Perennial herb with oblong or oblanceolate leaves, purple-red flowers, and also light red, light yellow or white flowers. It has a fragrance and slender fruits. It is for viewing.

　　Violets are native to the Mediterranean coast. They are now widely cultivated in southern China. They are biennial or perennial herbaceous flowers, usually sown in the autumn of the previous year and blooming in the spring of the following year. The plant is 30 to 60 cm tall, covered with gray star-shaped soft hairs, with an upright stem and a slightly lignified base ^[1] . The leaves are broad, oblong or oblanceolate, with a rounded tip. The inflorescence is terminal and axillary, with a thick pedicel. The flowers are purple, light red, light yellow, white, etc. Single-petal flowers can produce seeds, while double-petal flowers do not. The fruit is a long cylindrical silique with winged seeds. The flowering period is from December to April, and the fruit ripening period is from June to July.

　　Chinese name: Violet

　　Species name: Matthiola incana (Linn.) R. Br.

　　Species English name: violet

　　Chinese name of the family: Cruciferae

　　Latin name: Brassicaceae

　　Genus Chinese name: Violet

　　Genus Latin name: Matthiola

　　Nomenclature source: (Handbook of Economic Plants) [hook. F. fl. Brit. Ind 1:130.1872]

　　Flora: 33:342

　　Origin: Mediterranean coast of Europe,

　　Uses: It is the main flower in the spring flowerbed. It is also an important cut flower. It can be grown in water for a long time. It is a dwarf variety and can be used for potted viewing.

　　Violet, also known as grass osmanthus, is native to southern Europe. This flower prefers a cool climate and avoids dryness and heat. It prefers a well-ventilated environment and a mild climate in winter, but can also withstand a short period of low temperature of -5°C. The suitable temperature for flower bud differentiation is 15°C. It is not very demanding on the soil, but grows better in well-drained, neutral to alkaline soil and avoids acidic soil. Violet is cold-resistant but not shade-tolerant, and is afraid of waterlogging. It is suitable for growing in a high position, exposed to sunlight, and well-ventilated and well-drained environment. Avoid stuffiness and heat. It is susceptible to pests and diseases in hot, rainy weather with poor ventilation. ^[2]

　　The lavender violet flower is mysterious and elegant. Due to its bright color, thin petals, folds and light transmission, the essence can be released even if it is washed with cold water. It can clear away heat and detoxify, whiten and remove spots, moisturize the skin, remove wrinkles and spots, remove bad breath, enhance luster, and protect against ultraviolet radiation. Violet is very helpful for the respiratory tract and has a conditioning effect on bronchitis. It can moisturize the throat and solve the bad breath caused by tooth decay.

　　Reminder: Suitable to be paired with rose, mint, marigold, rosemary, osmanthus, etc.

　　Sweet and tangy, a bit like licorice.

　　There are many horticultural varieties, including single-petal and double-petal varieties. Double-petal varieties have high ornamental value; single-petal varieties can produce seeds, while double-petal varieties cannot. Generally, plants grown from flat seeds can usually produce a large number of double-petal flowers; while plump seeds mostly produce plants with single-petal flowers. The flower colors include pink, dark red, light purple, dark purple, pure white, light yellow, bright yellow, blue-purple, etc. In production, white, pink and purple varieties are generally used to produce cut flowers.

　　The main cultivated varieties include white "Aida", light yellow "Carmen", red "Francesco", purple "Arabella" and lavender "Incana". According to plant height, there are three types: tall, medium and short; according to different flowering periods, there are summer violets, autumn violets and winter violets; according to different cultivation habits, there are annual and biennial types.

　　Violets prefer cool climates and avoid dryness and heat ^[1] . They prefer a well-ventilated environment and a mild climate in winter, but can also tolerate short-term low temperatures of -5°C. The optimum temperature for flower bud differentiation is 15°C. They are not very demanding on the soil, but grow better in well-drained, neutral to alkaline soils and avoid acidic soils. Violets are cold-tolerant but not shade-tolerant, and afraid of waterlogging. They are best grown in a high position, exposed to sunlight, and well-ventilated and well-drained environment. They must avoid being stuffy and hot. In hot, rainy weather with poor ventilation, they are susceptible to pests and diseases. They require fertile, moist, and deep loam; they prefer plenty of sunlight, but can tolerate partial shade; they should not apply too much fertilizer, otherwise it will be detrimental to flowering; if the light and ventilation are insufficient, they are susceptible to pests and diseases.

