The cultivation of nasturtium has not been long. Since the late 1920s, Nanjing, Shanghai and Qingdao and other places have introduced it from Europe and the United States, but the varieties are relatively simple. The old varieties have been cultivated until the early 1980s, and then semi-double, double and foliage varieties appeared.
[Morphological characteristics and varieties]
Nasturtium is an annual herb. The stem is creeping, fleshy, hollow, and light gray-green. The leaves are alternate, shield-shaped, and wavy at the entire edge, like lotus leaves. The pedicels are slender and grow between the axils of leaves. The single flower is terminal, with 5 petals, and the base is united into a tube. The flower colors are yellow, orange, pink, orange-red, milky white, purple-red, black and two-color. Common varieties include Peach Melba, with a plant height of 25 to 30 cm and deep orange flowers. Beige strawberries (Strawberries and Cream), with a plant height of 25 to 30 cm, beige flowers with orange spots in the center, and drought-resistant. Strawberries Ice, with a plant height of 25 cm, orange flowers with red spots in the center, and blue-green leaves. Tiptop, plant height 25-30 cm, large flowers, flower diameter 6 cm, flower colors include orange, orange-red, yellow and black. Tom Thumb, dwarf species, plant height 15-20 cm, compact flowers, multi-color. Semi-double flowers include Jewel of Africa, vine length 1.2-1.5 meters, leaves with red stripes, flower colors include bright red, orange, yellow, brown, beige and bicolor, etc.; Helicopter (Whirly-bird), plant height 30 cm, flower colors include rose red, golden yellow, orange, red, etc.; Beige helicopter (Whirlybird Cream), plant height 30 cm, beige flowers, dark green leaves. The foliage and flower ornamental species include Alaska, which is 30 to 40 cm tall, with yellow-white stripes on the leaves, and flower colors include orange, yellow, apricot yellow, rose red, pink, bright red and beige; Empress of India, which is 25 to 30 cm tall, with lavender to blue leaves, and compact vermilion flowers. Double flowers include Double Gleam, which is 20 cm tall, with orange, yellow, orange-red flowers; Double Dwarf Jewel, which is 30 cm tall, with golden, orange-red, light yellow, dark red and rose red flowers. Common ornamental species of the same genus include hooked nasturtium (T.aduncum), with yellow flowers, which bloom in summer. Sky blue nasturtium (T.azureum), with blue, green and white flowers, which bloom in October. Small nasturtium (T.minus), with yellow and red flowers, which bloom in summer. Five-leaf nasturtium (T.pentapHyllum), with purple flowers, which bloom in summer. T. polypHyllum.
[Biological characteristics]
T. polypHyllum is native to Peru, South America. It likes a warm, humid and sunny environment. The suitable temperature for the growth period of T. polypHyllum is 18-24℃, and the temperature in winter should not be lower than 10℃. When cultivated in the open field, it needs 4-10℃ from October to March of the following year, and 13-18℃ from March to June. When cultivated indoors, it needs 10-16℃ from September to March of the following year, and 18-24℃ from March to September. When the temperature is high in summer, flowering is reduced, and when the temperature is too low in winter, it is susceptible to frost damage, and even the whole plant dies. T. polypHyllum likes moisture and is afraid of waterlogging. During the growth period, the stems and leaves are lush and need sufficient water. Water should be sprayed on the leaves and the ground to maintain a high air humidity, which is conducive to the growth of stems and leaves. If watering is excessive and drainage is poor, the roots are prone to wet rot, and the leaves turn yellow and fall off in mild cases, and the whole plant wilts and dies in severe cases. Nasturtium is a light-loving plant. When cultivated indoors in winter, it blooms continuously under sufficient sunlight with attractive flower colors. However, when it blooms in summer, proper shading can extend the viewing period. At the same time, the flowers and leaves of nasturtium are highly phototropic. When cultivating or viewing, the position should be changed frequently to make it grow evenly. The soil should be loose, medium-fertile and well-drained sandy loam. The potting soil
should be half culture soil and half coarse sand.
[Propagation method]
Sowing, cutting and tissue culture are commonly used for propagation.
Sowing propagation: Sowing in March. The seeds are large, with 6 to 7 seeds per gram. They can be directly sown in a 4 cm diameter seedling tray,
covered with　 1.2 cm of soil, and the suitable temperature for germination is 16 to 18 ° C. It germinates 7 to 14 days after sowing. Indoor sowing and seedling raising can also be used from August to November.
The time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 8-9 weeks
Cutting propagation: Commonly used for double-flowered varieties, preferably from April to June. Cut the strong and plump tender stems with 2-3 nodes, insert them into the sand bed, shade and spray, and roots will grow in 15-20 days after insertion. After 30 days, they can be planted in 10 cm pots, with 3 plants in each pot. Tissue culture propagation: In the early 1980s, tender stems were used as explants to propagate nasturtium test tube seedlings. After routine disinfection, the tender stems were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminoadenine and 0.2 mg/L indoleacetic acid. After 30 days, the adventitious buds were cut off and transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indolebutyric acid and 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminoadenine.
After 30-35 days of cultivation, when the seedlings grow to 2 cm, they can be moved to 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L theacetic acid, and roots will grow in about 15-20 days.
【Cultivation and Management】
When the golden lotus has 3 to 4 true leaves, it should be planted in a 10 to 15 cm pot. A 15 to 25 cm pot is suitable for hanging pots. Plant 3 to 5 seedlings in each pot. Fertilize once every half month during the growing season, or use "Huiyou" 20-20-20 general fertilizer. As the branches and vines grow, you can shape them, tie them up, and combine them with pinching to promote more branches and more flowering. But be careful not to fertilize too much, otherwise the branches and vines will grow too long, which will affect flowering. If the stems and leaves are too lush, some can be removed appropriately to facilitate ventilation and flower bud formation.
【Disease and Pest Control】
Leaf spot disease, wilt disease and virus disease often occur. Spray with 500 times of 50% thiophanate wettable powder. Pests include cabbage loopers and white butterflies. Spray with 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon original medicine. When whiteflies and red spiders are harmful, spray with 1500 times of 40% omethoate emulsifiable concentrate.
[Postpartum treatment]
The leaves of the nasturtium are peculiar, the leaves are emerald green, the flowers are elegant, and the colors are gorgeous. Potted plants decorate balconies, windowsills and coffee tables, with green leaves and red flowers, which are very novel. They are placed in flower beds, flower troughs or flower boxes in pieces, which are durable and colorful. Measures for dwarfing nasturtiums The nasturtium, also known as dry nasturtium and dry lotus, is a herbaceous plant of the genus nasturtium in the family Nasturtium. It is native to South America and likes warm and humid environments. It avoids high temperatures and heat in summer and is not resistant to waterlogging. It is easy to cultivate. It can be cultivated as a perennial in the south, and in North China, it is mostly sown in autumn and potted indoors as a balcony flower in spring and summer. The leaves of the nasturtium are fat and the flowers are beautiful. The colors are yellow, orange, pink, orange-red, milky white, purple-red, etc. The flowering period is very long. Under suitable environmental conditions, it can bloom all year round. One flower can last for 8 to 9 days, and the whole plant can bloom dozens of flowers at the same time. It is fragrant and colorful. When it blooms, it is like a group of butterflies flying, which is very interesting. Nasturtium is mainly propagated by sowing, with 6 to 7 seeds per gram, and can be sown directly in a 4 cm diameter seedling tray. When the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, move them into medium-sized flower pots, place them in the open field in the sun, and carry out general watering management. After the "frost", move them indoors, place them in a sunny place, keep the temperature at 15℃ to 25℃, and apply 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution every 10 days. Watering should be moderate. If the pot soil is too dry, the leaves will turn yellow, and if it is too wet, it will easily rot. The stems of nasturtiums are vine-growing, and generally they must be tied up with brackets. If they are allowed to grow naturally, the stems will inevitably be too long, affecting the viewing. In order to control the unlimited growth of its stems, when it enters the initial flowering period, the stems have grown to about 30 cm, and 100 ppm of paclobutrazol solution is sprayed on the leaves to promote its dwarfing. The effect can be seen three days after spraying, the main vine becomes thicker, the top vine grows slowly, and the flowers on the side vines bloom one after another, which is quite beautiful.

34、非洲菊种植方法
1、一般养护：定植時根冠高於地面或齊於地面，有利於根部生長並可避免冠腐病之發生。每月應行一次除葉，控制植株為２０葉片以提高產量。十月至翌年五月為主要產期，每周採收２-３次切花。切花期，每個根冠（株）約能採收30-43支合乎品質之切，每2-3年更新一次為較經濟栽培法。
2、 溫度、光及水分之調節：切花產量、花莖長度、花芽分化及花序露出間隔期、生育均受溫度影響。以夜溫15-21，日溫21-25為生長適溫，多數品種對日照反應，短日照（八小時）比長日照（十六小時）較能促進花芽分化及側芽發育，故夏天高溫強光下應行30-40%遮蔭，可增加切花產量，增濃花色與葉色並促進葉色促進葉柄長度及直立性。
3、 土壤與肥料：非洲菊可適應各類土壤，但以疏鬆、排水良好並含豐富有機質之土壤為最佳，故整地時，於高床內拌入樹皮，肥或泥炭土。肥料用量每平方公尺使用奧妙肥（氮－磷－鉀：18-6-12之緩效性肥料）196-244克，並於每次灌水補充100-200氮及鉀肥或星期施二次350氮及鉀肥。非洲菊叶丛生，根为块状，从播种到开花时间很长，所以最好买已开花的成株，深圳一般10～15元一盆，等一季花开完后，可以取出根，用快刀切开根块一分为二。非洲菊不耐大肥，宜薄肥勤施，我一般用翠筠开花肥（三号）兑水浇，像现在每天早上浇一次水就行了。非洲菊喜阳但不耐强光，阳光强烈时宜放到荫蔽有散射光处。非洲菊分盆后一般都会叶片萎蔫，没有关系，记得放在荫蔽的地方不要让太阳直射，每天多喷几次水，最好用1号花肥兑水500倍连续喷一两周。分盆时尽可能不要伤到根，而且分株必须要带一部分根块，土不要埋太深，叶芽要露出土面，如果叶片太多可同时剥除一部分叶片，因为无论如何小心总是免不了伤根，根系受伤影响水份吸收，所以要少一些叶片蒸腾、多一些叶面喷水


