Paul Cezanne

（1839.1.19 —1906.10.22）

Famous French painter, leader of Post-Impressionism

Since the end of the 19th century, it has been called by modern Western painters

Father of Art Nouveau

The Father of Modern Art

The Father of Modeling

His pursuit and expression of the sense of volume of objects

Opened up the idea for "Cubism"

Cézanne attaches great importance to the authenticity of color vision

Its uniqueness in "objectively" observing natural colors is greatly different from

Painters who used to observe natural colors "rationally" or "subjectively"

Paul Cezanne

Important painters between Impressionism and Cubism

“  The colors are rich to a certain extent

The shape is formed  ."

Cézanne often repeated this phrase when he talked about his paintings

In the group of Impressionist innovators, he carried out a personal artistic revolution

If we say that Renoir, Degas or Monet, these impressionist painters

If the momentary impression of moving things is fixed on the canvas

Cézanne explored the expression of nature in a permanent and unchanging form.

If the works of impressionist painters blurred the outlines,

Cézanne restored or re-established the contours.

Most of his works reflect his own artistic ideas.

Expressing solid geometric sense, ignoring the texture and modeling accuracy of objects

Emphasize the heavy and steady sense of volume and the overall relationship between objects

Sometimes giving up individual independence and authenticity in order to find harmony in various relationships

January 19, 1839

Born in Aix-en-Provence, France

He is the descendant of small craftsmen and merchants in Piedmont.

He first attended primary school and St. Joseph's School

Thanks to his father's good fortune, he went from being a hat shop owner to a bank manager.

He was sent to secondary school

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1860 Landscape with Mill

1860 The Kiss of the Muse

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The father found that his son had no talent for business.

With the urging of his wife and eldest daughter Mary

He finally gave in with a low grumble.

Paul Cezanne Arrives in Paris

CezanneRented a furnished room in Fontana Street

Studying at the Swiss Academy, interacting with Guillaumin and Pissarro

And continued to maintain friendship with Zola

He lived on the 125 francs his father sent him every month.

Maintaining life with difficulty

He couldn't adapt to the hustle and bustle of the capital.

My early works were far from satisfying.

He was never admitted to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris

The reasons are:

“ Although he has the temperament of a colorist, he unfortunately abuses colors ”

He returned to Aix dejected.

His father was so pleased that he arranged a job for him in his bank.

But Paul did not sacrifice his painting brush because of his career in finance, and he still painted passionately.

He painted a parody on four large panels

The Four Seasons

To decorate the rooms of Gerdebouffon

And he rudely signed his paintings with "Ingres" for fun.

He painted self-portraits and also portraits of his father

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In November, he returned to Paris

Although he often associated with the Impressionists, he did not appreciate them.

He is close to Monet and Renoir

He admired the works of Delacroix and Courbet.

His paintings at this time were quite romantic, and he called them "hodgepodge"

Others don't like his paintings, and neither does he

In fact, he had nothing to be happy about.

No matter where you go, it's a pleasant sight

He broke off his newly formed friendship

He left the famous painter who had attracted him and kept changing his place of residence.

He left Paris out of boredom and returned out of curiosity.

He retired to Aix, but soon left again.

It is not known whether he was rejected by the official Salon of 1866.

1863 Portrait of Louis Auguste

1864 The Vault

1864 Woman with Parrot

1866Portrait  of Uncle Dominique as a Monk 

" Portrait of a Monk " is a typical work of Cézanne's early period, with a strong student flavor.

The painting depicts a figure dressed in the garb of a Catholic monk

Between 1865 and 1871

Cézanne painted no less than five different portraits of this character.

This man is recorded in art history as "Uncle Dominic"

It relies on color contrast to stand out and rise above the background.

Cézanne's portraits are composed of neat shapes.

This shows that he fully mastered the performance of the painting material, but it is not the portrayal of the characters.

The model did not interest Cézanne; he was only interested in the reproduction of the material.

1866 The Artist's Father Reading his Newspaper

1867 Portrait of Marie Cezanne, the Artist's Sister

1867 Rue des Saules. Montmartre

Cézanne said

“  Making Impressionism a museum-like art

Something that is as solid as this  .”

This remark inspired by the Renaissance is often quoted and often criticized.

What Cézanne was looking for in his works was truth, the truth of painting.

As he gradually felt that his source must be nature, man

and the things of the world in which he lives

Rather than the stories and myths of the past

He hopes to transform these things into a new reality of painting.

1870 Factories Near Mont de Cengle

1870 Landscape of Provence

1871 The Oilmill

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Hortense Fouquet bore him a son

Cézanne gave him his own name: Paul

End of the year

Cézanne left his hotel on the other side of Pontoise and went to the village of Auvers-sur-Oise.