　　Propagation is mainly by sowing. The best time for sowing varies according to the flowering period, production method and cultivation form of each system. Violets of different systems and different production forms:

　　Main sowing time system production form sowing time

　　Branching type (early flowering) Unheated plastic greenhouse cultivation August 5th to 15th

　　Branching type (early flowering) Glass greenhouse cultivation August 1st to 10th

　　Unbranched strains grown in unheated plastic greenhouses from August 25 to September 5

　　Unbranched strains grown in glass greenhouses from August 20 to 30

　　Ten-week series (early flowering) Glass greenhouse cultivation September 1st to 10th

　　After 30 to 40 days of sowing, violets are transplanted when there are 6 to 7 true leaves. The planting spacing is 12 cm × 12 cm for non-branching plants and 18 cm × 18 cm for branching plants. Heating cultivation is slightly larger than non-heating cultivation. Note that violets have a taproot system. Do not dig up the root seedlings. Be very careful to plant them with the root soil. Because the temperature must be kept below 15°C for more than 20 days for the flower buds to differentiate, when indoor cultivation reaches late October, all ventilation windows and entrances and exits should be opened to cool down and ensure the differentiation of flower buds. Usually, there is no need to pinch the top. However, 15 to 20 days after the branching system is transplanted, the true leaves increase to 10 and grow vigorously. At this time, six or seven true leaves can be left and the top buds can be removed; after the side branches grow, keep the upper 3 to 4 branches and remove the rest as soon as possible. In mid-October, when the plant is 30 to 40 cm high, a net should be set up. It is worth noting that since the ornamental value of double-petal plants is much higher than that of single-petal plants, the question of how to choose double-petal plants in cultivation arises. This is usually solved by selecting mother plants and seedlings. Since the stamens and pistils of double-petal species are completely petalized and cannot produce seeds, seeds can only be taken from single-petal plants. There are two types of single-petal plants, one is that the offspring are completely single-petal (called pure single-petal plants), and the other is that 50% to 80% of the offspring can be separated into double petals. Generally speaking, pure single-petal plants grow vigorously, with upright posture, bright green leaves, ovate tip, slightly drooping or straight, long siliques are straight and wide, and are obliquely upward, with horn-like protrusions at the top; single-petal plants with double-petal inheritance do not grow vigorously, the plant is curved, the leaves are dark green, the leaf tips are round and arched, the long siliques are curved, there are no horn-like protrusions on the top of the fruit, and the fruit and flower branches are parallel. The latter should be selected when collecting seeds, and the seeds with smaller seeds and undeveloped appearance should be selected for sowing. Except for annual varieties, all need to be treated with low temperature to pass the vernalization stage and bloom, so they are often cultivated as biennials in the open field. The suitable temperature for growth is 15-18℃ during the day and about 10℃ at night, but a low temperature period of 5-8℃ is required for flower bud differentiation. Seedlings with more than 8 true leaves will differentiate flower buds when they encounter a low temperature of 5-15℃ for 3 weeks. Therefore, under natural conditions, most of them differentiate flower buds in mid-to-late October. In order to produce early, seedlings with more than 8 true leaves should be cultivated by mid-October. After flower bud differentiation, under long-day conditions, if the temperature is kept above 5℃, flower buds will form quickly and can bloom 2 weeks earlier. The flowering period of violets is usually adjusted by variety, sowing period, greenhouse, cold bed, electric lighting, etc. For annual varieties, they can be sown all year round in cool summer areas. Planting in January will bloom in May, planting in February to March will bloom in June, planting in April will bloom in July, planting in mid-May will bloom in August. This can be deduced, usually there is a 100-150 day growth period.

　　The cotyledons of the seedlings of single-petal flowers are oblong, the true leaves are more serrated, and the seedlings are darker in color. Usually about 90 days after flowering, when the seeds are ripe and the fruit pods turn yellow, they can be harvested. Each plant can harvest about 20 siliques, with 1,000 to 2,000 seeds. The collected seeds are stored in a dry, cool, and ventilated place.

　　Keep the plants away from other cruciferous species to prevent interspecific hybridization.

