Vine plants refer to vines and creepers with weak stems that cannot grow upright on their own. They can be divided into climbing plants, creeping plants, hanging plants, etc. Vine plants may win with leaves, such as the unique leaf shape of Monstera and the evergreen leaf color of Ivy; or they may be charming with flowers, such as the peculiar flower shape of Glechoma longituba and the colorful flower color of Trumpet Creeper; or they may focus on fruit viewing, such as the gourd with interesting fruit shape and the grape with various fruit colors. Vine plants can quickly increase the green area and improve environmental conditions in many ways. They are widely used in garden greening, especially in three-dimensional greening.
    Wall greening refers to the greening of the exterior walls of buildings and the surfaces of various solid walls. In addition to having ecological functions, it is also a kind of architectural decorative art. It is a common way to green the wall with adsorption climbing plants. Different plants have different adsorption capabilities. The wall creepers with sticky suction cups, rock creepers and ivy with aerial roots have strong adsorption capabilities, and some can even be adsorbed on glass curtain walls. In addition to the direct attachment to the wall, wall greening can also be done by installing mesh supports on the wall for plants to climb. Many climbing, hooking, and winding plants can cover the wall. When greening the wall, it is necessary to understand the relationship between the characteristics of the wall and the adsorption capacity of the plant. The rougher the wall, the more favorable it is for plants to climb.
    Fence greening refers to the greening of fences, fences, walls, lattices, and various types of scaffolds. The basic purpose of fences in gardens is protection or separation, and they can also be used alone to form greening and viewing landscapes. Since most of these facilities are limited in height, the requirements for plant climbing ability are not very strict, and almost all climbing plants can be used to create such landscapes. Fence greening is one of the common greening methods in garden greening. There are more than 100 species of climbing plants commonly used in fence greening, such as wisteria, honeysuckle, ten sisters, bougainvillea, etc., which are luxuriant and colorful. Species with small branches and leaves, such as clematis and double butterflies, are more suitable for greening green corridors and arches.
    Slope greening and slope protection greening is an important part of urban three-dimensional greening, especially the greening of mountainous cities with complex and changeable terrain. Appropriate creeping and climbing plants can be planted on the slope protection to make them spread and grow on the slope surface or the bottom of the slope to form a covering vegetation. Planting some climbing, creeping and hanging plants on the rockery and rocks can make the rocks look alive and add interest to nature. The configuration of vines and rocks is one of the common techniques in traditional gardens. Sometimes they are set off with white powder walls to make them more poetic and picturesque in form. Commonly used plants include wisteria, trumpet creeper, heather vine, concave leaf sedum, etc.
    Roof greening Common forms of roof greening include covering, trellis, hanging, etc. Flat roofs with artificial synthetic planting soil can be planted with creeping and climbing plants, which look like green carpets. Ivy, Vinca roseus, Yunnan yellow jasmine, etc. can be used as hanging greening. Rooftop planting is different from ground planting. Heat-resistant, cold-resistant, wind-resistant and drought-resistant species should be selected. Balcony and window sill greening is an important part of urban office or home greening. Ropes, bamboo strips or metal wires can be used to form net sheds and brackets. Twining or climbing plants can be selected to climb to form flower screens or green sheds. Suitable plants include morning glory, morning glory, loofah, gourd, etc. Roses, winter jasmine, ivy, asparagus and other plants can also be planted in flower pots to drape or hang.
    Column greening With the continuous development of urban construction, various columns such as electric poles, street lamp posts, and elevated bridge piers have gradually increased, and their greening has become one of the important contents of vertical greening. For thick columnar objects such as lamp posts and corridor columns, twining or adsorption climbing plants can be selected to wrap them. The greening of ancient vines is closer to nature. Some large vines, such as the baseleaf potato and the evergreen oil vine, can sometimes cover the entire appearance of the tree-like column.
    Creeping plants can also be used as ground cover plants, such as strawberry, dandelion, scutellaria, nasturtium, and horsetail. Covering the ground with vines with well-developed root systems and strong and tough sturdiness can help maintain soil and water. In addition, coordinating with trees and shrubs can increase the layering of greening plants. The rocks in the garden can be decorated with vines to make them appear lush and full of vitality, and can also cover up local defects of the rocks.

Application of vines in vertical greening

　　Since ancient times, vines have been commonly used plant materials in gardening. Today, the area available for gardening is getting smaller and smaller. Making full use of climbing plants for vertical greening is an important way to expand green space, increase urban green volume, improve the overall greening level, and improve the ecological environment. And briefly introduces the application of several common vines in gardening greening in this article.

