Diseases and pests of grains, oilseeds and other crops

Wheat scab: Eliminate the source of infection to reduce disease incidence in the field. Control methods include continuing to treat wheat straw and wheat taro, and performing seed treatment.

Rice blast: Eliminate the source of infection and reduce the incidence of disease in the field.

1. Dispose of diseased rice straw and its textile products.

2. Rice straw must be fully fermented and decomposed before being used as fertilizer.

3. Apply fertilizer evenly and eliminate the bottom of the manure pile.

4. Apply 20 grams of the solution to 40-50 kg of rice seeds, ensuring the water level is 3-4 cm above the seeds. Stir frequently to ensure even soaking. Soak for 5-7 days.

Rice blast disease: Seed disinfection to prevent disease in the field. Control methods: Seed disinfection methods are the same as for rice blast.

Rice damping-off: Disinfect the seedbed soil and apply a seedling strengthening agent, which has disinfecting and acid-regulating effects. Before disinfection, thoroughly water the soil, then spray with a transplanting agent solution. Use 2 ml of transplanting agent concentrate per square meter mixed with 3 kg of water, and water evenly and thoroughly.

Potato late blight (vine rot): Eliminate pathogens in seed potatoes and prevent field diseases.

1. Discard diseased potatoes, disinfect the knife with alcohol, soak for 5 minutes, cut into pieces and mix with ash.

2. Do not plant in low-lying, damp areas; plant on large ridges (over 60cm) and use buds or bud blocks for planting.

3. If possible, use a greenhouse or tobacco curing room to heat the seed potatoes to 40℃ and treat them for 10 hours. This method can also prevent the seed potatoes from rotting.

Sunflower sclerotinia stem rot (head rot): Eliminate the source of infection to reduce disease incidence in the field. Control methods include using disease-free seeds and avoiding continuous cropping or planting the same crop in the same location.

Corn smut (Umi): Reduce disease incidence in the field.

1. Soak the seeds in sauerkraut water for 24 hours (do not use sauerkraut water that has gone bad or spoiled). After soaking, the seeds should be dried.

2. Implement large-scale crop rotation for three years.

3. New seed treatment method: Apply Bayi Agricultural University seed dressing agent to the seeds at a dosage of 1.5% of the seed weight. This can effectively prevent root diseases and underground pests.

Sorghum smut (black rice): Reduce disease incidence in the field.

1. Soak seeds in 55℃ constant temperature water for 5 minutes. Or treat seeds with 0.7-0.9% of the seed weight using 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder.

2. Implement crop rotation for more than three years.

3. Avoid sowing on cloudy or rainy days; choose consecutive sunny days for sowing to prevent seed powdering.

White spot disease in millet (look at the age of the millet): Prevent seeds from carrying pathogens and reduce the incidence of disease later.

1. Wash the seeds 5 times with clean water.

2. Mix 50% of the seed weight with the seeds and sow.

3. Avoid replanting in the same field or planting in the same field again.

Vegetable diseases and pests

Eggplant brown spot disease: Prevent seedling diseases.

1. Water on sunny days, ensuring even watering to prevent overwatering.

2. Thin out seedlings appropriately to prevent overcrowding.

3. Prevent excessively low temperatures; daytime temperatures should ideally be between 18 and 25 degrees Celsius.

4. If disease is found, apply 0.1-0.05% potassium permanganate solution, or mix two parts quicklime and one part dry fine soil and spread the solution.

5. New control methods: At the initial stage of disease, spray with 75% chlorothalonil at a dilution of 600 times or 70% fosetyl-aluminum zinc at a dilution of 600 times, once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. Sprinkling wood ash around the base of the stem in the seedbed can reduce damage.

Fallowing-off and damping-off in cucumbers, cabbages, and celery: Control of fungal diseases.

1. Water on sunny days, and water evenly to avoid overwatering.

2. Thin out the seedlings appropriately.

3. Cucumbers should be protected from temperatures below 12℃ and temperatures above 30℃. The ideal daytime temperature is around 20℃. Celery and cabbage should be protected from temperatures above 23℃. The ideal daytime temperature is around 18℃.

4. Remove diseased seedlings and spread a mixture of two parts wood ash or quicklime and one part dry soil.

5. Remove diseased seedlings when they are found, and spray with 1000 times dilution of dichlorvos or 1000 times dilution of 75% chlorothalonil or 500 times dilution of 50% thiram. If the temperature is too high after spraying, sprinkle wood ash or dry fine soil to reduce humidity.

Prevention and control of viral diseases in melons, gourds, and solanaceous vegetables:

Seedlings can be vaccinated with attenuated N-14 viral bacterium or CMV satellite virus vaccine S52 to improve immunity. Alternatively, spray with a mixture of 20% virus A at a dilution of 500 times and 1.5% plant disease control agent at a dilution of 1000 times, once every 5-7 days, for a total of 5-6 sprays.

Fruit tree diseases and pests

Apple tree rot: Eliminate the source of the disease to prevent further damage.

1. In conjunction with pruning, remove diseased branches and saw off diseased or dead trees and burn them.

2. Treatment with cob tar (coal tar oil) applied to the affected area. Instructions: When treating a new lesion with cob tar oil, first use a knife to cut the affected area from the healthy area, then use a nail-toothed board to make some small holes in the skin of the affected area, and then apply a thin layer of oil.

Apple black spot disease: Eliminate the source of the disease and reduce the incidence.

1. After pruning the fruit trees, sweep away the fallen leaves and diseased branches in the orchard and burn or bury them at least one foot deep.

2. Spray with a 3-5 degree lime-sulfur mixture once when the flower buds are swelling. Or spray with a 700-1000 times dilution of 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder.

Apple blossom rot: Eliminate the source of the disease to reduce the incidence of the disease.

1. Continue to prune diseased flowers, leaves, and branches, and collect and burn them.

2. In late April to early May, shallow tilling should be carried out in the orchard to eliminate pathogens growing on the ground.

Tent caterpillars: Remove eggs by cutting them off, burning or burying them deeply to reduce pest infestation. Combine pruning with cutting off egg masses, collecting and burning or crushing them.

Pear-shaped caterpillar (dumpling caterpillar): Eliminate overwintering larvae to reduce later damage.

1. Scrape off the old, peeling skin from the main stem and collect and burn it.

2. Spray the main trunk with 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate. Use 0.5-1 gram of the agent per acre, diluted in 10-20 kg of water.

Red spider mites: Eliminate overwintering insects to reduce damage.

3. Remove half an inch of topsoil around the main stem and bury it on the spot at a depth of one foot or more. (Adults overwinter in the old bark and soil.)

Plum fruit borer: Eliminate overwintering larvae to reduce damage during the fruiting period.

1. Search and kill overwintering cocoons in the cracks of plum tree stems.

2. In early April, spray 50% emulsifiable concentrate of phoxim at a dilution of 1:1000 around the roots of the trees. Each tree can be sprayed with 0.5-1 kg of the solution, which also helps to prevent underground pests.