　　Violet is a taproot plant and is not tolerant to transplantation. Therefore, to ensure survival, it is necessary to bring more soil when transplanting, and it should not be scattered, and try not to damage the roots. Once the roots are damaged, they are easy to rot and difficult to recover. The seedlings need to be transplanted before the true leaves unfold. Generally, the seedlings can be planted after one transplanting. Do not plant too densely, otherwise the ventilation is poor and it is easy to be affected by diseases and insect pests. Pay attention to fertilization during cultivation. Do not fertilize too much at a time. Apply thin fertilizer frequently, otherwise it is easy to cause the plant to grow too long and affect flowering. The leaves of violets are thick and have a certain resistance to drought. Therefore, it is not advisable to water too much. Just keep the soil moist. Too much water will cause root rot. If it is used as a flower bed arrangement, the water should be properly controlled in spring, and inter-cultivation should be carried out to conserve moisture so that the plants are low and compact, and a better ornamental effect is achieved. If it is cultivated as a cut flower, the water supply should be guaranteed to promote the elongation of the flower sword. If the flower branches are cut off in time after flowering, topdressing is applied, and management is strengthened, the side branches can sprout again and bloom again. In summer, high temperature and high humidity require the prevention and control of pests and diseases. If properly maintained, it will bloom in mid-April. After flowering, the flower branches need to be cut and topdressed 1-2 times, so that they can grow branches again and bloom for the second time in June-July. When collecting seeds, good mother plants should be selected. Violet seedlings should be kept away from other cruciferous species to prevent interspecific hybridization.

　　The optimum temperature for seed germination is about 16-20℃. Generally, broadcasting is adopted. The soil of the seedbed should be finely sieved. The seedling medium should be soft and have good air permeability. Water the bottom thoroughly with a watering can, and then sow the dry seeds. The sowing amount per square meter of the seedbed is about 5 grams, and the fine soil is covered on top by 0.5cm. If sowing is done in a seedling tray, the seedling tray should be placed in a shaded and rainproof place. If the water retention of the bed soil is poor, cover the top with a mulch or glass after covering the soil. It takes about 4-6 days for the dry seeds to emerge. After the seedlings emerge, the shade should be gradually removed to expose them to light. Heavy rain should be prevented during the seedling stage. The root regeneration ability of violets is poor. If conditions permit, use containers to grow seedlings and transplant them early. Each container should contain 1-2 seedlings, and the diameter of the container should be 8-10cm. As the weather gets colder, the greenhouse or arch shed should be properly insulated to facilitate the growth of seedlings. The bed soil should always be kept moist. The seedlings should be placed on the south side of the greenhouse to obtain strong light and a large temperature difference to prevent leggy growth. When there are 8 to 10 leaves, plant 2 to 3 plants in a pot with a diameter of 26.7 cm. The seedlings can tolerate low temperatures of -5℃, but avoid high temperatures and heat. The most suitable temperature for growth is 15 to 18℃ during the day and around 10℃ at night. It likes light, but is also slightly tolerant of semi-shade and not drought-tolerant. It likes fertile and loose bed soil, and the bed soil is suitable for Ph5.5 to 7.5. When the seedlings have 6 to 8 true leaves, control watering, and two different colors of leaves will appear. Pull out the seedlings with yellow leaves, and only keep the plants with dark green leaves for planting. Neutral or slightly acidic loam is required.

　　When the daytime temperature is 20-25℃ and the nighttime temperature is not lower than 5℃, it takes about 120-150 days from autumn sowing to flowering. In the northern cold areas, sowing is done in August, and in other areas in September, so that it can bloom around the Spring Festival. In order to arrange the spring flower beds, the northern cold areas should sow from December to January of the following year, which can reduce the number of days for seedling cultivation and reduce the cost of seedling cultivation. Grafts for cut flowers are planted in protected cultivation beds; autumn sowing in warm areas is used for wintering in cold beds for spring flower beds. The high-growing varieties are pinched at the seedling stage, and the sowing time should be arranged. For example, if sowing is done in early July, it can start to bloom in mid-October. Suitable varieties should be selected for summering, including Wind Dance, Snow Dance, Spring Dance, Yellow Dance, etc. When winter violets have 8 true leaves, flower buds differentiate in about 20 days at a low temperature of 5-15℃. After flower bud differentiation, at a low temperature of 5-10℃, the increase in sunshine can accelerate the development of flower buds, but some varieties can still bloom normally under a short day of 7 hours. Secondly, in order to increase the proportion of double-petal flowers, preliminary selection can be carried out before transplanting. The cotyledons of double-petal seedlings are broad and oval with more serrations, while the leaves of single-petal seedlings are short and oval with fewer serrations. Or when the cotyledons are unfolded, move the seedling tray to an environment of 4-8℃. After about 8 days, the light green leaves are double-petal seedlings, and the dark green leaves are single-petal seedlings. The life of double-petal seeds is longer than that of single-petal seeds. Sowing with seeds stored for more than 2 years tends to increase the number of double-petal plants. Usually, violets are sown from February to May, with a suitable temperature of 20-26℃ for germination. Germination requires light, and it can germinate in 4-9 days in the germination room. The suitable temperature for growth is about 18℃, the seedling period is 7-8 weeks, and it blooms 8-11 weeks after potting. It is very light-resistant during the growth period; but attention should be paid to shading under strong light in summer, and concentrated strong light will cause some varieties to wither.

