51. Summer pansy planting method:
sow from March to August, bloom from May to November, the suitable temperature for germination is 15-20℃, the growth temperature is 15-28℃, and the germination days are 10-13 days.
It is an annual herb in the family Gastronomia. The plant is about 20-30 cm tall, with many branches, opposite leaves, long heart-shaped, serrated leaf edges, and terminal flowers. The flower shape
is similar to snapdragons and violets. The flower colors are white, purple-red or purple-blue, pink, with yellow spots on the throat. The flowering period is from summer to autumn,
about April to September or May to October. The sowing method can be used all year round, especially in spring. It is a positive plant, and the sunshine needs to be sufficient.
The selectivity is not strict, but fertile loam or sandy loam is preferred. The drainage needs to be good.
It likes warmth and the suitable temperature for growth is about 15-30 degrees Celsius.

52. Gladiolus planting method [Other names] Acorus, Gladiolus, Flat Bamboo Lotus, Ten Kinds of Brocade, Thirteen Taibao [Scientific name] Gladiolus hortulanus [Family] Iridaceae Gladiolus [Ecological habits] The corms are frozen at -3℃. When planting in spring, the soil temperature should be above 10℃. After germination, the suitable temperature during the day is 20-25℃, and at night it is 10-15℃. It can withstand high temperatures of 40℃. Gladiolus is a long-day plant. It needs at least 10-12 hours of light per day during the growing season, and the intensity of light is 3500-10000LX to meet the needs of growth and development. It likes deep soil and well-drained sandy loam, and the optimal pH value is 5.3-6.5. It is a perennial herbaceous flower. [Cultivation and management] The production of cut flowers is mainly based on planting seed bulbs, and tissue culture methods can also be used. Sowing is only used for breeding, and bulb cutting is only used when there are not enough bulbs. For bulb propagation, 800 times of 70% wettable thiophanate methyl powder or 1000 times of benomyl can be used, and 1500 times of captan solution can be added to soak for 30 minutes, placed in an environment of 20-25℃ for germination, and then planted. For bulb propagation, cut the bulb into 2-3 pieces, each of which must have a stem plate and retain 1-2 buds. Soak in 0.5% potassium permanganate for 20 minutes before planting. For varieties with severe virus infection or degeneration, stem tips, flower organs, etc. can be used as explants for tissue culture. During the cultivation of gladiolus, topdressing can be applied 3 times, once when there are 2-3 leaves, once during the inflorescence growth stage, and once again half a month after flowering. Flower buds differentiate during the growth of leaves, and the soil should be kept moist at this time. After flowering, the stems will expand, and attention should be paid to drainage. For cut flower cultivation, when the lower 1-5 flowers have become transparent, they can be cut off together with 2-3 leaves for graded packaging. Diseases that harm gladiolus include bacterial wilt, scab, soft rot, etc., all of which are bacterial diseases, and antibiotics have significant control effects. Fungal diseases include bulb soft rot, hard rot, dry rot, etc., which can be controlled by benomyl, chlorothalonil, captan, mancozeb, diffluanid, etc. Pests include gladiolus thrips, aphids, grubs, common red spider mites, etc., which can be controlled by omethoate, dichlorvos, furadan, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, etc.

53. Lupin Planting Method
Characteristics: 1-2 year old herb in autumn, likes cool and avoids heat, needs sufficient sunlight, requires fertile sandy soil with good drainage, avoids
transplantation and acidic soil, needs to avoid frost and cold damage. The flower colors are rich, including blue, red, purple, light purple, pink, orange, yellow, white, etc.
Cultivation points
Germination temperature: 15-20℃ Sowing period: August-September, Growth temperature: 15-25℃ Flowering period: March-May
Seedling cultivation: The seed coat is hard and needs to be soaked in water for one night. Use 7-8cm pots for potting, 2-3 seeds per pot, cover with 1cm of soil, and use 30% compost mixed with
fertile soil with good drainage. Germination in about 2 weeks, seedling cultivation time 40-50 days, thin one seedling, and plant before the seedlings are aged.