　　With the development of urban modernization and the continuous expansion of urban scale, people's ecological awareness and environmental awareness are gradually increasing. Gardening greening plays an important role in the urban environment. To increase the green coverage rate of the city, increase the urban green volume, and improve the environmental quality of the city, it is necessary not only to green the plane, but also to organically combine plane greening and vertical greening. For this reason, the vines that constitute the main body of vertical greening should give full play to their advantages in gardening greening.

　　The role of vines in greening

　　Some of the vines commonly used in vertical greening climb up with suckers or tendrils, and some hang down and cover the ground, with long branches and vines, beautiful branches and leaves and flowers to form a landscape. Many vines can be used for viewing flowers in addition to leaves. Some vines also emit fragrance. The roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. of some vines can also provide medicinal materials, spices, etc. Using vines to develop vertical greening can improve the quality of greening, improve and protect the environment, and create a landscape, ecological, and economic landscaping effect.

　　Application forms of vines in greening

　　1. Greening of walls No matter how beautiful the architectural appearance of modern cities is, it is still a hard landscape. If it is matched with soft landscape vines for vertical greening, it will not only add greenery and make it full of vitality, but also effectively block the radiation of summer sunlight and reduce the temperature of the building. Greening old walls with vines can cover the shabby and transparent, forming a harmonious and unified landscape with the surrounding environment, improving the green coverage rate of the city and beautifying the environment.

　　2. Greening of the framework The vines arranged using the framework have become an independent landscape in garden greening. Such as corridors, flower stands, arches, lamp posts, fences, balconies, etc. Planting various vines on the balcony can form a plant landscape with colorful flowers and abundant fruits. It can not only enjoy flowers and fruits, but also provide a place to cool off and have fun. It not only beautifies the environment, but also improves the ecology. Some vines can be built into independent landscapes, such as wood fragrance, which can be planted independently, set up columns with circular trellises, or combined with buildings to set off each other and increase beauty. Decorating the balcony with vines can add a lot of vitality, beautify the building, and organically combine people with nature. In addition, vines are also a natural protective layer that can reduce the direct impact of the atmosphere on the enclosure structure, avoid surface weathering, and delay aging. Therefore, vines have their unique functions and beautification effects, and have an increasingly large space for greening development.

　　3 Greening of overpasses With the development of society, the volume of urban traffic is increasing, and elevated roads and overpasses have become a landscape in many cities. Overpasses in urban areas occupy less land and generally do not have extra green space. Lianas can be used to green the bridge surface and add green. For example, cities such as Beijing and Tianjin use vines and ivy to green the overpass deck, beautifying the environment and improving ecological benefits.

　　4. Covering the ground: Using vines with large and strong root systems to cover the ground can play a role in maintaining water and soil. In addition, they are planted in coordination with large and small trees and shrubs to increase the layering of the forest. The rocks in the garden are mostly decorated with vines, making them look full of vitality and covering the local defects of the rocks.

　　5. Balcony greening: With the rapid increase of urban housing, it is extremely necessary to make full use of balcony space for greening. It can reduce temperature and increase humidity, purify the air, beautify the environment, and enrich life. Due to the limited space of the balcony, climbing plants give full play to their advantages, and many of them are good materials for balcony greening.

Cultivation, propagation and application of climbing, creeping and hanging plants

(one)

    The requirements of climbing, creeping and hanging plants for various ecological conditions are similar to those of general plants, but they also have some prominent common characteristics that must be fully considered when cultivating and utilizing them.

    1. Temperature Generally speaking, most species of climbing, creeping and hanging plants, especially some large evergreen climbing species, are native to warm and humid areas and are not resistant to cold and drought. Therefore, the most species are found in the areas south of the Yangtze River Basin, and the most abundant in South China and Southwest China. For example, Gnetaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Convolvulaceae are produced in the south, so there are many species available for selection in the south, and cultivation is also relatively easy. Those native to temperate zones or some subtropical families, such as Actinidiaceae, some genera of Fabaceae, Aristolochiaceae and some species of Ranunculaceae, have lower temperature requirements and can grow or be cultivated in a wider range of areas. Some genera or species, native to the north or high mountains, such as some species of Aconitum and Clematis, can tolerate low temperatures but not heat, and are only suitable for use in high-altitude areas in the north or south.

    Plants shed their leaves in winter, which is a physiological and ecological adaptation to the cold winter conditions and to avoid frost damage. Therefore, whether woody or herbaceous, deciduous species are often more cold-resistant than evergreen species. The same is true for species or varieties of the same genus. The earlier the leaves shed and the later the germination, the stronger the cold resistance. Therefore, there are fewer evergreen species in the north, which are more precious and have higher utilization value. Sometimes they can only be cultivated in greenhouses or potted plants and brought indoors for the winter.