　　　　1. Technical requirements for each growth stage in seedling production:

　　The first stage: from sowing to radicle growth (4 to 9 days). There is no need to cover after sowing. The suitable substrate temperature is 20 to 26°C, the pH value is 5.0 to 5.5, and the EC value is less than 0.75. The substrate should always be kept moist during the germination period, but it must not be saturated.

　　The second stage: until the first true leaf appears (11 to 16 days), the substrate temperature is maintained at 18-24℃ and the humidity is moderate. However, in order to make the seeds germinate well, the substrate needs to be slightly dry before watering. The substrate pH value is 5.2-5.6, and the EC value is less than 1.0. There should be sufficient light, but avoid direct sunlight in summer. When the cotyledons are fully expanded, potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate is applied. After all the seedlings are fully grown, the broad-spectrum fungicide thiophanate-methyl is used for root irrigation or spraying to prevent and control diseases such as damping-off and root rot.

　　The third stage: until seedlings are mature (21 to 28 days), the optimum substrate temperature is 16 to 24 ° C, the relative humidity of the air does not exceed 80%, and the light is sufficient. Before watering, let the substrate dry thoroughly, but avoid permanent wilting of the plants, which is conducive to root growth. The pH value of the substrate is maintained at 5.2 to 5.8, and the EC value is less than 1.5. In this stage, potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate fertilizers are applied alternately. Fertilization can be alternated with watering to control the height of the plant. Pay attention to the prevention and control of plant root pests such as nematodes and ground flies. Pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and omethoate can be used for root irrigation.

　　The fourth stage: hardening the seedlings (requires 7 days). The substrate temperature is controlled at 14-20℃, the relative humidity of the air is less than 70%, and the substrate is fully dried before watering. The pH value of the substrate is maintained at 5.2-5.6, and the EC value is less than 0.75. If the plants are not lacking in fertilizer, apply potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate fertilizer once a week.

　　2. Key points of Persian violet finished flower cultivation technology: Soil: Persian violets are suitable for planting in light peat soil with a humus content of 45-65%. The soil needs to be slightly fertile and loose in structure. Poor air conditions can easily lead to root problems. The soil pH value is 5.0-6.5, and the EC value is 1.5-2.0. Too high a pH value will lead to nutrient deficiency.

　　Water: Keep the plant moist regularly during the growing season, but avoid overwatering, which can easily lead to root diseases. Watering is best done from below, which can keep the surface of the substrate dry for a longer period of time, effectively reducing the threat of pests such as ground flies and black flies. Fertilizer: Only a small amount of potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate is needed, and fertilization can be alternated with watering.

　　Light: Persian violets need a certain amount of light to bloom and are very light-tolerant, but they need to be shaded when the light intensity exceeds 75,000 lux, otherwise the plant will grow poorly.

　　Growth regulation: Start using growth regulators about 3 weeks after potting. You can use B9, ALan, A-Rest, etc. The degree of treatment required varies depending on the variety, but it must be used repeatedly.

　　Pests and diseases: Root rot and gray mold are prone to occur. Root rot can be controlled with 50% thiophanate-methyl or 50% carbendazim 500 times diluted, and gray mold can be controlled with 5% Parkhain WP 1500 times diluted or 50% cyproconazole WP 1500-2000 times diluted. Pests include aphids, thrips, leaf miners, etc., which can be controlled with 10% Yibianjing WP 2000 times diluted, 1.8% Aifuding EC 3000 times diluted, and 75% phoxim EC 1000-1500 times diluted.