35、一串红的种植方法
原 产 地：南美巴西
　　科 属：唇形科鼠尾草属
　　特 性：一年生草本。喜强光，喜温暖，能耐高温，但盛夏气温过高时生长发育转弱，30℃以上生长迟缓，植株和开花会有不良表现。10℃以下叶片泛黄、脱落，5℃以下便会受冻害。现今用于大规模商品生产的一串红，几乎全部用种子繁殖，较著名的品种有“莎莎”、“展望”、“帝王”、“皇后”、“小探戈”、“热线”和“火焰”等。其中“莎莎”、“展望”和“热线”等品种除红色外，还有紫、白、干红、玫红、绯红及复色等颜色。上述品种间虽各有高矮不同特性，但一般都在20－35cm之间。播种育苗：一串红种子每克在220－300粒之间。在长江中下游地区保护地条件下，一年四季均可播种。但由于用花条件的限制和“五一”、国庆等节日的用量较大，所以其播种时间以12月和6月为大量。一般10-11播种可以在3-4月份可以开花，12-6月份播种，可以在五一至十一开花。播种宜采用较疏松的人工介质，采用床播、箱播育苗，有条件的可采用穴盘育
苗。介质要求pH值为5.8－6.2，EC值0.5－0.75，经消毒处理，播种后保持介质温度24－26℃，5－10天出芽。播种到开花（ 或采收）所需的时间:9-10周
第一阶段：
　　播种后4－5天胚根展出。初期保持育苗介质的湿润非常重要，所以，播种后需覆盖一层薄薄的保湿介质，建议以粗片蛭石为好。不用施肥，温度保持在24－26℃。光照有利于一串红种子发芽，因此，在发芽时最好有1000 lux左右的光照度。
第二阶段：
　　仍保持介质的湿润，但要防止过湿。此阶段，主根可长至1－2cm，子叶展开，长出第一片真叶。可开始施肥，施肥浓度以50－75ppmN的20-10-20水溶性肥料为主。
第三阶段：
　　种苗已进入快速生长期。由于一串红对介质过高的盐离子浓度较敏感，可每隔5－10天时间交替施用100－150ppmN的20-10-20和14-0-14水溶性肥料。可适当控制水分，促进根系生长。介质和环境温度可适当降低至20－21℃。此阶段后期，植株根系可以长至3－5cm，苗高也有3－4cm，有2－3对真叶。
第四阶段：
　　本阶段根系已完好地形成，有3对真叶，温度和湿度要求同第三阶段。适当控制水分，施用50－100ppmN的14-0-14肥料，加强通风，防止徒长。
　　移植/上盆：用穴盘育苗的，应在长至2－3对真叶时移植上盆。在浙江地区，大部分都习惯用12－13cm口径的营养钵，一次上盆到位，不再进行换盆。如果是用开敞式育苗盘撒播育苗的，最好在1－2对真叶时，用72或128穴盘移苗一次，然后再移植上盆。
　　光照调节：一串红为阳性植物，生长、开花均要求阳光充足，光照充足还有利于防止植株徒长。但是在我省的7－9月，需要避免直射阳光，晴天要遮荫降温。
　　温度控制：上盆后温度可降至18℃，经过几周后可以降至15℃，开花前后可降低至12－14℃，这样的温度对形成良好的株形是最理想的，但在实际生产中可能难以达到此条件。所以，一般来讲，只要在5℃以上就不会受冻害，10℃－30℃间均可良好生长。夏季35℃以上的高温，除非是极短时间或偶尔有之，否则，大多数的品种都难以承受。
　　水肥管理：水分管理的关键是采用排水良好的介质，保持介质的湿润虽然重要，但每次浇水前适当的干燥也是必要的，当然不能使介质过干而导致植株枯萎。对于完全用人工介质栽培的，则施肥宜采用20-10-20和14-0-14肥料，以200－250ppmN的浓度7－10天交替施用一次。在冬季气温较低时，要减少20-10-20肥的使用量。如果是以普通土壤为介质的，则可以用复合肥在介质装盆前适量混合作基肥。当肥力不足时，再追施水溶性肥。
　　栽培管理：本来新的矮生品种均不必摘心的，但由于国内用户大多喜欢大盆大株形的，所以仍常常摘心一次或二次。第一次在3－4对真叶时；第二次新枝留1－2对真叶。如果第一次出花后未销售掉，还可以修剪一次，之后再栽培养护3周至5周，虽然质量上有所下降，但如果机会把握得好，仍可获得收益。
　　病 虫 害：一串红的病害主要有苗期猝倒病、灰霉病、霜霉病（用普力克800－1500倍，采用百菌清800－1000倍，甲霜灵1000－1500倍进行防治）、生长期叶斑病、灰霉病、疫病、根腐病；虫害主要有蚜虫、菜蛾、蓑蛾、潜叶蝇等。一串红灰霉病
　　症状：病菌通常侵染花部和茎部，产生水渍状、浅褐色斑和腐烂。病部长有灰霉层。叶片有时也受害。
　　病原物：Botrytis：cinerea：Pers.属真菌半知菌亚门，丝孢目，葡萄孢属，灰葡萄孢。
　　发病条件：连续阴雨，冬季温室内，一串红做越年栽培剪时，常从剪口处发病。
　　防治方法：可参考"仙客来灰霉病"。一串红花叶病
　　该病是一串红最严重的病害，全国各地均有分布。发病严重的植株，叶片小皱缩，花枝变短，花朵变小、退色，严重影响观赏和节日用花。
　　症状：主要表现为叶面为浅绿色或黄绿与深绿相间，形成斑驳状花叶，叶片表面高低不平，皱缩甚至呈蕨叶状，花朵小，花数少，植株矮小，呈退化状态。
　　病原：有黄瓜花叶病毒可以由蚜虫传播，而且其病毒的寄主范围很广，一串红生长季节正好是蚜虫繁殖旺期，蚜虫与病害的发生有直接的关系。
　　防治方法：要控制该病的发生和蔓延，灭蚜有一定的作用。同时应清除附近的其它寄主，以减少侵染源。
　　出圃质量：采用12cm的营养钵栽培。在露色时至盛花前出圃，冠幅一般应在20－25cm之间，株形整齐、饱满，开花一致。一串红不耐长途运输，高温季节装车后最好不要超过8小时，低温季节也不要超过16小时。

36、金鱼草的种植方法
【概况】

Snapdragon, also known as dragon head flower, is a plant of the genus Snapdragon in the family Scrophulariaceae. Snapdragon has a peculiar flower shape, rich and colorful flower colors, and a long flowering period. It is the most common herbaceous flower in the garden. It is widely used in potted plants, flower beds, window sills, planting troughs and indoor landscape arrangements internationally. In recent years, it has also been used for cut flower viewing. Therefore, the improvement of the varieties of Snapdragon has progressed rapidly, with the fastest development in the United States. So far, Snapdragon has dwarf species, semi-dwarf species, and tall stalk species, as well as super dwarf species with a plant height of 10 cm, and many tetraploid varieties. Recently, new varieties of double-petaled azalea and butterfly types have been selected and bred. Goldsmith Seed Company in the United States has made the most achievements in the breeding of Snapdragon.
[Morphological characteristics and varieties]
Snapdragon is a perennial herb, often cultivated as an annual or biennial flower. The plant height is 20 to 70 cm, and the leaves are oblong lanceolate. The inflorescence is in the form of a raceme, with a tube-shaped corolla and a sac-shaped base. The upper lip is upright and has two lobes, while the lower lip has three lobes, which are open and curved outwards. The colors are white, light red, dark red, flesh color, dark yellow, light yellow, yellow-orange, etc. Common varieties include the Floral Showers series, a tetraploid variety, with a plant height of 15 to 20 cm and good branching. Among them, the two-color variety is more attractive, and the apricot-yellow/white two-color variety is the latest variety. The Chimes series is a tetraploid variety, with a plant height of 15 to 20 cm and strong branching. Tahiti, with a plant height of 20 to 25 cm, is rich in colors. Among them, there are 5 two-color varieties, including the famous purple/white and rose-red/white two-color varieties. It is the earliest dwarf variety to bloom, blooming 10 days earlier. Sweetheart, with a plant height of 15 cm, is a dwarf hybrid of the first generation, with double flowers, azalea-shaped, and rich colors. Little Darling, 30 cm tall, strong branching, azalea type. Bells
, 20-25 cm tall, butterfly type, Red Bells is a new variety, very popular in the international flower market. In addition, new varieties include La Bella, 45-50 cm tall, strong branching, beautiful flower shape, bright colors. Black Prince, 40-45 cm tall, brown leaves, dark red flowers. Madame Butterfly, double-petal azalea type, flower colors include pink, dark red, golden yellow, yellow, rose red, etc.
[Biological characteristics]
Snapdragon is native to the Mediterranean area. It is relatively cold-resistant, not heat-resistant, likes sunlight, and can also tolerate semi-shade. The suitable temperature for growth is 7-10℃ from September to March of the following year, and 13-16℃ from March to September. The seedlings pass the vernalization stage under 5℃ conditions. High temperature is not good for the growth and development of snapdragons. The optimum temperature for flowering is 15-16℃. Some varieties have no branches when the temperature exceeds 15℃, which affects the plant shape. Snapdragons are sensitive to water. The potting soil must be kept moist and the potted seedlings must be fully watered. However, the potting soil must have good drainage and no water accumulation, otherwise the roots will rot and the stems and leaves will wither and turn yellow. Snapdragons are light-loving herbs. Under sufficient sunlight, the plants are short, compact, grow neatly, have uniform height, bloom neatly, and have bright colors. Under semi-shady conditions, the plants grow taller, the inflorescence is elongated, and the flower color is lighter. They are not sensitive to the length of light. For example, the Huayu series snapdragons are almost insensitive to the length of sunshine. The soil should be fertile, loose, and well-drained slightly acidic sandy loam.
[Propagation method]
It is mainly propagated by sowing and tissue culture. Sowing propagation: In areas south of the Yangtze River, autumn sowing is possible, preferably from September to October. The sowing soil is a mixture of peat soil or leaf humus, culture soil and fine sand. After high-temperature sterilization, it is placed in a sowing tray. There are 6300 to 7000 seeds per gram of snapdragon. After sowing, they are not covered. Just press the seeds lightly. The suitable temperature for germination is 21°C. After watering, cover with plastic film and place in a semi-shaded place. It will germinate in about 7 days. Avoid exposure to sunlight. The growth temperature of seedlings after germination is 10°C, and they can be transplanted 6 weeks after emergence.
Tissue culture propagation: In 1984, Pfister of the United States used young stems as explants. The sterilized explants were cut into 5 mm sections and inoculated into MS medium with 6-benzylaminopurine 1 mg/1 liter and indoleacetic acid 0.2 mg/L to cultivate clustered buds. After cutting the clustered buds for 1 to 2 subcultures, they were transferred to 1/2MS medium with KT0.2 mg/L and indoleacetic acid 2 mg/L. Only then can complete snapdragon plants be obtained.
[Cultivation and management]

10 cm pots are often used for potted snapdragons. Seedlings can be transplanted to pots 6 weeks after germination. Keep the temperature at 16°C during the growing period, and keep the potting soil moist and sunny. Some dwarf varieties can bloom 60-70 days after sowing. Pinch the tops of tall and medium-stalked varieties to promote more branches and more flowering. So far, growth regulators are often used to dwarf plants and adjust the flowering period. Spraying 0.05%-0.1% Biju 10 days after pinching has a significant dwarfing effect. Spraying 0.25%-0.4% Biju during the seedling stage can promote early flowering and close flowers. Spraying 0.4%-0.8% Biju 2-4 times can delay flowering. Fertilize once every half month during the growing period, or use "Huiyou" 15-15-30 potted flower special fertilizer. Top the top in time after flowering, and add fertilizer. The temperature is between 13-16°C, and it can continue to bloom. Snapdragons are prone to natural hybridization. In order to achieve pure varieties, the mother plants for seed collection need to be isolated. Of course, it is difficult to obtain seeds from many double-petaled and hybrid first-generation snapdragons.
[Disease and Pest Control]
If damping-off occurs in the seedling stage, 65% mancozeb wettable powder can be sprayed at 600 times dilution. Leaf blight and anthracnose damage during the growth period, 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be sprayed at 800 times dilution. Pests include aphids and noctuids, which can be killed by spraying with 40% omethoate emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution.
[Postpartum treatment]
Dwarf and super-dwarf varieties of snapdragons are used for potted flower cultivation, embellishing windowsills, balconies and gates, especially double-petaled and azalea-shaped varieties, which are very enjoyable. They are placed in urban squares in groups to form scenic spots with significant decorative effects. Medium-stalk and tall-stalk varieties are arranged in flower beds and next to buildings, and their landscape effects are very attractive. Of course, it is also a good material for cut flowers. It can be used to make flower baskets or vases to create an atmosphere of joy and happiness.