Planting: Open-air direct seeding with a spacing of 20-30cm, 3 seeds per hole, covered with 1cm of soil, acidic soil needs to be adjusted to PH6.5-7 with lime,
avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, apply more organic basal fertilizer, and use synthetic fertilizer for topdressing in early spring. The fertilizer requirement is less than other flowers and plants.

54. Sweet pea planting method.
Also known as musk pea, flower pea, musk grass, Fabaceae genus Sweet pea, annual or biennial twining creeper, up to 3 meters high, flowering period from May to July,
sow in spring and autumn, best sowing in September and October. Germinate with warm water or wet sand for 1 day before sowing, germinate in 7-10 days, not resistant to transplanting, when 15-20CM, leave
2-3 basal leaves and pinch off. Remove tendrils in time, potted plants, cut flowers, vertical greening materials, cherry color, chestnut, dark red, bright red, pink, purple,
pure white, exotic colors and mixed colors, flower diameter 3-4cm, growing period 75-80 days.
Annual or biennial flower - sweet pea
- scientific name Lathyrus odoratus
- genus Leguminosae, annual or biennial climbing herbaceous flower.
Three characteristics The whole plant is covered with white coarse hairs, the stem is climbing and winged, the pinnate compound leaves are alternate, the leaf axis is winged, the pair of leaflets at the base
are normal , oval, the back of the leaf is slightly covered with white powder, and the top leaflets become trifurcated tendrils, the stipules are lanceolate
, the racemes are axillary, the pedicels are about 15-20 cm long, and there are 2-5 flowers, which are higher than the leaf surface, and the flowers are fragrant. The corolla is disc-shaped, the flag spots are wide, the base of the calyx
is united into a bell shape, the tip is 5-lobed, each lob is lanceolate, the stamens are 9-unit and 1-separated, the pods are elliptical and covered with coarse hairs; the seeds are round and brown.
Four habits Originated from Sicily, Italy. It likes warm winters and cool summers, sufficient sunshine, and high air humidity
. It is slightly tolerant to light shade, and avoids continuous cropping, dryness, and waterlogging. It is a deep-rooted flower, requiring a deep soil layer, fertile, well-drained sandy loam,
PH6.5-7.5.
Five varieties
01 There are four types of flowers according to the shape of the petals. 1) Flat petal type; 2) Curled petal type; 3) Wrinkled petal type; 4) Double petal
type.
02 According to the different flowering periods, it can be divided into three types: 1) Summer flower type, strong cold resistance, can withstand low temperatures of -5, long day
type, bloom in summer, strong heat resistance; 2) Winter flower type, greenhouse cultivation type, mainly supply cut flowers, neutral sunlight,
weak cold and heat resistance; 3) Spring flower type, with intermediate properties between the other two types, long day type.
Six cultivation
Germination conditions (temperature, soil covering, light requirement, etc.): 13-20℃, soaking seeds in water overnight can increase the germination rate
 Days required for germination: 7-15 days (slower as soil temperature decreases)
 Suitable growth temperature (daytime temperature/nighttime temperature): 20-25℃/5-10℃, flowering 7-15℃
 Light requirement for growth and other growth conditions: full sun

55. How to plant Lampranthes spectabilis
　　Lampranthes spectabilis, also known as Lampranus spectabilis, is
a perennial herbaceous plant of the Aizoaceae family. It has a slender stem that grows flat or overhanging, with a slightly woody base and many branches. The thick and juicy
leaves are opposite, triangular, linear, and blue-green. The flowers are solitary, 5 cm to 7 cm in diameter, and are rich in colors, including white, pink,
red, yellow, and orange.