　　Harvest when 1/2 to 2/3 of the flowers on the branches are open. The best time to harvest is in the morning or evening. At this time, the cells in the plant contain more water, which can prolong the freshness of the flowers. Cut from the base of the stem to make the branches longer. Each bunch of 10 to 20 branches, after tying, put the base in a container to fully absorb water, then wrap it with wrapping paper or plastic film, refrigerate or pack it for sale. Cut flower branches can be kept at 4°C for 3 to 4 days, and should be returned to room temperature after 3 to 4 days.

　　During the cultivation process, violets are often harmed by diseases and insects. The main diseases are violet wilt, violet verticillium wilt, violet white rust and violet leaf disease.

　　This disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. The main symptoms are dwarfing and wilting of the plant. Young plants will have obvious veins on the leaves, while larger plants will have drooping leaves.

　　Prevention and control measures: ① Use warm water at 50-55℃ for 10 minutes to soak the seeds, which can kill the germs carried by the seeds. ② Disinfection with chemicals. The soil used to plant violets should be disinfected before reuse. The chemical can be 1000 times potassium permanganate solution. ③ If a seriously infected plant is found, it should be removed and burned immediately to prevent infection to other healthy plants.

　　Symptoms of this disease include yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves of the plant. The diseased plants are severely dwarfed, and the fibrous tissue changes color rapidly. The prevention and control methods are the same as those of violet wilt. Violet white rust This disease is caused by white rust. After the violet plant is infected, the diseased part turns yellow and later turns brown. Chain-shaped colorless spores are produced under the epidermis of the leaves.

　　Prevention and control measures: ① The disease is also very harmful to other cruciferous plants. If violets are placed together with other cruciferous plants, they will infect each other. Therefore, weeds in the cruciferous family should be eradicated and isolated from other cruciferous plants. ② Before the violet plants are infected, they should be sprayed with lime sulfur mixture of 3-4 degrees Baume for prevention. During the growing season, according to the disease situation, 65% mancozeb wettable powder should be sprayed at 500-600 times liquid or sodium dithiocarb should be sprayed at 250-300 times liquid for prevention and control.

　　This disease is caused by the Melon mosaic virus, also known as Cabbage virus 1. It is transmitted by 40 to 50 species of aphids, mainly peach aphids and cabbage aphids, and can also be transmitted through sap. The virus can harm many cruciferous plants and other non-cruciferous plants. Therefore, it should be isolated from these plants.

　　Prevention and control measures: ① Isolate from other poisonous plants. ② Eliminate aphids in time, and use 1.2% nicotine 2000-4000 times liquid or 10% imidacloprid 2000 times liquid spray for prevention and control.

　　African violet, also known as African violet ^[3] , is a perennial evergreen herbaceous plant of the genus African violet in the family Gesneriaceae.

　　African violets are native to tropical areas of East Africa and prefer warm, humid, semi-shady environments. If there is insufficient light, there will be few flowers and light colors, or even only leaves without flowers; if the light is too strong, the leaves will turn yellow and burn. They can be placed in a bright place without direct sunlight for maintenance. The suitable temperature for growth is 16~24℃, and it should not be lower than 10℃ in winter. During cultivation, it is necessary to avoid sudden temperature rises and falls, otherwise the plants will easily die. In summer, they should be placed in a ventilated and cool place for maintenance, avoiding hot and humid environments and scorching sun exposure. It is not advisable to water too much at ordinary times. Wait until the pot soil is slightly dry before watering. Waterlogging in the pot soil is often the main cause of plant rot. Apply decomposed thin liquid fertilizer or compound fertilizer every 7~10 days during the growth period. The nitrogen fertilizer content in the fertilizer should not be too much, otherwise the leaves will grow lushly but there will be few flowers.