    Herbaceous plants are easier to cultivate and utilize in the north than woody plants. Many annual herbs, such as members of the Leguminosae, Convolvulaceae, and Cucurbitaceae, are extremely cold-resistant, but can grow rapidly and luxuriantly in warm summers, bear fruit in autumn, and die in winter. They survive the winter with seeds and germinate the following year to reproduce and grow. Although they must be sown every year, they have a wide range of applications in the north, and herbaceous plants are the key choice in the cold northern regions.

    Some herbaceous vines die in winter, but they can survive the winter with underground tubers and roots, and sprout and grow again in the spring of the following year. For example, Basella alba, Chayote, Dioscorea, Trichosanthes, Trichosanthes, Gloriosa, etc. can survive the winter with underground parts. When cultivated in cold areas, they can be covered with soil to prevent freezing or the underground parts can be dug up and moved to a warm room to store in sand for the winter. For some species, such as Basella alba, Dioscorea, and Dioscorea odorata, the small tubers (bulbarks) produced in the leaf axils of vines can be collected before winter and stored indoors for the winter. They can be used as seeds the following year, and they grow faster than seed-grown seedlings.

    For woody species that shed their leaves in winter, their aboveground stems do not die after they shed their leaves in winter, and they grow again in the spring breeze of the following year. The branches do not appear messy or scorched after the leaves fall, and do not affect the appearance. However, perennial herbs that are green in summer, especially some large climbing species such as chayote and chayote, often die completely aboveground after winter. In warm areas, the leaves may die but the stems may survive, and the scorched leaves may remain for a long time without falling off, forming a very unsightly scene. They must be cleaned up in time every year, otherwise they will appear dull and green again, so full consideration should be given to their application.

    The cold resistance of seedlings is generally weaker than that of adult plants. Some perennial species can survive the winter as long as the seedlings are slightly protected. They can generally adapt to the local cold winter climate after they grow up.

    Species that are not resistant to high temperatures and are native to the north or high altitude areas are difficult to cultivate in the south except in high altitude areas. The difficulty is greater than migrating southern species to the north.

    2. Light Climbing and creeping plants cannot stand upright. When they are young, they are often in an environment with weak light in the lower layer of vegetation, which forms a shade-tolerant characteristic with a low light compensation point. They are more shade-tolerant and intolerant to strong light during the seedling and vegetative growth period, so they are more suitable for growth and cultivation under forests or other relatively shady environments. When cultivating, it is advisable to properly shade or avoid direct strong light during the seedling stage. However, for some light-loving species, strong light is beneficial to flowering and fruiting after the middle growth period.

    The intensity of sunlight often directly affects the temperature and humidity changes in the microenvironment. We must fully understand the mutual influence, mutual restriction and promotion between light, temperature and humidity.

    3. Soil When cultivating climbing and creeping plants, people often hope that they will have lush vines and leaves, and have enough branches and leaves to provide better shading, greening and beautification effects. Therefore, fertile soil is very necessary. This group of plants are mostly native to forests or mountainous areas. The soil is generally rich in organic matter, and has good drainage, water retention and air permeability. High organic matter content and loose, breathable and drainable soil are also common conditions for cultivation soil. Most species like moisture but avoid waterlogging. On slopes, embankments, foot of walls, cliff edges and other sites, there are often thin soil layers or little soil, poor water retention or drainage, etc. In addition to selecting species with strong growth and resistance, attention should be paid to improving soil properties.

   4. Water In addition to soil moisture, air temperature is also very important. Most species native to the humid climate of the south often grow slowly or have dead branches and leaves in an environment where the air is too dry. High air humidity is usually more important to climbing plants than to general plants. 

    ( two )

    Due to their growth habits, their stems are in extensive contact with the ground or other objects, and they generally have a strong vegetative propagation ability. Because the stems easily produce adventitious roots, it can be considered that most species can be propagated by cuttings. Evergreen species use leafy green branches for cuttings, which can be carried out during the growing season. In the southern warm winter areas, it can be operated almost all year round. Deciduous species are mostly operated by hardwood cuttings before germination in spring.

    The elongated stems of creeping plants can produce adventitious roots to form seedlings after contacting the ground. The aerial roots of climbing plants can also continuously produce aerial roots on their stems. When propagating, the stems with roots can be taken out and divided for propagation, which is convenient, reliable, fast and large-scale. For species that are difficult to root by cuttings, layering is also very convenient. For species with long and soft stems, wave-like layering can produce many new plants at one time.