　　Lampranthes is native to southern Africa and likes a warm, dry, and sunny environment. It is not cold-resistant, but also afraid of high temperatures, waterlogging, and
drought-resistant. Spring and autumn are its main growing seasons. Apply decomposed thin liquid fertilizer once every half a month to provide sufficient
nutrients so that the plant grows strong and luxuriantly and blooms continuously. However, excessive fertilizer and water, especially excessive nitrogen fertilizer, will cause the plant
to grow too long and bloom less. Keep the pot soil moist at ordinary times, and water less rather than more. Except for a little shade in summer, sufficient light should
be given . If the light is insufficient, the distance between the nodes will be elongated, the stems and leaves will be soft, and it is easy to fall over. During the high temperature in midsummer, the plant
is in a semi-dormant state. It should be placed in a ventilated and cool place for maintenance, stop fertilizing, and control the amount of watering to prevent
root . The winter temperature should not be lower than 10℃, and fertilization should be stopped and watering should be reduced to keep the leaves from shrinking. If the temperature
is low and the humidity is high, the leaves will turn yellow and droop easily, and in severe cases, the whole plant will wither and die. During cultivation, the plants should be topped frequently
to control the growth and promote more branches, so as to achieve the purpose of more flowering. Repot once in early spring every year, and it is advisable to use fertile,
well sandy soil for cultivation. When repotting, the plants should be pruned to promote new branches and leaves, and
beautiful flowers will bloom from April to May.

56. How to plant shell flower. Morphology: 40-70 cm high, opposite leaves, nearly round or ovate, with serrated edges. Small white flowers, axillary, very large calyx, emerald green, shell-shaped. Flowering period: Blooms from spring to autumn. Sunlight: Good sunlight. Management: Fertile loam with good drainage is used for cultivation. Seedling height is 10-15 cm, pinch once to promote branching. It likes warmth, and the optimal temperature for growth is 15-25 degrees C. Fertilization: Topdressing once a month. Reproduction: Sowing method, sowing in autumn, winter and early spring. How to plant peony with branches.
Peony with branches (calystegia dahricaf·amestia) is a herbaceous plant of the vine family, genus Convolvulus, and a perennial root-tolerant
plant with high cold resistance.
Wild resources are distributed in cold areas of Russia and Mongolia, mostly single-flowered varieties. The introduced double-petaled varieties with many flowers are good varieties selected and bred by
Russian plant experts.
In the three provinces of the Northeast, the Northwest, the Central Plains, the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers, the coastal areas, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and
other areas with different climates and different soils, there are wild bindweed plants that perform well. They have strong vitality, and their adaptability, resistance to adversity and fertility are better than any vine plants.
The breeding of peony with twisted branches is in the initial stage, and even people in the flower industry know little about it, and there are few foresights. It is purely
unpopular . In Russia, it is widely used and can be seen everywhere in parks, blocks, and roadsides. There are many forms of use, such as green column flower
corridors, green door flower pavilions, trellis fences, fence greening, iron fences in villa areas, wall greening, balcony guardrails, rocks,
slope protection , embankments, flower beds, three-dimensional shapes between lawns and green spaces, and potted hangings.
The peony with twisted branches is a left-handed winding stem, which requires climbing ropes, wires, bamboo poles, etc. for traction, or it is wrapped around a fence-like support.
The branch nodes are 2-3cm long, the leaves are alternate, the petiole is 2-3cm long, the leaf is 6-8cm long, 1.5cm wide, and the entire edge. The base of the leaf derives
1.5-2cm long conjoined leaves on both sides, and the leaflets are slightly split in two. Botanically, they are called halberd-shaped leaves.
The pedicel is 5-8cm long, the flower seat is lotus-shaped, the flower is pink, the double petals do not reveal the flower core, the flower stem is 4-6cm, there is no distinction between male and female flowers, no pollen and
flower essence, and no seeds. The flowers are bright in color, the leaves are beautiful in shape, and the appreciation taste is high.
1. Low temperature and heat resistance
The peony can be naked overwintering without protection in the high cold area of ​​-45℃, without frost damage, and sprouts and grows as usual in early spring. In
the dry and hot areas of the Central Plains with a high temperature of 38℃, it does not affect growth and flowering.