　　If this happens, you can remove some of the leaves to allow the plant to grow new leaves to consume the excess nitrogen fertilizer in the soil. When the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil is exhausted, it will bloom in large quantities. Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers when the flower buds appear to make the flowers large and colorful. Stop fertilizing during low temperatures in winter and high temperatures in summer. When watering and fertilizing, avoid splashing water and fertilizer on the leaves, and don't spray water on the leaves. This is because water droplets will be trapped between the leaf hairs, and the leaves will produce unsightly yellow spots or even rot. However, to increase the air humidity, you can sprinkle some water around the plant. Repot once every spring. Because the plant is not large and the root system is shallow, it is appropriate to plant it in a shallow pot with a slightly larger pot mouth. The potting soil requires loose, fertile, slightly acidic soil. It can be mixed with 3 parts of leaf humus and 2 parts of sand, or a culture soil made of 1 part of leaf humus and 1 part of peat soil. After two or three years of cultivation, the growth of the plant weakens, and new plants should be propagated and the old plants should be renewed.

　　Violets have lush flowers, bright colors, strong fragrance, long flowering period and long inflorescence. They are loved by many flower growers. They are suitable for potted viewing, and for arranging flower beds, steps, and flower paths. The whole plant can be used as a bouquet.

　　Generally, the flowers are cut when they are 40% to 50% in bloom. For greenhouse cultivation, they are cut in the evening, leaving the stems long and cut from the base. Bundle 10 double-petal flowers and 20 single-petal flowers to make them fully absorb water, then wrap them with paper. The best ones are packed in boxes and the others are packed in straw bags.

　　As a cut flower in winter and spring, its demand is increasing year by year. Because of its strong cold resistance, low heating costs, low labor requirements, high cultivation value, and short cycle from planting to harvest, it is widely used. Usually, the unbranched series grown indoors are on the market from December to February of the following year, and the branched series grown outdoors are mostly on the market from late March to April. Generally speaking, the unbranched series are more valuable, and the price of double-petaled series is 2 to 3 times higher than that of single-petaled series.

　　The flower language of violet is eternal charm. Don’t think that violet is just a flower for display and appreciation. The anti-acne mask made of violet is very effective and is most effective in curing stubborn acne. It can be cured much easier by taking a two-pronged approach of drinking it internally and applying it externally.

　　Materials for the Violet Anti-Acne Mask: some fresh violet flowers, some clean water

　　How to use violet acne mask: rinse fresh violet flowers with clean water, then boil them in clean water (the water should cover the violet flowers) for 15 minutes, then filter. The filtered liquid can be used as tea. The filtered residue can be applied to the face after cooling, and it can be applied to the acne area. It must be applied once before going to bed. Many people have tried this acne mask and it is very effective.

　　Cultivation method: bonsai, garden garden

　　Viewing period: March to July.

　　Violet, also known as grass osmanthus, belongs to the cruciferous family. It is a perennial plant and is often cultivated as a biennial. It is usually sown in September and October and blooms in January and February of the following year. The plant height is 30 to 50 cm, with an upright stem, many branches, and lignified root tips. The leaves are broad, oblong or obovate, with blunt tips. The racemes are terminal and axillary, with thick pedicels. The flowers are purple, light red, light yellow, white, etc. Single-petal flowers can produce seeds, while double-petal flowers do not produce seeds. The fruit is a round silique with winged seeds. The flowering period is from March to May, and the fruit ripening period is from June to July.

　　Applicable occasions: Violets have lush flowers, bright colors and strong fragrance, and are loved by many flower growers. They are suitable for potted viewing or arranging flower beds, steps, and flower paths. The whole plant can be used as a bouquet.

　　Maintenance Tips

　　1. Location:

　　①Any area near a window in the room, or one that is exposed to diffuse sunlight or light.

　　② A balcony or windowsill with shade and soft, bright sunlight.

　　2. Culture water: It can be cultivated in general soil, but alkaline soil in pots is not suitable. It is better to use well-drained and breathable sandy soil.

　　3. Temperature: 15-20℃, cool to warm climate is suitable, avoid stuffiness.

　　4. Light: It is suitable for a mild and bright sunlight environment. It can also grow in a slightly shaded place, but too dark will easily lead to poor flowering.

　　5. Fertilization: Water every other day.

　　Shopping Tips

　　It is best to choose plants with fresh, thick stems and leaves, complete and lush leaves, and flower buds.

　　1. Uses for bringing good luck: festive occasions, harmony and happiness, love and marriage, moving to a new house and opening a new store.

　　2. Suitable places: residence, club, hotel, restaurant, office.

　　3. Lucky directions: due east and northeast.

　　The language of violets: eternal beauty; simplicity, virtue, and coolness in midsummer.