Through his work with Pissarro and Guillaumin in Pontoise

Cézanne made full use of the Impressionist techniques he had learned in his paintings.

The colors are brighter than before, the pictures are more lively, and the brushstrokes are more delicate.

However, he still retains his original characteristics of being strong and rugged.

1872 Girl

"The Hanged Man's House" and "Dr. Gascha's House" are the symbols of this change in style.

It is both the result of long-term contact with Impressionism and the requirement of picture order.

At this time, Cézanne also met Van Gogh in the area and received encouragement from Dr. Gastard.

Some thoughtful painting enthusiasts bought several of his paintings

1872 Hortense Breast Feeding Paul

After returning to Paris, he reunited with the Impressionists at the Café de l'Athènes

Despite opposition from some of them

Still attended the first Impressionist exhibition held at the Natal Photo Gallery in 1874

The exhibition was met with ridicule and mockery

Of course, Cézanne also had his share, even more than that.

On the contrary, Count Doria bought his "The Hanged Man's House"

Victor Xiaogai, a government employee,  also became his admirer and close friend.

She modeled for him many times.

1872 Self-Portrait in a Cap

1873 Madame Cezanne Leaning on a Table

1874 The House and the Tree

1875 A Painter at Work

1875 Self-portrait in front of pink background

From 1874 to 1877

Cézanne in his rented studio at 120 rue de Vaugirard

A peaceful and productive period

If "The Basin of Gerdebouffon" is still an Impressionist painting,

Then his "L'Estaque Seascape" created in the summer of 1876

This is following the principles of neoclassicism .

Still Life with Plenty, Multiple Portraits of Madame Cezanne

A series of "Male and Female Bathers" illustrate this change.

He abandoned tiny brushstrokes and subtle tonal variations and used large, sweeping strokes.

To highlight the sense of volume and seek overall unity

The works have reached new levels in terms of thinking, grasp and shaping.

However, Cezanne's character became even more perverse.

Intolerance of social pressure and vanity in the social world

This extremely kind and generous man would be irritated by the smallest of things.

When his simple self-esteem encounters obstacles, he feels extremely painful.

His works are rejected by the Salon every year.

The poor painters at the art school laughed at him

The public has long been puzzled by him

These made his neurasthenia worse.

1876 ​​Auvers-sur-Oise, View from Nearby

1876 Chestnut Trees and Farmstead of Jas de Bouffin

1876 Flowers in a Rococo Vase

1876 Jas de Bouffan, the pool

1877Portrait   of Victor Chocquet

In front of a bright green background

Showing blue-grey hair, beard and shirt

Light blue shirt, light red body

Use light tones to highlight dark tones

Although the color strokes are very rough

The rich changes form the vibration of light

It also helps with the structure of the image itself.

From this perfect unity of form and color

This created the image of this man whom both Cézanne and Renoir admired.

The image of an art patron with a noble heart

In this portrait, Cézanne succeeded in making the person the subject of his art.

It becomes a complete unity with the vitality portrayed by art.

1877 The Eternal Feminie

1877 The Temptation of St. Anthony

1877 Two Vases of Flowers

He participated in the Pelletier Street Impressionist Exhibition with 16 works

The result was the same as in 1874, with public opposition.

His father did not approve of his painting, nor did he approve of his marriage to Fu Gai.

At this time, the living expenses for him were reduced.

Cézanne became more isolated than ever and simply stayed indoors.

CezanneThe wife is fed up with the demands

Acting on impulse makes friends hate you

But there are still a few people who have always been very loyal to him

Among them was the painter Guillaumin

After that, Cézanne lived in Provence for a long time.

Only visit Paris for a short stay when necessary

Or at Renoir's invitation to Rocheguin

At the invitation of Victor Chauguet to Attanville

1878 Bather with Outstreched Arms

1878 Portrait of the Artist's Son

1878 The Seine at Bercy

1878 Portrait of Madame Cezanne in a red armchair

Madame Cézanne in a Red Armchair is a portrait of Paul Cézanne

Completely disregarding the traditional Western portraiture

Character, psychological state, social status, etc.

In its expression method, it does not use traditional

Depicted by using light and shadow to express texture

1879 Bottom of the Ravine

1880 Flowers and Fruit

1880 Portrait of Louis Guillaume

1881 Self-portrait in front of olive wallpaper

1882 Orchard

1882 Three Bathers

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Paul Cézanne met Monticelli

From then on, the two painters traveled all over Provence.