37. Pansy planting method
Pansy, also known as butterfly flower, is a perennial herb of the Viola family and the genus Viola. It is often cultivated as a biennial and is known as the queen of flower beds. Pansies like cool climates and can be sown in autumn and used in spring flower beds. They can also be sown in summer and bloom in late autumn. The suitable temperature for pansy germination is 18-21°C. It germinates in 7-10 days under light-proof conditions. The suitable temperature for growth is 10-13°C. It blooms 14-15 weeks after sowing. If the temperature is too high during sowing, it will seriously affect the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings, resulting in a low seedling rate. The traditional sowing period of pansies is from late August to early September. In areas where the winter is not very cold, such as Wenzhou, it can be tried to be put on the market in early autumn for green space application. Therefore, it needs to be sown from July to early August. In order to increase the germination rate of seeds, high mountain sowing or germinated seeds are generally used. Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 10-11 weeks in autumn/11-13 weeks in spring. Pansies need sufficient sunlight to grow in autumn and winter, and the optimal temperature for growth is 7 to 15℃. Watering must be done when the soil is slightly dry, especially in seasons with low temperatures and weak light. When the pansy plant blooms, sufficient water should be guaranteed to make the flowers larger and the number of flowers increase. Nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly used for fertilization in the early growth period of pansies, and phosphorus fertilizer should be added near the flowering period. Pansies have gorgeous colors and low plant shapes. Traditionally, they are mostly used in flower beds, flower mirrors, and as edging plants or "substrate" cultivation of spring bulbs. In recent years, with the continuous increase in cultivated varieties, the application of pansies has become more and more extensive. Now they are more used in large green spaces to arrange color blocks, especially the eye-catching golden yellow and dark blue as well as burgundy, white and other single-color systems. Large-flowered and spotted varieties are often used as potted flowers or combined cultivation, and small-flowered varieties can be used as edging materials for hanging cultivation or flower pots. After sowing, pansy needs to be covered with soil, or vermiculite can be used to cover the seeds. The soil temperature should be 18-24℃, and the medium should be kept moist.
No , and the seedlings can usually emerge in 7-14 days. The soil temperature during the growth stage of pansy seedlings is 15-24℃. The lower the temperature, the slower the plant grows and the stronger the plant is. Let the soil dry thoroughly before watering, but avoid permanent wilting of the plant, which is conducive to the growth of pansy roots. The soil pH value should be maintained at 5.5-5.8, and some nitrogen fertilizer or potassium nitrate fertilizer should be applied alternately. When the plant grows to 3-4 true leaves, appropriate hardening can be carried out to make the plant strong. At this time, the root system can reach about 5 cm, and the temperature should be lowered to prevent steep growth and controlled at 18℃; the light can be appropriately increased, and dwarfing should not be used during the seedling stage. When the root system has formed a root ball, the plug seedlings can be directly potted (the pot diameter is 10 cm, and the culture soil with good drainage is selected). This is especially important for plants growing in cool, weak light autumn and winter, otherwise it is not easy to dry and seriously affects growth. The soil pH should be between 5.8 and 6.2. If it is greater than 6.5, the roots will turn black and the basal leaves will turn yellow. Watering should be done when the soil is dry. Be careful when the temperature is low and the light is weak. Too much water affects growth and is prone to produce leggy branches. When the temperature is high, prevent lack of water and dryness. When the plant blooms, it is necessary to maintain sufficient water for the increase of flowers and the increase of flowers. On the other hand, fertilizer water should be used once every 2 to 3 waterings during the growth period, with a concentration of 100 to 150 micrograms, mainly calcium-containing compound fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used in the early stage, and phosphorus fertilizer can be added near the flowering period.
Common problems and solutions in pansy seedling cultivation: 1. Uneven emergence. Solution: When germinating, pansy seeds should be kept moist, and a layer of rough vermiculite can be covered on the seeds. The substrate should not be too wet, otherwise it will cause root hypoxia.
2. The terminal bud dies. Solution: Boron deficiency causes the terminal bud to die, the upper leaves stop growing, the leaves shrink and thicken, the internodes shorten, and a large number of lateral branches form. Boron deficiency is easy to occur under high temperature and high humidity conditions. Sufficient boron can be obtained by keeping the pH value below 6.0.
3. The seedlings grow too long. Solution: When the ammonia ion concentration is greater than 5 micrograms, the seedlings will grow too long. Long-term excessive moisture in the substrate will cause leggy seedlings. Lowering the night temperature to 18°C ​​can prevent the seedlings from growing too long.
4. Abnormal leaves. Solution: Yellowing of the base leaves and the death of branches and leaves mean that the plant is infected with soft rot, which is most likely to occur under high temperature conditions. Poor leaf development and shrinkage indicate calcium deficiency. Calcium nitrate or calcium sulfate can be applied before transplanting. When the temperature exceeds 32°C, the application of 5000 micrograms of B9 may cause leaf deformity and leatheriness. Boron deficiency can cause the death of leaf buds, the upper leaves stop growing, the leaves shrink and thicken, the internodes shorten, and a large number of lateral branches form. 38.

Golden chrysanthemum planting method
cultivation points:

Seeds are sown directly in sterilized turquoise culture soil with good drainage and good air permeability, 2-3 seeds per hole. To promote germination, use Shida B-1 diluted 500 times and water for about 2-5 days. The distance between plants is 15-25 cm. It likes sunshine and sufficient water. Apply ancient grass fertilizer once for 1-2 times.
Characteristics and uses:
The leaves have apple fragrance, the flowers are white, and they bloom in summer. The flowers can help digestion. After the flowers are dried, about 2-3 teaspoons are taken and brewed into scented tea for drinking. It can cure indigestion, nightmares and insomnia, and the used tea bags can eliminate dark circles; the decoction of the flowers has the effect of protecting hair. It is a plant doctor in the garden and can restore nearby sick plants.

Notes on seed germination:
1. Soil: Sandy loam without fertilizer or special culture soil for sowing emerald.
2. Water: Keep it moist, insufficient or excessive water is harmful.
3. Temperature: 15-22 degrees is best.
Store seeds in a cool and dry place before sowing.


39. How to plant cosmos
Origin: Mexico
Family: Asteraceae Marigold
　　Characteristics: One or two-year herb. Warm-season plant, likes strong light, warmth, and can withstand high temperatures, but when planted in midsummer when the temperature is high and the daylight is long, it is advisable to use growth regulators to control the height of the plant. The stem is smooth and sturdy, green, or with brown halos. The leaves are opposite, pinnately divided, the lobes are lanceolate, and have obvious oil gland points. The head inflorescence is terminal, with a long peduncle, hollow; the plant height is 20-30 cm, the flower diameter is 5-7 cm, and the involucre is bell-shaped. The ligulate flowers have long claws and the edges are often wrinkled. It is resistant to poor soil and transplanting, and has few diseases and insect pests, but it is suitable for fertile, deep, humus-rich, neutral alkaline, and well-drained sandy loam.
　　The varieties of cosmos used for large-scale commercial production today include double-petaled "Jenny", "Little Hero", "Hero", "Panting", "Hongyun", "Shafa Rui", "Kinmen" and single-petaled "Disco". The cosmos varieties are rich in color, the most common ones are gold, orange and yellow, as well as red and yellow complex colors and various transitional colors. Under short-day conditions, depending on the variety, it takes about 40-70 days from sowing to flowering. Among them, "Shafa Rui" and "Little Hero" bloom the earliest; the one with the largest flower diameter is "Kinmen".
　　Sowing and seedling raising: The number of grains per gram of cosmos seeds is between 290 and 350. Under the conditions of protected land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, it can be sown all year round. However, due to the limitations of flower use conditions, the largest amount of flowers are used during the two holidays of "May Day" and "National Day". Since the sowing of cosmos requires the temperature to be higher than 15℃ (or there are heating and insulation conditions), the sowing period in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is generally from November to August. In the south with a warm climate, sowing can be done all year round; in the north, spring sowing is popular. If you are raising seedlings in early spring, you should pay attention to ensuring a certain growth temperature and try to avoid growth stagnation. It is advisable to use a looser artificial medium for sowing, bed sowing, box sowing, and plug tray seedlings if conditions permit. The medium requires a pH value of 6.0-6.2 (slightly higher than other varieties), an EC value of <0.75, and after disinfection, it is slightly covered with vermiculite after sowing. The suitable temperature for cosmos to germinate is 22-24℃, and the germination time is 5-8 days.
　　The first stage:
　　2-5 days after sowing, the radicle is exposed. The cosmos seeds do not need light to germinate. Usually, a thin layer of medium is covered after sowing. It is recommended to use coarse flakes of vermiculite, which can both shade and keep the medium moist in the early stage of seedling cultivation. Keep the medium moist, but avoid being too wet, and keep the temperature at 22-26℃.
　　The second stage:
　　It takes about 7 days from the emergence of the radicle to the full expansion of the cotyledons. Once the radicle is exposed, reduce the humidity and water again after the medium is slightly dry to facilitate better germination and root growth. Provide 4500-7000Lux of light, and keep the medium pH at 6.0-6.2, EC value <0.75, and medium temperature at 20-21℃. If the medium used does not contain a nutrient starter, 50ppm of 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer can be applied when the cotyledons are fully expanded .
　　The third stage:
　　the rapid growth period of seedlings. The seedlings of cosmos should prevent excessive humidity, so the medium should be allowed to dry thoroughly between waterings. Of course, the medium should not be too dry to cause the seedlings to wilt. Keep the medium pH at 6.0-6.2, EC value <1.0, and the medium and environmental temperature can be appropriately reduced to 18℃. Apply 100-150ppm of 20-10-20 and 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer alternately every 5-10 days. If the medium temperature is below 18℃, avoid applying ammonium nitrate. In the late stage of this stage, the plant roots can grow to 3-5 cm, the seedling height is also 3-4 cm, and there are 2-3 pairs of true leaves.
　　The fourth stage:
　　seedling hardening stage. At this stage, the root system has been well formed, there are 3 pairs of true leaves, the temperature can be reduced to 15℃, but it is best not to be lower than 15℃. If necessary, 100-150ppm of 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer can be applied at this stage, but ammonium nitrate should be avoided. As in the second stage, let the medium dry thoroughly between waterings and strengthen ventilation to prevent excessive growth.
　　The main problems in seedling cultivation: 1. The pH value of the medium is too low. The main symptoms are necrotic spots and burnt edges on old leaves, and necrotic growth points. A pH value lower than 6.0 will also cause deficiencies in certain trace elements such as magnesium, iron, sodium and zinc. The main solution is to keep the pH value of the medium between 6.0-6.7 (you can add 1 pound of lime to 100 gallons of water to adjust it); choose a less sensitive variety of cosmos. 2. Low-temperature seedling cultivation in early spring, if the humidity is too high, is prone to blight. It starts with waterlogging at the base of the stem, followed by necrosis and lodging. Therefore, pay attention to raising the temperature and controlling the humidity as much as possible in early spring seedling cultivation to prevent the occurrence of diseases. 3. Pay attention to nutrition in the seedling stage. If the seedling stage lacks fertilizer and the plant is thin and weak, it will form small old seedlings - that is, the plant blooms in the seedling stage due to lack of fertilizer. Such seedlings often cannot be sold because they cannot form a good plant shape, resulting in losses.
　　Transplantation/potting: Seedlings grown in plug trays should be transplanted and potted when they grow to 2-3 pairs of true leaves. In Zhejiang area, most people are accustomed to using 12 cm diameter nutrient pots, potting in place once, and no longer repotting. If the seedlings are sown in an open seedling tray, they should be sown sparsely, and when there are 2-3 pairs of true leaves, the seedlings should be directly transplanted to the pot.
　　Light regulation: Marigold is a positive plant, and both growth and flowering require sufficient sunlight. Sufficient light is also beneficial to prevent the plant from growing too tall. However, in July-September in our province, direct sunlight needs to be avoided, and shade should be provided to cool down around noon.
　　Temperature control: After potting, the temperature can be reduced from 22℃ to 18℃, and after a few weeks it can be reduced to 15℃, and can be as low as 12-14℃ before and after flowering. Such a temperature is ideal for forming a good plant shape, but it may be difficult to achieve this condition in actual production. Therefore, generally speaking, as long as it is above 5℃, it will not be frozen, and it can grow well between 10℃-30℃.
　　Water and fertilizer management: The key to water management is to use a well-drained medium. Although it is important to keep the medium moist, it is necessary to dry it properly before each watering. Of course, the medium should not be too dry to cause the plant to wilt. For cultivation completely with artificial media, it is advisable to use 20-10-20 and 14-0-14 fertilizers, and apply them alternately every 7-10 days at a concentration of 200-250ppm. When the temperature is low in winter, reduce the use of 20-10-20 fertilizer. If the medium is ordinary soil, you can use compound fertilizer to mix it in an appropriate amount as base fertilizer before potting the medium. If the fertility is insufficient, apply water-soluble fertilizer.
　　Pest and disease control: There are fewer pests and diseases of cosmos, but in greenhouse production, moth larvae during the early growth will eat new leaves, which requires regular inspections. Once found, spray pesticides for prevention and control. Quality of outplanting: Use 12 cm nutrient pots for cultivation. Outplanting should be carried out from the time of color to before full bloom. The crown width should generally be between 20 and 25 cm, with neat and full plant shape and uniform flowering.