　　Violet (blue) - vigilance, loyalty, I will always be loyal

　　Violet (white) - Let's take a chance on happiness

　　Violet (purple)-I fell in love with you in my dreams, you are always so beautiful to me

　　According to Greek mythology, Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, shed tears on the soil when her lover left her lover. In the spring of the following year, the tears sprouted and branches grew, and beautiful and fragrant flowers bloomed. These are violets. In ancient Greece, violets were a symbol of fertility and fertility. Athens used them as a symbol on its emblem and flag. The Romans also valued violets and planted them between garlic and onions. The Cretans used them for skin care. They soaked violet flowers in goat milk and used them as lotion. However, the Anglo-Saxons regarded them as a savior against evil spirits.

　　Violets are native to southern Europe and are very popular and loved in Europe and America. Its flowers have a faint fragrance, and Europeans use it to make perfume, which is very popular among ladies. In southern Germany in the Middle Ages, there was a custom of hanging the first bunch of newly picked violets on the mast of a ship to celebrate the return of spring.

　　In the 19th century, people used violet leaves to apply hot compresses to the area of ​​malignant tumors to relieve pain. In more recent times, violets made into sweets have been used for chest problems. There are two types of violets used in the perfume industry - Parma and Victoria. The scent of Parma is more popular, but the stronger Victoria variety has become increasingly popular in this century.

　　Purple violet is the most mysterious type of violet, and its flower language is "falling in love with you in a dream"

　　Legend has it that the original violet was not purple, but only blue, which was close to purple. Later, after careful cultivation by a gardening master, purple violets as beautiful as smoke were produced. This color is as unreal as a dream, and as beautiful and fleeting as love. But because it is a cultivated color, the flower language also means "carefully guarded love."

　　Blue violet is also known as the "devil's eye". In Norse mythology, if a demon of this color is stared at, the person will lose self-control and become addicted to hallucinations. Therefore, blue violet is a kind of beauty with evil magic. It needs to be carefully guarded and cared for in order for this beautiful color to exist.

　　Napoleon was particularly fond of violets. His followers took it as a symbol of the Napoleonic faction, believing that it would bring success and happiness back to the frustrated monarch. On March 20, 1815, when the first batch of violets bloomed in southern France, Napoleon successfully escaped from the island of Elba and returned to his admirers. When they greeted him, they kept shouting: "Welcome, father of violets!" At this time, people held violets in their hands and put violets on their heads. All shops, public buildings and even every household were decorated with violets, hoping that this spring flower would bring them good luck and let Napoleon dominate Europe again. Unfortunately, this joy did not last long. On June 22, Napoleon was forced to announce that he would give up the throne and pass it to his young son Napoleon II. But the crown prince did not inherit his father's ambition and great cause: he did not accept the throne, but went to the court of his grandfather, Austrian Emperor Franz I, to live a leisurely life away from the world. After Napoleon lost the throne, a week before he was escorted to St. Helen's Island, he suddenly remembered his old love for Josephine and visited her grave at the Marimenin Castle for the last time. He also planted a bunch of precious violets that bloom all year round in front of the grave. After Napoleon's death, people found two things in his gold jewelry box that he never left: two withered violets and a lock of light chestnut hair. The latter was the hair of his beloved son, and the former was a token of his love for Josephine.

　　Note : Violets are called giroflée in French, while Napoleon's favorite flower is violette. According to scientific classification, the orders, families, and genera of these two flowers are different, as shown in the following chart. Because the Chinese name "紫罗兰" is poetic, and violette has no eye-catching Chinese name, the Chinese people have adopted the saying of "putting the wrong name on the wrong head". It is not a bad idea to use it for entertainment after dinner, but people who know French should be careful. If you are influenced by Chinese and use giroflée to refer to the flower that Napoleon admires, you will definitely be laughed at by the French.

　　Napoleon III and Violets

　　Napoleon's nephew Napoleon III also had an inextricable relationship with violets.

　　China.com says: The flower language of violet is eternal beauty, and it is the most suitable gift for Libra ladies. China Lunar Calendar says: The flower language of violet is coolness.

　　Violets are a type of shoe-nail-shaped flower that blooms in May and June. The fragrance of this flower is overwhelming. Although it is a wild plant, gardeners especially like to plant it under the windowsill. The main reason is that they hope to bring the fragrance into the house through violets. Therefore, the flower language of violets is - coolness.