They like to paint together in Gardana with their backpacks

1883 L'Estaque View Through The Pines

1883 Portrait of Madame Cezanne

1883 View of L'Estaque

April 1884

Although he no longer had any feelings for Hortense Fouquet

He held a wedding ceremony with her in the presence of her parents

Two years later, his father died at the age of nearly ninety.

He left behind a legacy of two million francs, a huge sum of money at the time.

But he only feels disgusted with the relationships between people in society.

So I still put all my energy and time into painting

He broke off contact with Zola

Let my wife and sister manage the household chores and take charge of my son's education

1885 Portrait of the Artist's Son

1885 Self-Portrait

1885 The Gulf of Marseille Seen from L'Estaque

The buildings in the foreground of "The Bay of Estaque" are gathered together and close to the viewer. The buildings are simplified into cubes, and the colors of the side facades are bright. The buildings in the foreground and the trees in front of and behind the houses are composed of ochre, yellow, orange and green. As they become smaller and smaller in front of the eyes, there is almost no difference in clarity. Although the elements such as the houses, roofs, chimneys and trees in the foreground can be clearly distinguished, it is difficult to imagine that they are objects existing in natural space. The trees on the right side of the foreground house should be a little farther away from the house in depth, but in fact, the trees are right next to the house, and the trees are expressed by mottled color shapes.

Cézanne wanted to recreate nature with color, and he believed that sketching was the result of the correct use of color. In "The Bay of Estaque", the contour line is the confluence of two blocks of color. Since these colors actually change in brightness or hue contrast, its edges are completely defined. However, this defined characteristic tends to unify and connect the blocks of color into one, rather than separating them as in traditional sketching techniques. In the composition of this painting, the intuitive feeling of Cézanne's perceptual concepts is obvious, and Seurat had studied these concepts diligently in scientific textbooks. For Cézanne, the important point is that he discovered that the eye is looking at a scene continuously and simultaneously, which gives profound meaning to the structural composition of the painting.

1885 View of L'Estaque and Chateaux d'If

1885The  Gulf of Marseille  Seen from L'Estaque

The middle ground of the picture is the bay

This is a strong and intense color block

Variety of blues across the canvas

Build up carefully blended brushstrokes

The rolling hills behind the bay

There is a soft blue sky above the mountain

Add some very light rose red strokes

Like the afterglow of sunset

1885 Portrait of Madame Cezanne

1886 Surroundings of Gardanne

1886 Mont Sainte-Victoire With Large Pine

1886 Mount Sainte-Victoire Seen from Gardanne

1886 Trees and houses

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1887 Chestnut Trees at the Jas de Bouffan

1887 Five Bathers

1887 The Blue Vase

"Blue Vase" is a still life painting with a particularly vivid and joyful feeling.

Gives people a warm, fresh, bright, elegant and fragrant beauty

The layout of objects and the expression of shapes

It also looks exquisite, concise and chic

1887 Bather

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Cézanne lived in Paris for a year.

Often met with Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Emile Bernard

But in fact, Cézanne didn't like them.

Eventually he retired to Aix

Occasionally, I would go to Fontainebleau, Givernier, and Vichy for a few days.

Due to early stage diabetes

His temper became more and more irritable.

Inexplicably, I and several friends

Especially the relationship with Monet became tense.

He worked with enthusiasm and doubt.

1888 Boy in a Red Vest

1888 Pierrot and Harlequin (Mardi Gras)

1888 The Alley at Chantilly

But there was no period in his life like

The decade from 1885 to 1895 was as balanced and peaceful as

It was during this period that he painted Chest of Drawers

"Orchid Vase", "Tuesday Before Lent", "Portrait of Gustave Geffroy"

The Boy in the Red Vest, and also made many portraits of his wife

It was also during this period that he painted the series "Card Players"

In addition, he used the method of dealing with geometric problems

Repainted The Bathers no less than ten times

Try to find the compositional rules that govern the picture

In landscape painting

Cezanne's favorite subject at the time was the garden house of Gédebouffon.

He repeatedly depicted the path among the chestnut trees, the village of Gardana

" Marseille Harbour from L'Estaque " and "Mount Sainte-Victoire"

Especially "Mount Sainte-Victoire with its tall pine trees"

1889 The Great Pine

With perseverance, he created more than 250 oil paintings

It began to bear abundant fruit, and he became known

Thanks to the help of his close friend Xiao Gai, one of his works was

Exhibited at the 1889 World Expo

In the collection bequeathed to the nation by Cabot

3 of his works and some other famous painters

22 works rejected by the National Museum

He soon avenged this defeat: at the auction house of Theodore Dulay

Monet bought his "Village Road" for 800 francs

At the same time, Vollard also had a gallery in Rue Lafitte

150 works by the Aix-en-Provence painter are on display

The press was outraged and crowds gathered to protest

Official painters even came to protest the exhibition

However, this raised Cézanne's reputation

1890 A Close

1890 Boy in a Red Vest

1890 Boy Resting

Independent painters and new art enthusiasts showed their favor to him

Suspicious loneliness also made him mature

He could not bear the grief caused by his mother's death

The work expresses strong emotions , and the art slides towards the Baroque style

Out of filial piety to his mother, he decided to sell De Bouffon

Never going back there again

At this time, he liked to go to the Black Castle to paint.