40. Geranium planting method
Geranium comes from southern Africa and has been settled here for more than a hundred years. Geranium flowers are clustered and plump, and can adapt to all parts of the north and south. In hot seasons, place them outdoors in a sparse shade environment; in cold seasons, watch them in a bright room. They can bloom on time during "May Day", "National Day", New Year's Day, and Spring Festival, and the flowering period is very long. Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, and whether light is needed, etc.): 21-24℃
　　Number of days required for germination: 5-10 days
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 15-18℃
　　Growth light requirement and other growth conditions: partial shade or partial light
Geranium, also known as foreign hydrangea and wax red, is an evergreen subshrub of the genus Geranium in the family Geranium. Young plants are herbaceous and juicy; old plants are semi-lignified and hollow in the pith. The whole plant has a unique smell. Single leaves are alternate, round, kidney-shaped or fan-shaped, with palm-shaped shallow lobes. Umbels grow at the top of young branches, with long peduncles and fine hairs. The involucre contains several to dozens of small flowers, which are white, pink, pink, flesh red, scarlet, lavender and two-color. There are single-petal and double-petal varieties, as well as colorful leaf varieties, with yellow, white, purple and other patterns on the leaves.
There are many types of geraniums, the most common ones are horseshoe-patterned geraniums (hydrangeas, which often have a circle of purple-brown halo in the middle of the leaves), creeping geraniums (climbing hydrangeas), large-flowered geraniums (foreign butterfly, hybrid seasonal flower varieties), scented geraniums (fragrant leaves, stems and leaves containing geraniol and vanillin), aromatic geraniums (musk geraniums, small white flowers, containing aromatic oils, and the leaves emit fragrance when touched by hand), chrysanthemum-leaf geraniums (stems have long hairs, leaves are nearly triangular, and are deeply pinnately lobed twice, and the flowering period is summer). Most of the flowers of the genus Geranium are native to the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and they like mild climates and fresh environments. They are afraid of severe cold and wind drying in winter and hot and humid summers. The suitable growth temperature is 15-20℃. The temperature should not be lower than 5℃ in winter, and the plant is dormant or semi-dormant in summer above 25℃. In high temperature seasons (above 25℃), it needs to be maintained in a sparse shade environment, and in low temperature seasons (below 20℃), it needs sufficient light. It requires a loose, fertile, and permeable neutral sandy culture soil containing humus. The potting soil should be moist and slightly dry, and should not be wet for a long time or rainy. Geraniums are usually propagated by cuttings, and cuttings in spring and autumn are easy to survive. In early March, combined with pruning, indoor potted cuttings have a high survival rate, and they can grow vigorously and bloom in the autumn of the same year. Cuttings in autumn will bloom the following spring. After May, the high temperature is accompanied by high humidity, and the survival rate of cuttings is low, and they are often easy to rot. Both new and old branches can survive, but it is better to cut one-year-old strong branches from the branching point at the base, so the wound is small, the wound heals quickly, and it is easy to survive. The cuttings are 7 to 8 cm long, with 1 to 2 leaflets on the top. The base nodes are flattened with a sharp knife and inserted into clean fine sand to a depth of 3 cm. Water thoroughly after 4 hours after insertion, and keep the pot soil moist in the future. It should not be too dry or too wet. Put it in a warm and bright place indoors in early spring. The room temperature is about 20℃, and it will take about 1 month to root. Then transplant it, use ordinary culture soil to grow seedlings in small pots, wait for the seedlings to grow strong and white roots emerge from the holes at the bottom of the pot, use some broken hoof pieces under the fertilized culture soil as basal fertilizer, and move it to the chrysanthemum bucket pot for planting.
Geranium grows fast and needs to be repotted, soiled and fertilized once a year, usually in early spring from February to early March. First, prune strongly, leaving only 3 side buds at the base of each branch, then remove the pot, remove the old roots around, replace with new fertilized culture soil and apply basal fertilizer. After new branches emerge in early April, apply thin organic liquid fertilizer once a week, and move it outdoors in late April to bloom one after another. Move to the scattered light inside the balcony in early June. Move the courtyard maintenance to the shade of trees, the east side of the house or under the shade shed. Pay attention to watering when the surface of the soil in the small pot turns white and the soil in the large pot is damp 1 cm below the surface. In July and August, spray water frequently to cool down the high temperature, keep the surrounding environment moist, and do not accumulate water in the pot. Bring it indoors before the arrival of early frost in mid-October. The room temperature in winter should not be lower than 12℃, with sufficient light, fresh air, and continuous flowering. Professionally cultivated for a large number of flowers for the "May Day" holiday, it can be heavily pruned in late autumn and placed in a low-temperature greenhouse (below 10℃), maintaining sufficient light, controlling water and moisture, and moderate ventilation and maintenance. In spring, as the temperature rises naturally, the plant grows and develops healthily, and it can bloom in time.


40. Geranium planting method
Geranium comes from southern Africa and has settled here more than a hundred years ago. Geranium flowers are clustered and plump, and can adapt to all parts of the north and south. In hot seasons, place it in a sparse shade environment outdoors; in cold seasons, watch it in a bright room. It can bloom on May Day, National Day, New Year's Day and Spring Festival, and the flowering period is very long.
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering and light requirement, etc.): 21-24℃
　　Number of days required for germination: 5-10 days
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 15-18℃
　　Light requirement and other growth conditions for growth: partial shade or partial light
Geranium, also known as foreign hydrangea and red in winter, is an evergreen subshrub of the genus Geranium in the family Geranium. Young plants are herbaceous and juicy; old plants are semi-lignified and hollow in the pith. The whole plant has a unique smell. Single leaves are alternate, round, kidney-shaped or fan-shaped, with palm-shaped shallow lobes. Umbels grow at the top of young branches, with long peduncles and fine hairs. The involucre contains several to dozens of small flowers, which are white, pink, pink, flesh red, scarlet, lavender and two-color. There are single-petal and double-petal varieties, as well as colorful leaf varieties, with yellow, white, purple and other patterns on the leaves. There are many types of geraniums, the most common ones are horseshoe-patterned geraniums (hydrangeas, which often have a circle of purple-brown halo in the middle of the leaves), creeping geraniums (climbing hydrangeas), large-flowered geraniums (foreign butterfly, hybrid seasonal flower varieties), scented geraniums (fragrant leaves, stems and leaves containing geraniol and vanillin), aromatic geraniums (musk geraniums, small white flowers, containing aromatic oils, and the leaves emit fragrance when touched by hand), chrysanthemum-leaf geraniums (stems have long hairs, leaves are nearly triangular, and are deeply pinnately lobed twice, and the flowering period is summer). Most of the flowers of the genus Geranium are native to the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and they like mild climates and fresh environments. They are afraid of severe cold and wind drying in winter and hot and humid summers. The suitable growth temperature is 15-20℃. The temperature should not be lower than 5℃ in winter, and the plant is dormant or semi-dormant in summer above 25℃. In high temperature seasons (above 25℃), it needs to be maintained in a sparse shade environment, and in low temperature seasons (below 20℃), it needs sufficient light. It requires
a loose, fertile, and permeable neutral sandy culture soil containing humus. The potting soil should be moist and slightly dry, and should not be wet for a long time or rainy. Geraniums are usually propagated by cuttings, and cuttings in spring and autumn are easy to survive. In early March, combined with pruning, indoor potted cuttings have a high survival rate, and they can grow vigorously and bloom in the autumn of the same year. Cuttings in autumn will bloom the following spring. After May, the high temperature is accompanied by high humidity, and the survival rate of cuttings is low, and they are often easy to rot. Both new and old branches can survive, but it is better to cut one-year-old strong branches from the branching point at the base, so the wound is small, the wound heals quickly, and it is easy to survive. The cuttings are 7 to 8 cm long, with 1 to 2 leaflets on the top. The base nodes are flattened with a sharp knife and inserted into clean fine sand to a depth of 3 cm. Water thoroughly after 4 hours after insertion, and keep the pot soil moist in the future. It should not be too dry or too wet. Put it in a warm and bright place indoors in early spring. The room temperature is about 20℃, and it will take root in about 1 month. Then transplant it, use ordinary culture soil to grow seedlings in small pots, wait for the seedlings to grow strong and white roots emerge from the holes at the bottom of the pot, use some broken hoof pieces under the fertilized culture soil as basal fertilizer, and move it to the chrysanthemum bucket pot for planting.
Geranium grows fast and needs to be repotted, soiled and fertilized once a year, usually in early spring from February to early March. First, prune strongly, leaving only 3 side buds at the base of each branch, then remove the pot, remove the old roots around, replace with new fertilized culture soil and apply basal fertilizer. After new branches emerge in early April, apply thin organic liquid fertilizer once a week, and move it outdoors in late April to bloom one after another. Move to the diffuse light inside the balcony in early June. For courtyard maintenance, move to the shade of trees, the east side of the house or under the shade shed. Note that the soil surface of small pots turns white, and watering is done when the soil surface of large pots is damp 1 cm below the surface. In July and August, spray water frequently to cool down the high temperature, keep the surrounding environment moist, and do not allow water to accumulate in the pot. Bring it indoors before the arrival of early frost in mid-October. The room temperature should not be lower than 12℃ in winter. There should be sufficient light and fresh air for continuous flowering. Professionally cultivated for large-scale use of flowers during the "May Day" holiday, it can be heavily pruned in late autumn and placed in a low-temperature greenhouse (below 10℃), with sufficient light, water control and moisture retention, and moderate ventilation for maintenance. In spring, as the temperature rises naturally, the plant grows and develops healthily, and can bloom in time for the festival.