2. Flowering period and flower quantity
When the frozen soil in spring warms above 10℃, the foot buds break the soil and germinate, and flower buds appear at the 5th and 6th nodes. There are flower buds in each node above, and
they continue to bloom as the temperature rises. Each flower has more than 50 petals, 3cm long and 1.5cm wide. The pink petals are embedded with dark pink
stripes. The petal tips are slightly wrinkled and curled outwards. They are stacked like miniature peonies, which is why they are named. The flowering period is from the first bloom to frost, which is as
long as 7 months. The vines are full of flowers.
In fertile soil with good water and fertilizer conditions, a plant with a foot bud growing into shape has a vine crown of more than one meter. In the peak flowering period,
the number of flowers blooming per day is nearly 100, like a colorful tapestry, magnificent and beautiful. The breeze blows like colorful butterflies flying, and the shape and shadow are charming.
3. Reproduction and management
The reproduction of the twig peony is mainly based on the foot bud root segment. The foot bud is the white fleshy rhizome that sprouts underground.
The rhizome extends and grows in the 30cm soil layer underground. The old plant can root 5-6 meters in 2-3 years. It can be dug in spring or autumn. In spring, it can be
cut into 6-10cm long rhizomes as soon as it is dug, as the seed roots for planting. The rhizomes dug in autumn do not need to be trimmed, and can be stored in the sand. The storage
temperature in the sand should not be higher than 0℃.
Before planting, apply decomposed farmyard manure to the planting site, more than 25kg per square meter, as base fertilizer, deep plow the soil 50-60cm,
mix the fertilizer and soil evenly, flatten the soil, irrigate the flat ridge, and after the water is completely infiltrated, lay the rhizomes horizontally with a spacing of 20-30cm, and then cover them with 2cm of
soft and breathable humus soil. It can germinate in more than 10 days under the right ground temperature. Take
50-100 meters of root segments from each 2-3 year old plant, which will not affect the emergence rate and development and flowering of the original old plants.
At suitable temperatures, the daily growth of strong new shoots is 5-10cm, and the plant height can reach 4-5 meters in the same year. The internode lateral branches continue to sprout, and the
lateral branches can sprout 2, 3, and 4 secondary lateral branches, and the crown width gradually expands.
Although the peony is highly adaptable, it prefers sufficient sunlight and water and fertilizer (tolerant to light shade) during the growth period. High-quality and efficient
maintenance . During the growth process, it should be supplemented with fertilizer and water at any time, and new shoots should be pulled at any time to make them evenly distributed on the trellis.
Strictly prevent several vines from twisting into a rope shape or drooping in a disorderly manner, which will affect the ornamental value. New vines should be led down in time to make up for the
lack of flowers under the trellis. Pruning should be done by removing a small amount of side vines according to the density. Do not prune heavily, because each side vine will sprout buds. Cut off
the remaining flowers to save nutrients for growth and improve the ornamental value.
The main insect pest is aphids. Check frequently and eliminate them in the early stage to get twice the result with half the effort.

57. How to plant hyacinth
Also known as daffodil and five-color daffodil, it is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Hyacinthus in the Liliaceae family. The bulb is spherical or oblate, and the outer
membrane is purple-blue or white. There are 4-6 leaves, basal, thick, ribbon-lanceolate, with shallow longitudinal grooves. The scape is 15-45
cm , hollow, and has a terminal raceme; more than 10-20 small flowers are densely distributed on the upper part, mostly growing horizontally, and rarely drooping. The corolla is funnel-
shaped, with a longer flower tube at the base and 5 lobes. It curls downward and outward. The flowering period is early spring, and the flower colors include white, yellow, red, blue, and snow blue
. The original species is light purple and fragrant.
　　There are many cultivars of hyacinth, with various colors and double petals, as well as large and small flower varieties, early and late flower varieties
, etc.
　　Hyacinth is native to southern Europe, the eastern Mediterranean coast, and Asia Minor. It likes a cool, moist, sunny
environment . It is cold-resistant and requires well-drained sandy soil. It grows very poorly in low-humidity and heavy soil.