1890 Forest

1890 Madame Cezanne in a Yellow Chair

1890 Harlequin

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1890 Portrait of the Artist's Son

1890 Potted Plants

1890 Self-Portrait with Palette

1890Kitchen  tableStill  life with basket

Cézanne demanded of his models the same thing he did of these apples—not to move.

Once, he was painting a portrait for the art dealer Flora, who fell asleep without realizing it.

Cezanne said to him angrily: " Is there a dozing apple? "

1890 Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

1890 Still life with Apples

1890 Still life, bottle of rum

1890Bathers   - les grandes baigneuses

This is the largest of the three "Bathers" by the painter Cezanne.

Highlighting the stable composition and quiet tones, exuding a calm beauty

1890 Three Bathers (after Cézanne)

1890 Still Life with Flowers and Fruit

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1891Bathers ​  ​

In addition to women's bathing

Cézanne also depicted men bathing

"The Bathers" is an oil painting depicting a man

Cézanne depicted the scene of him playing in the river when he was a teenager.

Depicted with light colors

In the background you can see the symbol of Aix ,  Mount Sainte-Victoire

1892 The Card Players

1894 Paul Cezanne in his Paris studio working on “The Apotheosis of Delacroix”

1894 Bathers

1894 Millstone and Cistern Under Trees

1894 Woods with Millstone

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1895 Ginger Jar

1895 Large Pine and Red Earth

1895  Still Life with Apples 

Proves that still life can be realistically reproduced

Solid and expressive representations of light and space

“  Depicting nature is not copying an object, it realizes human feelings  ”

He insisted on focusing on color and texture characteristics, not on illusion.

Still Life with Apples is not an imitation of the real thing

It is an exploration of the perspective and nature of painting.

1895 Maison Maria with a View of Chateau Noir

1895 Self-Portrait

1895 Still Life with Plaster Cupid

1895 Still life, peppermint bottle

1895 Woman in a Green Hat (Madame Cezanne)

1895 Portrait of Gustave Geffroy

1895Woman  with  a Coffee Pot

The woman in the painting is a servant of Cézanne's family

She was dressed in plain clothes and had a cold expression.

The author has no intention of digging into her inner thoughts

She is just a still life for Cezanne to study composition

Plays the same role as a coffee pot

Cézanne formed them into a balance and harmony

Objects are depicted from multiple perspectives, with many contradictions and conflicts juxtaposed

Under his careful arrangement, a strange balance was achieved.

Gaining another kind of vitality, this belongs to Cezanne's transformation

He uses this unique deformation to express a more realistic reality

“ Painting does not mean blindly copying reality. 

It means seeking harmony in relationships ”

1896 Old Woman with a Rosary

1896The  Card Players 

"The Card Players" is one of Cézanne's most outstanding compositions.

He has painted many works with card players as the theme.

Perhaps only this composition can achieve its purpose.

" Observing an object is to reveal the character of one's model"

Cézanne's peasants are as individual as portraits

As all-embracing as an idea, as solemn as a monument

As sound as a good conscience

“ I like the look of elderly people the most.

They follow the world and the current affairs

Look at this elderly café owner, how elegant he is! "

In Cézanne's eyes, nobleness is not manifested in various false

To sincerely express people's lives and conform to real life

1896 The Lac d'Annecy

1896 Young Italian Girl Resting on Her Elbow

1898 Young Man and Skull

1898Turning   Road at Montgeroult

The mountain and forest scenery in the painting comes from Cézanne's direct observation

The geometric house has a bold blue outline against an ochre block

Emerging from the randomly drawn leaves

The path bends towards the mountains and quickly disappears into the green trees.

The geometric arrangement of color blocks constitutes the picture.

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He came to Paris for the last time and then returned to Aix

Accompanied by a very loyal housekeeper, Mrs. Bremont

Until the end of life

1899 In the Forest

1899 Nude Woman Standing

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1900 Apples and Oranges

1900 We Drink Quarry

1900 In the Park of Chateau Noir

1900Large  Bathers ​

Cezanne's exploration of art, calculated composition

The way he places the human body in geometric shapes

From this we can see Cézanne's new attempt in painting

Hence the Cubism of Picasso and Braque

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Cézanne had a studio built on Rue Louvre

Age and illness made him more suspicious and irritable.