41. Verbena Planting Method
[Overview] Verbena, also known as grass five-color plum, is a plant of the genus Verbena in the family Verbenaceae. Verbena is a dwarf plant with creeping stems and leaves, rich flower colors, profuse flowering, and a long flowering period. It is an ideal potted plant and flower bed plant. Since the introduction of the stone silkworm Verbena (V. teucrioides) in Europe in the mid-18th century, interspecific hybridization has been used to select and breed the Verbena that exists today. From the initial small flowers and lavender, many cultivars of Verbena with large flowers and rich colors have been cultivated. At present, it is widely used for potted ornamental, hanging pot decoration and flower bed arrangement in Europe, the United States and Japan. Due to its easy reproduction, simple cultivation and remarkable landscape effect, it has developed rapidly in Europe and the United States in recent years, and new varieties have been continuously launched. Among them, ProvenWinners in the United States is the most famous for breeding Verbena varieties, and has continuously launched large-flowered, disease-resistant and cold-resistant varieties. Its seeds and potted flowers are exported in large quantities all over the world. In addition, the American Ball Company and the Dutch Novartis Company are also producers of Verbena. So far, the production of Verbena is basically large-scale and industrialized. Verbena was cultivated relatively late. Before the 1980s, only parks and botanical gardens in coastal cities introduced species from Europe and the United States for landscape decoration in the gardens, and no commercial production was put into operation. After the 1980s, commercial varieties were introduced in large quantities from the United States and Japan, and began to grow in batches. So far, Verbena potted flowers have been widely used in landscape layout, festival display and home interior decoration.
[Morphological characteristics and varieties] Verbena is a perennial herb, often cultivated as an annual. The stem has four ridges, the branches spread horizontally, the base is creeping, and the whole plant is covered with gray soft hairs. The leaves are opposite, oblong, and have obvious serrations on the edges. The spike inflorescence is terminal, and most of the small flowers are densely arranged in an umbel shape. The corolla is tubular, and the flower colors are blue, purple, pink, scarlet, white, rose red, etc. There is an obvious white or light-colored round "eye" in the center of the corolla. Common varieties include the upright Novalis series, with a plant height of 20 to 25 cm, early flowering, dense flower branches, large white "eyes", long flowering period, and heat resistance. Among them, the blue flower with white eyes is the most famous. The horizontal type includes the Quartz series, with strong stems and leaves, high seedling rate, and disease-resistant varieties. The flower colors include white, rose red, scarlet, and dark red. The Romance series is 20 to 25 cm tall, an early flowering variety, dwarf, and the flower colors include white, dark rose red, bright red, purple red, and pink, with white eyes. The Temari series is a large flower variety with wide leaves, good branching, compact flowers, disease resistance, and tolerance to low temperatures of -10℃. The Obsession Formula series is the earliest flowering variety among the Verbena, with strong base branching, disease resistance, long flowering period, and 7 flower colors. The Tapien series are all disease-resistant and cold-resistant varieties. Among them, the purple Tapien (Tapien Lavender) has purple-red flowers and can withstand low temperatures of -10℃; the powder blue Tapien (Tapien Powder Blue) has light blue flowers and is a disease-resistant and cold-resistant variety. There are also varieties such as Dwarf Jewels, Blue Lagoon, Blaze and Showtime. The ornamental species of the same genus include the deep-split Verbena (V. tenuisecta), among which the Sterling Star with pale purple flowers and the Imagination with blue and purple flowers are both highly ornamental. There are also upright Verbena (V. rigida), fine-leaved Verbena (V. tenera) and Canadian Verbena (V. canadensis).
[Biological characteristics] Verbena is native to Brazil, Peru and Uruguay. It likes warm, humid and sunny environments. Verbena is a relatively cold-resistant herb with strong adaptability. The growth temperature is 5-25℃, and the optimum temperature is 16℃. The winter temperature can withstand -5℃, and the Netherlands and the United States have developed varieties of Verbena that can withstand -10℃. High temperatures in summer are not good for the growth of Verbena. When the temperature exceeds 30℃, the growth of the plant stagnates. However, the Netherlands has recently introduced heat-resistant varieties, which allow Verbena to bloom continuously in summer. Verbena is sensitive to water during its growth, and is afraid of drought and waterlogging. The pot soil must be kept moist during the seedling stage, which is conducive to
the growth of seedlings. After the seedlings are established, drought resistance is enhanced. If the temperature is high and the water consumption is large, it is necessary to ensure sufficient water. If there are more rainy days, the branches and vines will grow thin and thin, and the flowering will decrease. In severe cases, the stems and leaves will gradually wilt, and even die. Light is very important for the growth and development of Verbena. Verbena needs sufficient sunlight from seedling growth to flowering, and the stems and leaves grow strong, the branches are dense, the flowers bloom continuously, and the flowers are bright. If it is in a semi-shaded state for a long time or the light is insufficient, the stems and leaves are easy to grow, the flowering will decrease, the flowers will become smaller, and the flowers will not be bright. The soil is a mixed matrix composed of fertile, loose and well-drained culture soil, peat soil and coarse sand, with a pH of 6.0-6.5.
[Propagation method] Sowing and cutting propagation are commonly used. Sowing propagation: It can be carried out in spring and autumn. In spring, indoor pot sowing is mainly used, with 350-390 seeds per gram, and the suitable temperature for germination is 20-22℃. There is no need to cover after sowing. Sprinkle a shallow layer of vermiculite, which is both moisturizing and light-transmitting, which helps the seeds to germinate. They will germinate 14-20 days after sowing, and the seedlings can be transplanted after 30 days, keeping the room temperature at 10℃. Cutting propagation: May to July is appropriate. Cut slightly mature branches, 8-10 cm long, and insert them into the sand bed. The room temperature is 15-18℃, with a little shade. It can take root 14-21 days after insertion, and can be transplanted to the pot 30 days later.
The stem nodes of Verbena are creeping, and the stem nodes are easily wet and rooted. Layering is used for propagation, which has a good effect and a high survival rate.
【Cultivation and Management】When the seedlings are 7-8 cm high, they are planted in 12-15 cm pots, and 3 plants can be planted in each pot. For hanging pot cultivation, use a 25 cm pot and 5 seedlings. For excellent varieties with strong branching, it is not necessary to pinch the top. For varieties with poor branching, pinch the top once when the seedlings are 10-12 cm high to promote branching. Fertilize once every half month during the growth period or use "Huiyou" 20-20-20 general fertilizer. If the flower branches are too long during
the growth process, they can be properly pruned to control the plant shape and promote more branches and more flowers.
【Disease and Pest Control】Mainly caused by powdery mildew and downy mildew, 70% methyl thiophanate wettable powder can be sprayed at 1000 times dilution. Pests include aphids and whiteflies, which can be sprayed with 2.5% derris emulsion at 1000 times dilution.
【Postpartum treatment】Beautiful cherry blossoms have a long blooming period and rich colors. They are suitable for potted and hanging pot cultivation, and can be used to decorate window sills, balconies and corridors. They are bright, elegant and interesting. If they are placed in groups at the entrance of the park, in the square flower beds, in the planting troughs beside the street, and on the edge of the lawn, they are fresh and pleasing to the eye, full of natural and harmonious atmosphere. During the transportation process as a commodity potted flower, they are easily poisoned by ethylene, and the buds, flowers and petals fall off. They can be sprayed once with 0.3-0.4 mmol/L of silver thiosulfate 14-21 days before listing, which has the best effect.


42. Planting method of dianthus
Origin: China
Family: Caryophyllaceae Dianthus
　　Characteristics: Perennial herb often cultivated as a biennial, strong cold resistance, like fertilizer and sunlight, grows best in fertile sandy loam, grows weakly in high temperature and high humidity, and has varieties that bloom all year round, but the problem of oversummering is more difficult to solve. The dianthus currently used for large-scale production is almost all propagated by sowing, but it can also be propagated by division and cuttings.　　

Seeding and seedling raising:
The weight of dianthus seeds is generally around 800-1200 per gram. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, protected cultivation is generally adopted. Although it can overwinter in the open field, its growth cannot meet the requirements of flower beds. The general sowing time is selected from September to November, which can be used for the flower beds during the Spring Festival and May Day. It is advisable to use a relatively loose artificial medium for sowing. Bed sowing, box sowing or plug tray seedling raising can be used. The medium requires a pH value of 3.8-6.2 and an EC value of 0.5-0.75. After disinfection, the medium temperature is maintained at 18-24℃ after sowing. Under normal environmental conditions for bed sowing, it must be shaded and shaded, and the seedlings will emerge in 6-7 days.
　　The first stage:
　　The radicle will be developed in 5-7 days. After sowing, the seed medium must always be kept moderately moist. It needs to be covered with coarse vermiculite or ridge husk ash to ensure that the seeds are fully moist and have sufficient oxygen around them. The coverage should be to the extent that the seeds are not visible. When sowing in a protected environment, a double-layer shade net must be added to ensure that the soil is moist on the one hand, and on the other hand, after the seeds germinate, they are directly exposed to light, which can easily cause poor root growth. No fertilization is required at this stage. If it is necessary to supply for the "Spring Festival", the sowing time is generally advanced to September. At this time, there will be short-term high temperature weather. It is necessary to take timely cooling measures, otherwise it will seriously affect the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings. Generally, it is necessary to avoid direct sunlight at noon, cover with a shade net or artificially cool down or use a wet curtain to cool down. For the production of flowers for the "May Day" Festival, the sowing time is generally after October, the temperature drops, and seedling production is relatively easy.
　　The second stage:
　　until the first true leaf appears (7-10 days), the suitable soil temperature at this stage is 17-24℃, and the humidity is moderate. Before watering, the soil is generally allowed to dry before watering, and water thoroughly, and provide a certain amount of light to promote the growth of seedlings. After two true leaves grow, you can start to apply light fertilizer. In the early stage, spray urea (concentration controlled below 0.1%) or 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer (concentration controlled at 50ppm). If the temperature is high during this stage, you should pay attention to pests and diseases and ventilation of the environment. Disease prevention should be prevention-oriented. Spray pesticides regularly (use 800-1000 times of chlorothalonil or methyl thiophanate for prevention and control) to prevent damping-off disease in the seedling stage.
　　The third stage:
　　the seedling stage, the seedlings grow rapidly. The bed sowing can be transplanted once, and moved to the seedling tray or the seedbed. The plants can be fully exposed to light. If the temperature exceeds 35℃, just shade it slightly to cool it down when the sun is directly shining at noon. In water and fertilizer management, in addition to topdressing urea, you can appropriately increase compound fertilizer (concentration controlled at about 0.1%) or 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer (concentration 50ppm). The fertilizer concentration should not be too high to avoid fertilizer damage. Before watering, the soil can be allowed to dry thoroughly, but the leaves of the plants must not wilt. At this stage, ventilation and disease prevention should still be done well. The
　　fourth stage:
　　The root system has been well formed, with 5-6 true leaves. The temperature and humidity requirements are the same as the third stage. Water can be properly controlled. The use of compound fertilizer or 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer can be increased. Ventilation is strengthened. After the seedling hardening stage, it is ready to be transplanted into pots.
　　Transplantation/potting: For seedlings grown in trays, they can be transplanted into pots when there are 4-5 true leaves; for seedlings grown in beds, they can also be directly potted when there are 5-6 true leaves. According to the large-scale production requirements and the characteristics of dianthus, 12×13cm nutrient pots are generally used for potting, which can be done in one go without repotting. The root system of seedlings transplanted in trays is less damaged and easy to survive; for open seedlings, the transplanting time is chosen in the evening or on a cloudy day, and as much mud as possible is brought when the seedlings are lifted to increase the survival rate.
　　Light regulation: Dianthus is a positive plant, and sufficient light is required for growth and flowering. During the seedling raising period in September, care should be taken to avoid direct sunlight at noon. From the second stage, light can be gradually given. After the seedlings are potted, full light environment conditions should be given. Insufficient light can easily cause vigorous vegetative growth, leggy plants, and even affect flowering time.
　　Temperature control: Dianthus is a biennial herbaceous flower, and the temperature required for growth is relatively low. The suitable temperature for germination is 18-21℃, and the suitable temperature for growth is 10-13℃. If you need to supply flowers for the "Spring Festival", you can produce them in a greenhouse to achieve a certain plant diameter, but it is easy to cause leggy growth in the greenhouse. You must pay attention to frequent ventilation and appropriate dwarfing control of height. For the production of flowers for the "May Day", you can use the early greenhouse production, and then cultivate them in the open field after the air gradually recovers. It controls the height and does not affect the flowering time.
　　Cultivation and management: When produced under the conditions of protected facilities, the growth rate of Dianthus is still quite fast. Daily maintenance must pay attention to the control of water and fertilizer. Watering should be moderate. Too much moisture can easily cause stem rot, and too dryness can easily cause plant wilt. The temperature has begun to drop in October and November. At this stage, dianthus can tolerate a certain degree of dryness, but it cannot affect the normal growth of the plant. Generally, the light wilting of the plant leaves is used as the benchmark. Fertilization should be carried out frequently and thinly. During the growth period, 0.2% urea and compound fertilizer can be applied alternately, or 50-100ppm of 20-10-20 and 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer can be applied alternately. During the initial flowering period, only compound fertilizer or 14-0-14 water-soluble fertilizer should be applied, and the fertilization time should be appropriately extended. The height of dianthus can be controlled by pinching during the production process, but pinching is not performed in general production. Dianthus is relatively resistant to pruning. If it fails to sell during the Spring Festival, it can be pruned to control the flowering period to bloom on May Day and sell again.
　　Pests and diseases: The main diseases of dianthus are damping-off disease in the seedling stage and stem rot during the growth period; the main pests are greenworms, aphids, etc.