　　Hyacinthus likes fertilizer. Whether it is potted or planted in the ground, it is best to apply enough base fertilizer, the soil should be loose, and topdressing should be done frequently during the growth period.
Loosen the soil in time after the seedlings emerge in the ground, apply topdressing once in winter, and apply topdressing once before and after flowering in spring. Potted forcing cultivation is planted in
September , with 3-4 bulbs per pot. Place it in the sun and move it into the greenhouse in November. It can bloom during the Spring Festival.
　　When forcing hyacinth, make sure to keep it at a lower temperature first so that it can grow roots but not leaves, then place it in a semi-shaded
place with a slightly higher temperature so that the leaves grow to a certain height, and finally give it a higher temperature and sufficient sunlight, so that the stems and leaves are plump and
the flowers are lush.
　　Hyacinthus mainly reproduces by dividing bulbs. After the aboveground part dies in summer, dig out the bulbs, separate the large bulbs and the sub-bulbs, and the sub-bulbs need to be
cultivated three years before they can bloom. To cultivate new varieties, it can also be propagated by sowing. Seedlings need 4-5 years to bloom.
There are two ways to cultivate hyacinths: one is potted planting. That is, in October, plant the seed heads in a pot with culture, plant 1 bulb in each
small , and 3-4 bulbs in a large pot, and then cover the soil. After planting, pay attention to adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. After about 120 days, it will bloom. The second
is water cultivation. In December, the seed heads can be placed in a wide-mouthed glass bottle with grids, and a little charcoal can be added to help disinfect and preserve. The seed
heads only need to be immersed to the bottom of the ball. Then place it in a dark place and cover the bottle with a black cloth. After more than 20 days, the roots
will sprout in a completely dark environment. At this time, take it out and let it receive sunlight. At first, it will be exposed to one or two hours a day,
and then gradually increase to seven or eight hours. If the weather does not change much, it may bloom by the Spring Festival.
　　After the hyacinth blooms, if the seed heads are well preserved, it will have the hope of blooming again when it is planted again in the second year. However, since this head has already
degenerated, even if it can survive, the plant will become short and the scape will also tend to shrink, so it cannot be kept
. It is better to buy a new seed head for cultivation the following year.
Hydroponics: The key to choosing bulbs is to try to choose large, full and heavy ones. Avoid those with sunken bottoms or upper parts or
injuries. In the container for hydroponics, first soak the bottom of the bulb in water. To prevent the roots from being exposed to sunlight,
cover the container with aluminum foil until the roots grow long. After the roots grow long, lower the water level by 2-3cm.
How to hydroponically cultivate Phoenix hyacinth
1. Add water to the glass bottle, but be careful not to soak the bottom of the bulb.
2. Place it in a cool, dark, well-ventilated place, keep the temperature at 9-13 degrees, and check it once a week to see
if it needs to be replenished with water.
3. When the flower buds grow 8 cm from the bulb (about 10 to 12 weeks) and the glass bottle is full of roots, you can move
it into the greenhouse.
4. In an environment where the temperature in your home is maintained at 17 to 20 degrees, you will be able to enjoy
the process of . But don't place them directly near a heat source, so that the beautiful hyacinth flowers can extend their opening time.
5. After flowering, you can plant the bulbs in your home courtyard. In summer, you can use glass bottles to arrange flowers. In winter, you
can reuse the processed Dutch hyacinths.
Management: Change the water, basically before the roots become larger, change the water once every 7-10 days. No fertilizer is required. Placement place, before about early January
, should be placed outdoors in a sunny place. After bringing it indoors, it must also be managed in a place where the temperature is not too high. Cultivation
in a planting box: Around October-November, after the flowers have bloomed, leave the flower stems and only pick the flower shells. In June when the leaves undergo qualitative changes,
dig it out with the leaves and dry it. Afterwards, remove the withered leaves and preserve them.