　　People born under the blessing of this flower have the characteristic of bringing cheerfulness to those around them. Pure love is more suitable for such people. As for the currently popular extramarital affairs, it is better to avoid them.

　　Violet is Taurus' lucky flower.

　　Violets Are Blue...

　　Year: 1986 Origin: United States

　　Director: Jack Fisk

　　Starring: Kevin Kline, Sissy Spacek, Douglas Roberts ...

　　Type: Drama/Romance

　　The Purple Rose of Cairo7.4

　　Year: 1985 Origin: United States

　　Director: Woody Allen

　　Starring: Mia Farrod, Jeff Daniels, Robert Trebor...

　　Genre: Comedy/Fantasy/Romance

　　Celia, a lonely waitress, is a hopeless movie fanatic, and recently she is obsessed with the "Purple Rose of Cairo". One day, the male protagonist on the screen unexpectedly walks out of the screen to meet her. Celia, overwhelmed with surprise, can't resist his charm and falls in love with him. Until she meets the actor who plays the male protagonist, she is caught between the two and struggles to find the boundary between reality and fantasy.

　　I'm so tired

　　Year: 1966 Origin: Hong Kong

　　Director: Chu Yuan

　　Starring: Lee Heung Kam, Leung Sing Po, Lu Kei…

　　Genre: Comedy/Suspense/Romance

　　Imperial Violets

　　Year: 1952 Origin: France

　　Director: Richard Pottier

　　Author: Colette Regis Micheline Francey Lucien Blondeau ...

　　Genre: Comedy/Musical

　　Do you know violets? They are perennial herbs that are cultivated everywhere for viewing. Every March and April, violets bloom with beautiful purple, red, yellow or white flowers with an intoxicating fragrance. This flower was and is still used by some people as a symbol of love.

　　Robert Boyle, a 17th-century British physicist and chemist, regarded violets as a symbol of holy love. He also invented the litmus paper that every chemical laboratory must have today because of violets.

　　In the past, farmers used the most primitive method to determine the acidity and alkalinity of soil; that is, putting the soil in their mouths and identifying it based on taste and experience. This primitive method was neither hygienic nor scientific, and some people became sick or even died after tasting the soil that was contaminated with poison and bacteria. Boyle was determined to develop a scientific method to identify the acidity and alkalinity of soil.

　　One day, a friend sent Boyle a bunch of blue violets. Boyle was very happy and excited, because violets were the symbol of his love with his beloved wife Alice. Unfortunately, Alice had died of illness, and Boyle was nostalgic and vowed not to marry again. Now that his friend sent him such a beautiful blue violet, how could he not be happy and excited! Boyle took a bunch of violets from the basket, brought it to the laboratory, and carefully inserted it in a vase on the laboratory table. At this time, Boyle's assistant was pouring a large bottle of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the burner, and then a strange thing happened. The large amount of hydrogen chloride gas volatilized from the concentrated hydrochloric acid dyed the violets with dewdrops red! This strange phenomenon prompted the careful scientist to conduct another experiment. Boyle picked the violets and put them into different acid and alkali solutions respectively, but the violets always showed red and blue respectively. At this point, Boyle seemed to have realized the method of judging the acidity and alkalinity of substances. Boyle and his assistants continued their efforts, using liquids from plants and animals such as cornflowers, morning glories, roses, Chinese roses, and cochineals to conduct experiments. Finally, they found an organic substance extracted from lichens - litmus.

　　Like violet, it can distinguish the acidity and alkalinity of substances. For the sake of simplicity, Boyle and his assistants conducted countless experiments, boiling litmus in water, filtering it, and then adding phosphorus and sodium hydroxide solutions to obtain red and blue test solutions, which were then soaked in absorbent paper and dried, to obtain the litmus paper commonly used in our laboratories today.

　　Why does litmus solution show red and blue in acid and alkali solutions respectively? It turns out that litmus is a weak organic acid. Its main component is litmus spirit, simply expressed as HL. The anions produced by ionization are blue:　

　　HL= H+ + L-　

　　Red Blue　

　　In neutral solutions, red HL and blue L- ions exist at the same time, mixed to form purple. In acidic solutions with a pH of less than 5, HL is the main form of existence, and the solution appears red; in alkaline solutions with a pH of more than 8, L- ions are more than HL molecules, and the solution appears blue.