43. African violet (African violet) planting method
African violet belongs to the herbaceous family of the family Glechomaeaceae. Also known as "African violet". It is native to Danzania in eastern Africa and is named after its flowers that look like violets. In fact, it has no genetic relationship with authentic orchids.
It is native to tropical Africa and grows in warm, humid and shady places in tropical rainforests. Therefore, African violets like warm, humid and well-ventilated environments. They are not cold-resistant or high-temperature resistant. The suitable growth temperature is 18-24℃. African violets like light. If there is insufficient light, they will only grow leaves but not bloom; but they are afraid of direct light. If the light is too strong, yellow spots will appear on the leaves, so do not expose them to the sun. The relative humidity of the air should be 50-80%. Placing the pot with the plant on a tray filled with water can increase the relative humidity. Do not spray water on the leaves, otherwise the leaves will have ugly yellow spots. Do not water the leaves when watering. Soil watering is generally done twice a week indoors. African violets require loose and fertile humus soil, and the pot should be short and wide to maintain good drainage. Fertilize once a week during the growing season, and apply thin liquid fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied less during the flowering period. Although African violets have high ornamental value, if you do not understand their growth and development rules, they will often die suddenly soon after planting. The main reason is that its plant cell tissue is very fragile. If it is not properly watered and fertilized, it will quickly cause rot. Therefore, when purchasing flower seedlings, you should pay attention to choosing seedlings that are in bloom, have firm and elastic leaves, short and thick petioles, and are free of diseases and insect
pests . The planting material for planting flowers must be a nutrient soil mixed with leaf mold, frog stone, spider rock, river sand, dry manure, bone meal and peanut bran. The pH value is neutral, and the pH value is between 6.5 and 7. It is suitable to plant in a small red pottery pot with a diameter of 7 to 9 cm.
　　The suitable temperature for the growth of African violets is 20 to 25℃, and the relative humidity is 60% to 80%. It likes to grow in an environment with good air circulation, no strong winds and more light. It requires morning sun and scattered light every morning to bloom normally. Otherwise, it is necessary to use a fluorescent tube to add light for five or six hours to supplement the light source. For watering, you must master the principle of not watering when the soil is dry and watering thoroughly. Use a teapot with a long mouth to pour water into each pot, and never wet the leaves. And when applying fertilizer, do not let the fertilizer water get on the leaves to avoid rotting and dying. If you accidentally get it wet, you should use a paper towel to absorb it as soon as possible.
　　Common diseases that harm African violets include white rot and sclerotinia. When they are found, Bordeaux mixture or 1000 times solution of Dasheng can be used for spraying. If aphids and thrips are found, they can be sprayed with 1000 times solution of Sumeisong or Marathon emulsion, and sprayed once every few days to extinguish them. The potting medium is made of high-quality peat moss, which is light, permeable, and fertile, and is most suitable for
the growth . The pH value of the medium is 5--6. For the standard size of African violets, 9 cm pots are often used. For varieties with large crown diameters, it is recommended to use a 10-12 cm flower pot. For easy transportation and to reduce damage to the plants, water less after planting, just keep it moist. Be careful not to press the potting soil too firmly during planting, and keep it loose. According to the growth habits of African violets, the plants cannot be planted too deep or too shallow. If they are planted too deep, the heart leaves will be buried, and if they are planted too shallow, they will easily fall over. The correct standard is that the heart leaves should be level with the potting soil after watering. After 5-6 weeks of the growth period, the leaves of African violets begin to crowd together, which requires pot thinning. Usually, the pots are only thinned once. For a 9 cm pot, 40-45 pots are usually placed in 1 square meter. If the pots are thinned too early, the microclimate of the plant will no longer exist, causing the plant to grow slower, the plant to be short, and even delay the flowering period. If the second situation occurs, you can try to divide the pots twice. For the first time, place 55-60 pots per square meter. When the leaves are crowded together again, do the second thinning of the pots, and 40-45 pots can be placed per square meter. The temperature of the water for watering is very important. The water temperature and the air temperature cannot differ by 5℃, otherwise yellow spots are likely to occur on the leaves. Water the seedlings immediately after planting. Watering can be done from the top of the plant before the first thinning of the pots. This method should be changed in the future, otherwise it will hurt the flower buds. After the seedlings are just planted, fertilizer liquid cannot be poured, only water can be poured. Temperature The temperature for growth is 20-21℃, the temperature difference between day and night cannot be greater than 1℃, and the ground temperature is maintained at 18℃. The light range for shading is 10000-12000 lux. The amount of shading should follow the following simple rules, that is, on a sunny day, you will clearly see the shadow of your outstretched palm on the leaves. You should observe persistently, because even a short moment of excessive exposure can cause a disaster. Therefore, although there is indoor shading from the end of February to the beginning of March, the temperature and light in the greenhouse rise too fast in summer, and the glass needs to be sprayed with shading paint. Artificial lighting can shorten the growth period by 2 weeks from October to March of the following year. It is recommended to use fluorescent lamps with a light intensity of 2750 lux and irradiate for 14 hours a day. Stop supplementing light when the natural light exceeds 2750 lux. Carbon dioxide fertilization From sunrise to sunset, the carbon dioxide concentration should be maintained at (500--600)x10 (negative 6th power). On sunny days or with artificial lighting, the carbon dioxide concentration should be maintained at (700--800)x10 (negative 6th power). When the carbon dioxide concentration exceeds 1000x10 (negative 6th power), the plants will be harmed. Carbon dioxide fertilization cannot be carried out at night.


44. Planting method of perfume grass
Heliotrope and jasmine. Perennial perennial fragrant herb, plant height can reach 60 cm, leaves are alternate, ovate, leaf base gradually narrow, and apex gradually pointed. Flowering period is from spring to summer. The flowers are terminal, the small flowers are dark purple, densely clustered into a mass, and the color gradually fades as the temperature rises.
Propagation is done by sowing, and it is suitable for sowing in spring or autumn. Autumn sowing will bloom in spring, and the growth period is longer; spring sowing will bloom in early summer, and the growth period is shorter. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 18-25 degrees C. The seeds have good optical rotation, low germination rate, and long germination time. Sow the seeds in loose sandy soil, do not cover with soil, maintain humidity, and it will take about 2-3 weeks for germination. Fertile sandy loam or loam rich in organic matter is preferred for cultivation, and good drainage and sunshine are required. It needs sufficient sunshine. It likes warmth, and the suitable temperature for growth is 10-28 degrees C. It is a fragrant flower plant. When the flowers are in full bloom, the fragrance is fragrant and the smell is elegant.

45. Tobacco Planting Methods
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 21-25℃, no soil covering.
　　Days required for germination: 10-15 days.
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 15-17℃.
　　Light requirement and other growth conditions: partial shade or partial light.
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 9-10 weeks. Annual herb. Plant height is about 30-50 cm. Both stems and leaves have fine hairs.
Flower shape: Flowers grow on the top, the stems are up to 30 cm long, the flowers are trumpet-shaped, the corolla is round and star-shaped, with a small round hole in the center, which contains the stamens and pistils. The small flowers gradually open from the stems upwards. The flower colors are white, light yellow, pink, purple, etc. When in full bloom, they are gorgeous and beautiful, and are quite popular. Flowering period is from spring to late spring. The propagation method is sowing. Spring and autumn are the best time for sowing, but early spring is the best. The suitable temperature for germination is about 18-25 degrees C. Sow the seeds evenly on the soil surface. The seeds should be exposed to sunlight and should not be covered with soil. They should be exposed to sunlight. Water to maintain humidity. Cover the soil surface with a piece of transparent plastic cloth. Transplant and cultivate when the seedlings have 4-6 leaves.
Sandy loam rich in organic matter is the best soil for cultivation. Good drainage is required. Poor drainage will easily lead to root rot. Sufficient sunlight is required. Insufficient sunlight will cause the plant to grow too tall, and the flowers will be loose and pale in color and not beautiful. Pinch the top once after planting and survival to promote more branches. Long-term moisture should be prevented during the rainy season. The suitable temperature for growth is about 10-25 degrees C.


46. ​​How to plant Globe amaranth
[Other names] Fireball, Globe amaranth
[Scientific name] Gomohrena globosa
[Family] Amaranthaceae Globe amaranth
[Ecological habits] Native to the tropics. Likes sunlight, tolerates dry heat, is not cold-resistant, and prefers loose and fertile neutral soil. It is an annual herbaceous flower.
[Cultivation and management] Propagated by sowing, or cuttings. The suitable temperature for germination is 16-23 degrees Celsius, and the seedlings emerge in 7-10 days. The suitable temperature for growth is about 15-30 degrees Celsius. Seedlings are raised in protected areas in March, and planted in the open field in May. The flowering period is from July to October; sowing in the open field in May, and flowers begin to bloom in early autumn. Cultivation and management are extensive, but watering and fertilization should not be too much. Pruning should be done in time after flowering to allow for new branches and flowers.

47. Planting method of safflower,
also known as honeycomb flower and fragrant honeycomb flower. Cruciferae honeycomb genus, one or two years old, flowers are white, pink and red, fragrant, 20-75CM high, autumn sowing, flowering period April-June, spring sowing, flowering July-September, germination in 15 days, taproot system, mostly direct sowing, transplanting with soil, protected overwintering in cold areas, extensive management, potted, flower border, wild garden cluster planting. Traditional cut flower material.
　　Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering and light requirement, etc.): 15-18℃
　　Number of days required for germination: 14-21 days
　　Suitable growth temperature (day temperature/night temperature): 10℃
　　Light requirement and other growth conditions for growth: full sun
　　Time required from sowing to flowering (or harvesting): 11-14 weeks
　　Ground planting height (cm): 15cmUse
　　: potted flowers, flower beds and large container cultivation, landscape gardening and garden ground planting
　　Snow White): A perennial evergreen vine that blooms with pure white flowers from May to June.


48. How to plant Chlorophytum
Alias: Guilan Morphology: A perennial evergreen herb with fleshy fibrous roots. Leaves are clustered and linear-lanceolate. Racemes, small white flowers, inconspicuous, scapes emerge from the axils of leaves, bend down, become stolons after flowering, and grow aerial roots on the top to sprout new plants. Common home cultivation includes Golden Heart Chlorophytum, with yellow vertical stripes in the center of the leaves; Silver Edge Chlorophytum, with green and white leaf edges; Golden Edge Chlorophytum, with yellow and white leaf edges.
Water: Water more during the growing season from March to September, and pay attention to the environmental humidity. The general home environmental humidity is too dry for Chlorophytum. Spray water on the leaves several times a day, and keep the pot soil moist. Reduce watering in winter. Fertilizer: Apply light fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus once a month during the growing season. Apply less nitrogen-containing fertilizer to variegated varieties to prevent the color stripes from disappearing. Soil: Fertile, well-drained sandy loam. Temperature: The suitable growth temperature is 10-25℃, and the wintering temperature is above 5℃. Light: The leaves are sensitive to light. When cultivated indoors, they should be placed in front of a well-lit south window to prevent insufficient light from causing the leaves to be light-colored. When cultivated outdoors, if they are often exposed to the sun, the leaves are easy to wither and die, so they should be placed in semi-shade. Reproduction: Reproduction by division. Peel off the young plants from the stolons, and when repotting in spring, break off the dense rhizomes and plant them. Growth habits: Like warm, humid and semi-shaded environments. The room temperature should be maintained at around 20 degrees during the growth period, and the temperature in winter should not be lower than 5 degrees. It is slightly shade-tolerant, and strong direct sunlight or severe lack of light will cause the leaves to wither. It prefers loose, fertile sandy loam.
Reproduction method: Generally, new sub-plants are cut from the stolons and directly potted. The sub-plants will take root in about 10 days. The mother plant can also be divided and propagated in spring.
Cultivation management: Cultivation is easy. The pots are usually made of leaf mold mixed with garden soil. During the growth period, sufficient water and fertilizer are supplied, shade is provided in summer, and a relatively high air temperature is maintained by spraying water. In winter, the room temperature is kept above 5 degrees, and the amount of watering is moderately controlled. It is advisable to keep the pot soil slightly dry. If the pot soil is waterlogged, it will cause yellow leaves or even rotten leaves.

49. Planting method of pine leaf peony
Characteristics: Annual fleshy herb, 10-15 cm high, many varieties, bright colors, single petals, double petals or multiple colors.
Cultivation points
Suitable temperature for germination: 20-25℃ Sowing period: spring, summer and autumn
Suitable temperature for growth: 20-25℃ Flowering period: late spring to summer and
autumn Seedling cultivation: The seeds are small and can be mixed with a small amount of fine sand and sown in the soil. Cover with a little soil of about 0.2 cm. It will germinate in about 7-10 days. Plant more than 6 leaves, and the plant spacing is 25-30 cm.
Planting: Choose sandy soil for planting, sufficient sunshine, apply organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer during the seedling stage and after planting to promote flowering.


50. Planting method of Ranunculus odoratus
Cultivation points
Germination temperature: 10-15℃ Sowing period: September-early October Growth temperature: 10-20℃ Flowering period: April-May of the following year
Seedling cultivation: Sandy loam is the best soil for sowing. If the temperature exceeds 18℃ during sowing, it will not germinate. Germination will occur 30 days after sowing. It is not easy to sow early. It must be kept moist for 2-3 weeks after germination. It must not be dry. When there are 4-5 leaves, transplant to pots. Plant 2 plants in each 12CM pot
Planting: After potting, keep the night temperature at 8℃, the room temperature should not exceed 20℃, the planting ground should be ventilated and cool, the sunshine should be gentle, and the three elements should be applied once a month. It can bloom by the end of March and early April. Double-layer film arch sheds can be used for open-field planting without greenhouses.
[Ecological habits] Native to Turkey, Syria, Iran, etc., as well as southeastern Europe. It likes sunny environment and cool climate, is not cold-resistant, and suffers slight cold damage at 0 degrees Celsius. It is suitable for well-drained, fertile, loose neutral sandy loam. It likes moisture, avoids waterlogging, and is afraid of drought. After flowering and fruiting in April and May, the aboveground part gradually withers and enters dormancy in June. It is a perennial herbaceous flower
. [Cultivation and management] It is propagated by division or sowing. Division is carried out in September and October, and the tubers with rhizomes are broken off and planted. Sowing propagation has large variation and is often used for breeding and mass propagation. It germinates 30 to 40 days after sowing, and needs to be protected from cold when the temperature drops to 5 degrees Celsius. Transplant when the seedlings grow 3 true leaves the following year, keep moist, and apply fertilizer every 7 days. Remove the early buds in time to promote the growth of seedlings. Ranunculus completes the seedling stage from sowing to dormancy in the summer of the following year, and can be propagated by tubers later. Planting in early September, the spacing between ground planting plants is 20cm. Use a 18-20cm diameter pottery pot for potting, and choose mixed fertilizer soil. Starting from November, apply thin liquid fertilizer once every 10 days, and fertilize once every 7 days from February of the following year, and increase the fertilizer concentration. At the beginning of budding, select 3-5 strong buds for each plant, and remove all the others to concentrate the nutrients.

