-
Pinus tabuliformis:

Bird damage
From seedling emergence until the seed coat falls off, reed mats or protective netting can be added to the seedbed to prevent bird damage.

Pests and diseases
Pinus tabuliformis seedlings are susceptible to damping-off. After all seedlings have emerged, spray with a 0.5%–1% ferrous sulfate solution or a 0.5% Bordeaux mixture every 7–10 days, for 2–3 consecutive times. Wash the seedlings with clean water after spraying. At the same time, regularly inspect the seedlings and immediately remove and burn any severely infected seedlings.

Larch
Larch seedling diseases

    The main disease affecting larch seedlings is damping-off, a common disease that occurs after seedling emergence, generally in May and June, and lasts for a relatively long time. Symptoms are divided into two types: damping-off and root rot. The characteristics of damping-off are: ring-shaped rot at the rootstock of the larch seedling at the ground surface, causing the seedling to collapse and wither. The characteristics of root rot are: rotting of seedling roots and yellowing of stems and leaves. Some seedlings rot even in the soil, with ring-shaped mycelium appearing in the soil around the affected seedlings. Specific control methods for this disease include:
  
    1. Seed disinfection: Before burying seeds for germination treatment, treat them with a 0.25 kg solution of chlorhexidine (or similar powder). Mix well, cover tightly with a burlap sack, and leave overnight before germination treatment. Alternatively, soak the seeds in copper sulfate solution at a ratio of 0.5 kg copper sulfate per 50 kg of seeds.

    2. Soil disinfection: Before covering the larch seedbed with sand, mix pentachloronitrobenzene into the sand and then evenly spread it on the seedbed. The application rate is 18.75 kg–22.5 kg per hectare.
  
    3. Spraying: Bordeaux mixture is a commonly used and effective pesticide for controlling larch seedling diseases and should be applied regardless of whether the disease is present. Spray immediately after seedling emergence and weeding, then repeat every 7-10 days, for a total of 4-5 applications. The concentration of the solution is generally 1%-2%, starting with a lower concentration and gradually increasing with the number of applications. Bordeaux mixture should be prepared and used immediately; do not store it for too long. Do not apply on rainy days or when the stems and leaves of seedlings are wet, as this may reduce its effectiveness.
  
    In addition, five-component mixtures (a 3:1 ratio of pentachloronitrobenzene and cypermethrin, diluted with 200 times the amount of water), five-component mixtures (a 3:1 ratio of pentachloronitrobenzene and zineb, diluted with 200 times the amount of water), zineb (prepared as a 1000-fold solution), and 0.5% alum solution are also effective in controlling damping-off disease in larch. There are two main types of pests
   
affecting larch seedlings
   : First, grubs (also known as scarab beetle larvae), which are found in well-drained, aerated sandy loam soils. They remain burrowed when the soil is dry and emerge to the surface when it is wet. Grubs feed on the roots of larch seedlings in the morning or evening, causing the seedlings to wither and die. Their most damaging period is from June to September every four years, with August and September being the most severe. Second, mole crickets, which prefer damp places. They often burrow into the larch seedbed, digging up the soil and uprooting the seedlings, leading to their death. Specific control methods for these two pests are:
  
    1. Controlling grub damage. There are two common methods for controlling grub damage. First, before tilling the larch seedbed, mix a 6% solution of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) powder (or HCH powder powder) evenly with sand or soil and apply it to the seedbed. Then, incorporate it into the soil during tilling. The dosage is 7.5 kg to 15 kg per hectare. Do not overdose, and avoid continuous application to prevent phytotoxicity. Second, when larch seedlings are infested with pests, carefully inspect the seedbed around 9:00 AM daily. If seedling tips are found pulled into the ground or bent, use wire to search and capture the affected seedlings. Alternatively, dig a small trench in the gaps between seedlings and pour a 0.5% solution of dimethoate along the trench. Water the trench immediately to expand the penetration range and achieve the desired insecticidal effect. Spraying the seedbed surface with a 0.1%–0.2% solution of dichlorvos or trichlorfon is also effective in killing grubs.
  
    2. Control of mole cricket damage. There are two common methods for controlling mole cricket damage. One is to place poisoned bait at dusk at the entrances or tunnels dug by the mole crickets. After eating the poisoned bait, the mole crickets cannot return to their burrows and can be captured and burned the next morning. The poisoned bait can be prepared using a mixture of trichlorfon and dichlorvos. The second method is to dig dozens of small pits along the paths in the larch nursery. The pits should have smooth, drooping sides, be lined with horse manure, and covered with grass to attract the mole crickets. They can then be captured and killed the following morning. Applying trichlorfon or dichlorvos is effective in this method. As for

the Chinese
scholar tree (Sophora japonica), it has few pests and diseases. The main ones are seedling rot and scale insects.
The
  scale insect *didesmoceccus koreanus borchs*, also known as the apricot-haired scale insect, belongs to the family Striatae in the order Hemiptera. It is distributed in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi provinces. This insect primarily damages plants such as plum blossoms, crabapple blossoms, cherry blossoms, peach blossoms, red-leaf plums,
  and apricots. Adults and nymphs attach themselves to branches and trunks, sucking sap from the plants, causing severe damage and resulting in withering of branches and trunks, reducing their ornamental value. The female adult of the *Scaly s ... The nymphs are oval, initially apricot-yellow, later turning light brown, with dozens of longitudinal stripes on their backs, covered in white wax powder, and with two caudal filaments at the end of their abdomen. The pupa is reddish-brown, oval, 1.8 mm long, with a spiny projection at the end of its abdomen. The insect is yellowish-white and oblong.
  The spherical scale insect has one generation per year, overwintering as second-instar nymphs under the bark and in crevices of the host tree. They begin activity in March of the following year, molting in late March, forming a waxy scale within 2-3 days. Females begin mating and laying eggs in early May.
  The fertilized female's abdomen swells and gradually becomes spherical, laying eggs under her body; each female can lay over 1000 eggs. They disperse and feed on the sap of branches and leaves until October-November, gradually overwintering.
  Observations show that the overwintering generation grows and develops rapidly after molting in early March until the female lays eggs, causing severe damage. Growth and development are slow in summer and autumn, but damage is still severe.
   
In early spring, before the host plant sprouts, spray with lime sulfur solution at 5 Baume degrees or 50% diesel emulsion.
During the hatching period of nymphs and eggs, spray with 40% chlorpyrifos at 700-1000 times dilution or lime sulfur solution at 0.2 Baume degrees.