58、非洲菊种植方法
1、一般养护：定植時根冠高於地面或齊於地面，有利於根部生長並可避免冠腐病之發生。
每月應行一次除葉，控制植株為２０葉片以提高產量。十月至翌年五月為主要產期，每周採
收２-３次切花。切花期，每個根冠（株）約能採收30-43支合乎品質之切，每2-3年更新一
次為較經濟栽培法。
2、 溫度、光及水分之調節：切花產量、花莖長度、花芽分化及花序露出間隔期、生育均受
溫度影響。以夜溫15-21，日溫21-25為生長適溫，多數品種對日照反應，短日照（八小時）
比長日照（十六小時）較能促進花芽分化及側芽發育，故夏天高溫強光下應行30-40%遮蔭，
可增加切花產量，增濃花色與葉色並促進葉色促進葉柄長度及直立性。
3、 土壤與肥料：非洲菊可適應各類土壤，但以疏鬆、排水良好並含豐富有機質之土壤為最
佳，故整地時，於高床內拌入樹皮，肥或泥炭土。肥料用量每平方公尺使用奧妙肥（氮－磷
－鉀：18-6-12之緩效性肥料）196-244克，並於每次灌水補充100-200氮及鉀肥或星期施二
次350氮及鉀肥。
非洲菊叶丛生，根为块状，从播种到开花时间很长，所以最好买已开花的成株，深圳一般10
～15元一盆，等一季花开完后，可以取出根，用快刀切开根块一分为二。非洲菊不耐大肥，
宜薄肥勤施，我一般用翠筠开花肥（三号）兑水浇，像现在每天早上浇一次水就行了。
非洲菊喜阳但不耐强光，阳光强烈时宜放到荫蔽有散射光处。非洲菊分盆后一般都会叶片萎
蔫，没有关系，记得放在荫蔽的地方不要让太阳直射，每天多喷几次水，最好用1号花肥兑
水500倍连续喷一两周。分盆时尽可能不要伤到根，而且分株必须要带一部分根块，土不要
埋太深，叶芽要露出土面，如果叶片太多可同时剥除一部分叶片，因为无论如何小心总是免
不了伤根，根系受伤影响水份吸收，所以要少一些叶片蒸腾、多一些叶面喷水

59. How to plant Calceolaria
Scrophulariaceae, Calceolaria genus, also known as purse flower. It likes warm and humid environment, is not cold-resistant, and is afraid of high temperature and high humidity. It should be sown in autumn and
should not . It should be placed in a cool place with glass. After the true leaves appear, the temperature should be reduced to 15℃. Transplant after growing 2-3 true leaves.
It can be planted in a flowerpot when it has 5-6 true leaves. The wintering temperature should not be lower than 8℃. The normal flowering period is from February to May. The flower shape is unique and the color is bright and
colorful. It is an early spring potted flower.

60. How to plant snake eye chrysanthemum? Also known as small cosmos, money chrysanthemum, peacock chrysanthemum. Asteraceae, Coreopsis genus. One- or two-year herb. Smooth base, many branches in the upper part, plant height 60-80cm. Leaves are opposite, base leaves are 2-3 times pinnate-shaped, lobes are lanceolate, upper leaves have no petiole but wings, base leaves have long petioles. Capitulate inflorescence grows at the top of slender branches, with peduncles, often several inflorescences form a cyme, inflorescence 2-4cm straight. Ligulate flowers are in a single whorl, with 6-8 petals, yellow, reddish brown at the base or middle and lower parts, and tubular flowers are purple-brown. There are two layers of involucral bracts, the inner layer is longer than the outer layer. Flowering period is from June to August, achenes are spindle-shaped. Native to the Midwest of the United States, widely cultivated in some areas. It likes plenty of sunshine, is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and tolerant to thin soil. It is not picky about soil. It is easy to grow tall and fall over in fertile soil. It grows better in cool seasons. It can be propagated by seeds. The tall snake eye chrysanthemum can be planted in the gaps of the garden as a ground cover plant and allowed to reproduce by itself; it can be used as a cut flower. It has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying when used as medicine.