51. Summer Viola planting method
Sow from March to August, bloom from May to November, germination temperature is 15-20℃, growth temperature is 15-28℃, and germination days are 10-13 days. It is an annual herb of the family Glechomae. The plant is about 20-30 cm tall, with many branches, opposite leaves, long heart-shaped, serrated leaf edges, and terminal flowers. The flower shape is similar to snapdragon and violet. The flower colors are white, purple-red or purple-blue, pink, with yellow spots on the throat. The flowering period is from summer to autumn, about April to September or May to October. Sowing method can be used all year round, especially in spring. It is a positive plant, and the sunshine needs to be sufficient. The selectivity is not strict, but fertile loam or sandy loam is preferred, and the drainage needs to be good. It likes warmth by nature, and the suitable temperature for growth is about 15-30 degrees Celsius .


52. Gladiolus planting method
[Other names] Acorus, Gladiolus, Flat Bamboo Lotus, Ten Kinds of Brocade, Thirteen Taibao
[Scientific name] Gladiolus hortulanus
[Family] Iridaceae Gladiolus
[Ecological habits] The bulbs are frozen at -3℃. When planting in spring, the soil temperature should be above 10℃. After germination, the suitable temperature during the day is 20-25℃, and at night it is 10-15℃. It can withstand a high temperature of 40℃. Gladiolus is a long-day plant. It needs at least 10-12 hours of light per day during the growing season, and the light intensity is 3500-10000LX to meet the needs of growth and development. It prefers deep soil layer and well-drained sandy loam, and the optimum pH value is 5.3-6.5. It is a perennial herbaceous flower.
[Cultivation and Management] The production of cut flowers is mainly based on planting seed bulbs, and tissue culture methods can also be used. Sowing is only used for breeding, and bulb cutting is only used when the bulbs are insufficient. Seed bulb propagation can be soaked in 800 times of 70% wettable thiophanate methyl powder, or 1000 times of benomyl, plus 1500 times of carbendazim solution for 30 minutes, placed in an environment of 20-25℃ for germination, and then planted. For bulb propagation, cut the bulb into 2-3 pieces, each of which must have a stem disk and retain 1-2 buds. Soak in 0.5% potassium permanganate for 20 minutes before planting. For varieties with severe virus infection or degeneration, stem tips, flower organs, etc. can be used as explants for tissue culture. During the cultivation of gladiolus, topdressing can be applied 3 times, once when there are 2-3 leaves, once during the inflorescence growth stage, and once again half a month after flowering. Flower buds differentiate during the growth of leaves, so the soil should be kept moist at this time. After flowering, the stems will expand, so drainage should be paid attention to. For cut flower cultivation, when the lower 1 to 5 flowers have become transparent, they can be cut off together with 2 to 3 leaves for classification and packaging.
Diseases that harm gladiolus include bacterial wilt, scab, soft rot, etc., all of which are bacterial diseases, and antibiotics have a significant effect in prevention and control. Fungal diseases include soft rot of bulbs, hard rot, dry rot, etc., which can be prevented and controlled with benlate, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mancozeb, difflubenzuron, etc. Pests include gladiolus thrips, aphids, grubs, common red spider mites, etc., which can be prevented and controlled with omethoate, dichlorvos, furadan, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, etc.

53. Lupin Planting Method
Characteristics: 1-2 year old herb in autumn, likes cool and avoids heat, needs sufficient sunlight, requires fertile sandy soil with good drainage, avoids transplantation and acidic soil, needs to avoid frost and cold damage. The flower colors are rich, including blue, red, purple, light purple, pink, orange, yellow, white, etc.
Cultivation points
Germination temperature: 15-20℃ Sowing period: August-September, Growth temperature: 15-25℃ Flowering period: March-May Seedling cultivation: The seed coat is hard and needs to be soaked in water for one night. Use 7-8cm pots for potting, 2-3 seeds per pot, cover with 1cm of soil, and use 30% compost mixed with fertile soil with good drainage. Germination in about 2 weeks, seedling cultivation time 40-50 days, thin one seedling, and plant before the seedlings are aged.

Planting: Open-air direct seeding with a spacing of 20-30cm, 3 seeds per hole, covered with 1cm of soil, acidic soil needs to be adjusted to PH6.5-7 with lime, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, apply more organic basal fertilizer, and use synthetic fertilizer for topdressing in early spring. The fertilizer requirement is less than other flowers and plants.

54. Sweet pea planting method.
Also known as musk pea, flower pea, musk grass, Fabaceae genus Sweet pea, annual or biennial twining creeper, up to 3 meters high, flowering period from May to July, sow in spring and autumn, best sowing in September and October. Germinate with warm water or wet sand for 1 day before sowing, germinate in 7-10 days, not resistant to transplanting, when 15-20CM, leave
2-3 basal leaves and pinch off. Remove tendrils in time, potted plants, cut flowers, vertical greening materials, cherry color, chestnut, dark red, bright red, pink, purple, pure white, exotic colors and mixed colors, flower diameter 3-4cm, growing period 75-80 days.
Annual or biennial flower - sweet pea
- scientific name Lathyrus odoratus
- genus Leguminosae, annual or biennial climbing herbaceous flower.
Three characteristics The whole plant is covered with white coarse hairs, the stem is climbing and winged, the pinnate compound leaves are alternate, the leaf axis is winged, the pair of leaflets at the base are normal, oval, the back of the leaf is slightly covered with white powder, and the top leaflet becomes a trident-shaped tendril, the stipules are lanceolate, the racemes are axillary, the pedicels are about 15-20 cm long, and there are 2-5 flowers, which are higher than the leaf surface, and the flowers are fragrant. The corolla is disc-shaped, the flag spots are wide, the base of the calyx is united into a bell shape, the tip is 5-lobed, each lob is lanceolate, the stamens are 9-unit and 1-separated, the pods
are elliptical and covered with coarse hairs; the seeds are round and brown. Four habits Originated from Sicily, Italy. It likes warm winters and cool summers, sufficient sunshine, and high air humidity. It is slightly tolerant to light shade, and avoids continuous cropping, dryness, and waterlogging. It is a deep-rooted flower, requiring a deep soil layer, fertile, well-drained sandy loam, PH6.5-7.5.
Five varieties
01 There are four types of flowers according to the shape of the petals. 1) Flat petal type; 2) Curled petal type; 3) Wrinkled petal type; 4) Double petal type.
02 According to the different flowering periods, it can be divided into three types: 1) Summer flower type, strong cold resistance, can withstand low temperatures of -5, long day type, bloom in summer, strong heat resistance; 2) Winter flower type, greenhouse cultivation type, mainly supply cut flowers, neutral sunlight, weak cold and heat resistance; 3) Spring flower type, with intermediate properties between the other two types, long day type.
6. Cultivation
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 13-20℃, soaking seeds in water overnight can improve the germination rate
Days required for germination: 7-15 days (slower as soil temperature decreases)
Suitable temperature for growth (day temperature/night temperature): 20-25℃/5-10℃, flowering 7-15℃
Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sun


55. Lampran-thusspectabilis planting method
　　Lampran-thusspectabilis, also known as Lampranus spectabilis, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Lampran in the Aizoaceae family. It has slender stems, lying or hanging, slightly woody at the base, with more branches, and thick and juicy leaves opposite, triangular, linear, blue-green. The flowers are solitary, 5 cm to 7 cm in diameter, and colorful, with white, pink, red, yellow, orange and other colors.
　　Mesembryanthemum is native to southern Africa. It likes warm, dry and sunny environments. It is not cold-resistant, but also afraid of high temperatures, waterlogging and drought-resistant. Spring and autumn are its main growing seasons. Apply decomposed thin liquid fertilizer once every half a month to provide sufficient nutrients to make the plant grow strong and luxuriant and bloom continuously. However, excessive fertilizer and water, especially excessive nitrogen fertilizer, will cause the plant to grow too long and reduce flowering. Keep the pot soil moist at ordinary times, and water less rather than more. Except for a little shade in summer, sufficient light should be given in other seasons. If the light is insufficient, the internode distance will be elongated, the stems and leaves will be soft, and it is easy to fall over. During the high temperature in midsummer, the plant is in a semi-dormant state. It should be placed in a ventilated and cool place for maintenance, stop fertilizing, control the amount of watering, and prevent root rot caused by high temperature and humidity. The wintering temperature should not be lower than 10℃, and fertilization should be stopped, watering should be reduced, and the leaves should not be wrinkled. If the temperature is low and the humidity is high, the leaves are easy to turn yellow and droop, and in severe cases, the whole plant will wither and die. During cultivation, the plants should be frequently topped
to control growth and promote more branches, so as to achieve the purpose of more flowering. Repot once in early spring every year, and it is advisable to use fertile, well-drained and breathable sandy soil for cultivation. When repotting, the plants should be pruned to promote new branches and leaves, and beautiful flowers will bloom in April and May.