1902 Mont Sainte-Victoire

1902 Road near Mont Sainte-Victoire

1904 Bathers at Rest

1904 Chateau Noir

1904 Forest near the rocky caves above the Chateau Noir

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He completed the work he had begun in 1898.

"Tall Female Bather" in the Philadelphia Museum in Tibet

1905Large  Bathers ​

1906  Mont Sainte  Victor

Landscapes are probably what Cézanne painted most in his life.

After 1882, Cézanne lived in seclusion in a small town near his hometown.

Concentrating on painting the local landscape, he was deeply attracted by the scenery of Mount Sainte-Victoire.

Year after year, he repeatedly depicted this huge rock rising from the earth.

Analyze complex and subtle volumes and structures that appear and disappear from time to time

During his lifetime, he painted a "portrait" of the mountain.

There are as many as seventy or eighty of them.

This painting , "Mount Sainte-Victoire", is housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

This is Cézanne's last painting of Mont Sainte-Victoire.

In a world without human traces, majestic mountains seem to rise from the atmosphere

Its solid, undulating shape is reflected in the flickering light and shadow

The majestic and sublime atmosphere, with a hint of melancholy, reflects Cézanne’s profound spiritual world.

In this painting, every block and shape is handled very rigorously.

He uses simple and orderly brushstrokes to express the subtle color differences of objects.

There are not many colors in the painting, and each color has rich color gradation changes.

The countless brushstrokes are placed on the canvas sensitively and rationally.

Become a thick color block with rich texture changes

The various trends, arrangements, connections, transformations and interweavings of brushstrokes

Construct space, generate structure, and form a contrasting and harmonious order

Visual elements such as color blocks, brushstrokes, and lines

Floating out of the image of the objective scene

Creating a new reality in the painting is the core of Cézanne's painting art

1906 Portrait of the Gardener Vallier

1906 Portrait of Vallier

1906 The Sailor

October 15

He was sketching outdoors when a rainstorm hit him and he fainted on the ground due to the cold.

A carriage took him home.

Mrs. Bremont immediately notified his wife and children, but they were unable to arrive.

October 22nd

After receiving the last rites, Cézanne died.

Cezanne's paintings have distinctive characteristics

He emphasized the purity of painting and paid attention to the formal composition of painting.

Discovering simple forms beneath the surface of nature through painting

Transform scattered visuals into orderly images

To this end, he conducted a series of artistic explorations

Emphasize the clarity and solidity of the objects in the painting

He believes that if the objects in the painting are blurred

Then it is impossible to find the compositional meaning of the picture.

He opposed the impressionist approach of neglecting sketching.

Painting language that makes objects blurry

Cézanne strived to create a vivid

The painting language of solid form

When drawing, the outline of the object is often drawn with black lines.

Even the outlines of air, river, water, clouds, etc.

In his paintings, whether it is close-up or distant objects,

In terms of clarity, they are all pulled to the same plane.

This approach distances itself from traditional expression techniques.

It also leaves room for expression in the composition of the picture.

He excludes tedious details in his creations.

Focus on simplifying and generalizing objects

“ Use cylinders, cones and spheres to represent nature ”

The scenery in the works is simple and rich in geometric meaning.

Thus, we can exert our creative talent in the form composition

Sacrificing objective reality for the sake of the picture's form and structure

It breaks away from the restrictions imposed on painters by the traditional laws of reproduction in Western art.

In Cézanne's paintings, intentional distortion of objective shapes often occurs.

He has no intention of reproducing nature, but his depiction of natural objects

The fundamental purpose is to create a rhythm of shape and color.

" When a painter paints, whether it is an apple or a face

For the painter, it is a kind of reliance, for a performance of lines and colors

There is nothing else "

1906 Mill on the River

Cézanne attached importance to the formal beauty of painting and emphasized the composition order of the visual elements of the picture.

Respect for classical art.The most admired French classical painter Poussin

" My goal is to paint in the style of Poussin, using nature as the subject "

Strive to make his paintings have the balance and perfection of Poussin's works

He pursued this goal persistently and disagreed with the traditional rules of reproduction.

He went to extremes and broke away from the tradition of Western art .

He is revered as the "Father of Modern Painting"

1906 Mont Sainte-Victoire

The famous Cubist master Braque saw very keenly:

"  Cezanne's Greatness

In his classical restraint

He doesn’t show his individuality  .”

1906 Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Les Lauves

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