56. Shell Flower Planting Methods
Form: The bead is 40-70 cm high, with opposite leaves, nearly round or ovate, and serrated edges.
The small flowers are white, axillary, and the calyx is very large, emerald green, and shell-shaped.
Flowering period: Blooming from spring to autumn
Sunlight: Good sunlight
management: Fertile loam is used for cultivation soil, and drainage is required.
The seedling height is 10-15 cm, and the top is pinched once to promote branching.
It likes warmth, and the suitable temperature for growth is 15-25 degrees c.
Fertilization: Topdressing once a month
Reproduction: Seeding method, can be sown in autumn, winter and early spring.
Planting method of
calystegia dahricaf•amestia is a herbaceous plant of the vine family, genus Convolvulus, and a perennial root-tolerant
plant.
Wild resources are distributed in cold areas of Russia and Mongolia, mostly single-flowered varieties, and the introduced double-petaled varieties with numerous flowers are good varieties selected and bred by Russian plant experts.
In the three northeastern provinces, the Northwest, the Central Plains, the Jianghuai, the coastal areas, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and other areas with different climates and different water and soil, there are wild bindweed plants that perform well. It has strong vitality, and its adaptability, resistance to adversity and fertility are better than any vine plants. The breeding of calystegia dahricaf•amestia is in the initial stage, and even people in the flower industry know little about it, and there are few foresights. It is purely unpopular. It is widely used in Russia and can be seen everywhere in parks, blocks and roadsides. There are many forms of use, such as green column flower corridors, green gate flower pavilions, trellis fences, fence greening, iron fences in villa areas, wall greening, balcony guardrails, rocks, slope protection, fortresses, flower beds, three-dimensional shapes between lawns and green spaces, and potted hangings. The twig peony is a left-handed winding stem, which requires climbing ropes, wires, bamboo poles, etc. to pull, or it is wrapped around a fence-like support. The branch nodes are 2-3cm long, the leaves are alternate, the petiole is 2-3cm long, the leaf is 6-8cm long, 1.5cm wide, and the entire edge. The base of the leaf derives 1.5-2cm long conjoined leaves on both sides, and the leaflet stems are slightly split, which is called a halberd-shaped leaf in botany. The pedicel is 5-8cm long, the flower seat is lotus-shaped, the flower is pink, the double petals do not reveal the flower core, the flower stem is 4-6cm, there is no distinction between male and female flowers, no pollen and flower essence, and no seeds. The color is bright, the leaf shape is beautiful, and the appreciation taste is high.
1. Low temperature and heat resistance.
The peony can survive the winter without protection in the high-cold area of ​​-45℃, without frost damage, and sprout and grow as usual in early spring. In the arid and hot areas of the Central Plains with a high temperature of 38℃, it does not affect growth and flowering.
2. Flowering period and flower quantity.
When the frozen soil in spring thaws by more than 10℃, the foot buds break through the soil and germinate. Flower buds appear at the 5th to 6th nodes. There are flower buds at each node above, and they continue to bloom as the temperature rises. Each flower has more than 50 petals, 3cm long and 1.5cm wide. The pink petals are embedded with dark pink stripes. The petal tips are slightly wrinkled and curled outwards. They are stacked like miniature peonies, hence the name. The flowering period is from the first bloom to frost, which is as
long as 7 months, and the vines are full of flowers one after another. In fertile soil with good water and fertilizer conditions, a plant with a foot bud growing into shape has a vine crown width of more than one meter. In the peak flowering period, the number of flowers blooming per day is nearly 100, like a colorful tapestry, magnificent and beautiful. The breeze blows like colorful butterflies flying, and the shape and shadow are charming.
3. Reproduction and management
The reproduction of the peony is mainly based on the root section of the foot bud. The foot bud is the white fleshy rhizome that sprouts underground. The rhizome extends and grows in the 30cm soil layer underground. The old plant can root 5-6 meters in 2-3 years. It can be dug in spring or autumn. In spring, it can be cut into 6-10cm long rhizomes as soon as it is dug, as the seed roots for planting. The rhizomes dug in autumn do not need to be trimmed, and can be stored in the sand. The temperature of the sand storage should not be higher than 0℃.
Before planting, apply decomposed farmyard manure to the planting site, more than 25kg per square, as base fertilizer, deep plow the soil 50-60cm, mix fertilizer and soil evenly, flatten the soil, irrigate the flat ridge, and after the water is completely infiltrated, lay the rhizomes horizontally with a spacing of 20-30cm, and then cover with 2cm of soft and breathable humus soil. It can germinate in more than 10 days if the ground temperature is suitable. Take 50-100 meters of root segments from each 2-3 year old plant, which will not affect the emergence rate and development and flowering of the original old plants. Under
suitable temperature, the daily growth of strong new shoots is 5-10cm, and the plant height can reach 4-5 meters in the same year. The internode lateral branches continue to sprout, and the lateral branches can sprout 2, 3, and 4 secondary lateral branches, and the crown width gradually expands.
Although the peony is highly adaptable, it likes sufficient sunlight and water and fertilizer (tolerant to light shade) during the growth period. High-quality and efficient maintenance. During the growth process, fertilizer and water should be added at any time, and new shoots should be pulled at any time to make the new shoots evenly distributed on the trellis. Strictly prevent several vines from twisting into a rope shape or drooping in a disorderly manner, which affects the ornamental value. Lead new vines down in time to make up for the lack of flowers under the trellis. Pruning should be done by removing a small amount of side vines according to the density, and should not be heavily pruned, because each side vine will sprout buds. Cut off the remaining flowers in time to save nutrients for growth and improve the ornamental value. The main insect pests are aphids. Check frequently and eliminate them in the early stage to get twice the result with half the effort.


57. Hyacinthus planting method
Also known as daffodil and five-color daffodil, it is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Liliaceae and Hyacinthus genus. The bulb is spherical or oblate, and the outer membrane is purple-blue or white. There are 4-6 leaves, which are basal, thick, ribbon-lanceolate, and have shallow longitudinal grooves. The scape is 15-45 cm high, hollow, and has a terminal raceme; there are more than 10-20 small flowers densely growing on the upper part, mostly growing horizontally, and rarely drooping. The corolla is funnel-
shaped, with a longer flower tube at the base and 5 lobes. It curls back to the outside and downward. The flowering period is early spring, and the flower colors include white, yellow, red, blue, snow blue, etc. The original species is light purple and fragrant.
　　There are many cultivars of hyacinth, with various colors and double petals, as well as large and small flower varieties, early and late flower varieties, etc.
　　Hyacinth is native to southern Europe, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and Asia Minor. It likes a cool, humid, sunny environment, is cold-resistant, requires well-drained sandy soil, and grows very poorly in low-humidity and heavy soil.
　　Hyacinth likes fertilizer. Whether it is potted or planted in the ground, it is best to apply enough basal fertilizer, the soil should be loose, and topdressing should be done frequently during the growth period. After the emergence of the seedlings planted in the ground, loosen the soil in time, apply topdressing once in winter, and apply topdressing once before and after flowering in spring. For potted cultivation, plant the bulbs in September, and plant 3-4 per pot. Place it in the sun and move it into the greenhouse in November. It can bloom during the Spring
　　Festival. When forcing hyacinth, make sure to keep it at a lower temperature first so that it can grow roots but not leaves, then place it in a semi-shaded place with a slightly higher temperature so that the leaves grow to a certain height, and finally give it a higher temperature and sufficient sunlight, so that the stems and leaves are plump and the flowers are lush.
　　Hyacinth is mainly propagated by bulb division. After the aboveground part dies in summer, dig out the bulb, separate the large bulb and the sub-bulb, and the sub-bulb needs to be cultivated for three years before it can bloom. In order to cultivate new varieties, it can also be propagated by sowing, and the seedlings need 4-5 years to bloom. There are two ways to cultivate hyacinth: one is potted. That is, in October, plant the seed heads in a pot with culture, plant 1 bulb in each small pot, 3 to 4 bulbs in a large pot, and then cover with soil. After planting, pay attention to adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. After about 120 days, it will bloom. The second is water culture. In December, the seed heads can be placed in a wide-mouthed glass bottle with grids, and a little charcoal can be added to help disinfect and preserve. The seed heads only need to be immersed to the bottom of the ball. Then place it in a dark place and cover the bottle with a black cloth. After more than 20 days, the roots will sprout in a completely dark environment. At this time, you can take it out and let it receive sunlight. At first, it will be exposed to one or two hours a day, and then gradually increase to seven or eight hours. If the weather does not change much, it may bloom by the Spring Festival.
　　After the hyacinth blooms, if the seed heads are well preserved, it will hopefully bloom again when it is planted again the next year. However, since this head has already degenerated, even if it can survive, the plant will become short and the scape will also tend to shrink, so it cannot be kept. It is better to buy a new seed head for cultivation the following year. Hydroponics: The key to choosing bulbs is to try to choose large, full and heavy ones. Avoid those with sunken bottoms or upper parts or injuries. In the container for hydroponics, first soak the bottom of the bulb in water. To prevent the roots from being exposed to sunlight, cover the container with aluminum foil until the roots grow long. After the roots grow long, lower the water level by 2-3cm. How to hydroponically cultivate Phoenix hyacinth
1. Add water to the glass bottle, but be careful not to soak the bottom of the bulb.
2. Place it in a cool, dark, well-ventilated place, keep the temperature at 9-13 degrees, and check it once a week to see if it needs to be replenished with water.
3. When the flower buds grow 8 cm from the bulb (about 10 to 12 weeks) and the glass bottle is full of roots, you can move it into the greenhouse.
4. When the temperature in your home is kept between 17 and 20 degrees, you can enjoy the process of the buds growing and developing colors. But don't place them directly near a heat source, so that the beautiful hyacinth flowers can extend their opening time.
5. After flowering, you can plant the bulbs in your home courtyard. In summer, you can use glass bottles to arrange flowers. In winter, you can reuse the processed Dutch hyacinth. Management: Change the water, basically before the roots become larger, change the water once every 7-10 days. No fertilizer is required. Placement: Place it outdoors in a sunny place before about early January. After bringing it indoors, it must also be managed in a place where the temperature is not too high. Cultivation in a planting box: Around October-November, after the flowers have bloomed, leave the flower stems and only pick the flower shells. In June when the leaves undergo qualitative changes, dig it out with the leaves and dry it. After that, remove the withered leaves and save them.

58. Gerbera planting method
1. General maintenance: When planting, the root crown is higher than the ground or flush with the ground, which is conducive to root growth and can avoid the occurrence of crown rot. Leaves should be removed once a month, and the plant should be controlled to have 20 leaves to increase the yield. October to May of the following year is the main production period, and cut flowers are harvested 2-3 times a week. During the cut flower period, each root crown (plant) can harvest about 30-43 high-quality cuts. Renewing it every 2-3 years is
a more economical cultivation method.
2. Regulation of temperature, light and water: Cut flower yield, flower stem length, flower bud differentiation and inflorescence exposure interval, and growth are all affected by temperature. The suitable temperature for growth is 15-21℃ at night and 21-25℃ during the day. Most varieties respond to sunlight. Short-day (8 hours) can promote flower bud differentiation and lateral bud development better than long-day (16 hours). Therefore, 30-40% shading should be carried out under high temperature and strong light in summer to increase the yield of cut flowers, increase the color of flowers and leaves, and promote the length and uprightness of petioles.
3. Soil and fertilizer: Gerbera can adapt to all kinds of soil, but loose, well-drained soil rich in organic matter is the best. Therefore, when preparing the land, mix bark, fertilizer or peat soil into the raised bed. Fertilizer dosage: 196-244 grams of Omo fertilizer (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium: 18-6-12 slow-release fertilizer) per square meter, and add 100-200 nitrogen and potassium fertilizers each time you irrigate, or apply 350 nitrogen and potassium fertilizers twice a week. Gerbera has clustered leaves and blocky roots. It takes a long time from sowing to flowering, so it is best to buy mature plants that have already bloomed. In Shenzhen, it is generally 10 to 15 yuan per pot. After a season of flowers blooms, you can take out the roots and cut the root tubers into two with a sharp knife. Gerbera cannot tolerate heavy fertilizers, so thin fertilizers should be applied frequently. I usually use Cuijun Flower Fertilizer (No. 3) mixed with water for watering, like now, watering once a day in the morning is enough. Gerbera likes the sun but cannot tolerate strong light. When the sun is strong, it should be placed in a shaded place with scattered light. After the gerbera is divided into pots, the leaves will generally wilt. It doesn't matter. Remember to place it in a shaded place and avoid direct sunlight. Spray it with water several times a day. It is best to use No. 1 flower fertilizer diluted with 500 times water for one or two weeks. Try not to hurt the roots when dividing the pots, and the division must take part of the root block. The soil should not be buried too deep, and the leaf buds should be exposed to the soil surface. If there are too many leaves, you can peel off some of the leaves at the same time, because no matter how careful you are, you will inevitably hurt the roots. Injury to the root system affects water absorption, so there should be less leaf transpiration and more leaf spraying.


59. How to plant
calceolaria Scrophulariaceae, calceolaria, also known as purse flower. It likes warm and humid environment, is not cold-resistant, and is afraid of high temperature and high humidity. It should not be covered with soil in autumn and after sowing. It should be covered with glass and placed in a cool place. After the true leaves appear, the temperature should be reduced to 15℃. Transplant after growing 2-3 leaves. It can be planted in pots when it has 5-6 leaves. The wintering temperature should not be lower than 8℃. Normal flowering period is from February to May. The flower shape is unique and the color is colorful. It is an early spring potted flower.

60. How to plant snake eye chrysanthemum.
Also known as small cosmos, money chrysanthemum, peacock chrysanthemum. Asteraceae, Coreopsis genus. One- or two-year herb. The base is smooth, the upper part is branched, and the plant height is 60-80cm. The leaves are opposite, the base leaves are 2-3 times pinnate, the lobes are lanceolate, the upper leaves have no petioles but wings, and the base leaves have long petioles. The head inflorescence grows at the top of the slender branches, with a peduncle. The constant number of inflorescences forms a cyme, and the inflorescence is 2-4cm straight. The ligulate flowers are single-wheeled, with 6-8 petals, yellow, reddish-brown at the base or in the middle and lower parts, and the tubular flowers are purple-brown. There are 2 layers of involucral bracts, the inner layer is longer than the outer layer. The flowering period is from June to August, and the achenes are spindle-shaped. It is native to the Midwest of the United States and is widely cultivated in some areas. It likes plenty of sunshine, is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and tolerant to thin soil. It is not picky about soil. It is easy to grow tall and fall over in fertile soil. It grows better in cool seasons. It can be propagated by seeds. The tall snake eye chrysanthemum can be planted in the gaps of the garden as a ground cover plant and allowed to reproduce by itself; it can be used as a cut flower. It has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying when used as medicine.