    The specific operation methods of vegetative propagation are the same as those for general ornamental plants. You can refer to other books if necessary.  

    (three)

    1. Select the right materials and plant them in the right places. Different plants have different requirements and adaptability to the ecological environment. If the environment is suitable, they will grow well, otherwise they will grow poorly or even die. The ecological environment is a comprehensive environment composed of different temperature, light, water, soil and other conditions, which vary greatly. Therefore, when cultivating and applying, we must first choose species that adapt to local conditions, that is, choose species whose ecological requirements are consistent with local conditions. When introducing species from other places, it is best to conduct introduction tests or cultivate them in small quantities first, and then promote them in large quantities after success. When introducing local wild native plants into garden cultivation, although the ecological conditions are basically the same, some important ecological conditions, such as light and air humidity, are often different due to different microenvironments, which play a key role in the success or failure of the introduction and must be paid close attention to. For example: species that originally grew under the forest cannot tolerate strong direct sunlight, and those that grow in valleys require very high air humidity to grow normally, and so on.

    When introducing species from other places, if we do not know the specific environmental requirements of the plants, we usually judge by understanding their origin and habitat. From the geographical location and altitude of the origin, we can know the general conditions of temperature and air humidity. For example, among the introduced plants, many species are native to South America, and they basically like heat and fear cold. From the specific habitat, we can further infer their specific requirements for light, water, soil, etc. The ecological conditions of grass slopes, forests, streams, and cliffs are different.

    2. Natural beauty and connotation beauty When applying, we must pay attention to both scientific and artistic aspects. While meeting the ecological requirements of plants and giving full play to the ecological functions of plants to the environment, it is also an important feature of the application of ornamental plants to reflect the beautifying and decorative effect of plants on the environment through the natural beauty and connotation beauty of plants.

    There are many kinds of climbing, creeping and hanging plants with different postures. Through the characteristics of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits in terms of shape, color, fragrance, texture and their overall composition, they show various natural beauties. For example, the old stems of wisteria are winding and winding, like dragons dancing; the leaves of feathery ivy are slender and beautiful, like green gauze, decorated with two bright red flowers, which are more beautiful; the natural drooping of variegated ivy gives people a sense of softness and elegance; the leaves of monstera and unicorn tail are wide and strange, giving people a sense of boldness, unrestrainedness and novelty. The perfect combination of shape and color is an important reason why ornamental plants can achieve good visual beauty. Flowers and leaves of different colors can form different aesthetic psychological feelings. Red, orange and yellow often have a sense of warmth, enthusiasm and excitement, and will produce a warm atmosphere; green, purple, blue and white often make people feel cool and quiet, and make the environment have a quiet and elegant atmosphere. Plants use green as the main tone given by nature, and at the same time show people a beautiful image in a dynamic form with colorful flowers, fruits and leaves. In addition to the visual image, many flowers, fruits, leaves and even the whole plant also emit a variety of fragrances, such as fresh, sweet, strong and subtle fragrances, which arouse people's olfactory beauty. Climbing, creeping and hanging plants not only have the perfect combination of shape, color and fragrance of general upright plants, but also have a more delicate, elegant, graceful and dependent charm, which makes them very popular.

    In addition to natural beauty, many traditional ornamental plants are also rich in connotation beauty, which is similar to the commonly said associative beauty, implicit beauty, allegorical beauty, symbolic beauty, and artistic conception beauty. Its aesthetic characteristics are to connect the natural image of plants with certain social culture and traditional concepts, to use objects to convey meaning and to express emotions, so that the image of plants becomes a carrier of certain social culture and values, and has become the object of favor by literati and painters. In this regard, the more typical vine plants are: Wisteria, Trumpet Creeper, Ten Sisters, Osmanthus Fragrance, Jasmine, Winter Jasmine, Honeysuckle, etc. Because they have a certain function as a carrier of traditional culture, these plants have rich connotations of connotation beauty on the basis of natural morphological beauty.

    Ornamental plants are plants that beautify and decorate the environment by coordinating the natural beauty and connotation of plants with the environment. This is also an important aspect of the application of climbing, creeping and hanging plants in ornamental gardening.

    3. Ecological effect When applying climbing, creeping and hanging plants, in addition to considering their ecological habits and ornamental characteristics, the improvement of the ecological environment by plants is also an important purpose of environmental greening. Climbing, creeping and hanging plants, like other plants, have multiple ecological functions such as regulating environmental temperature and humidity, sterilizing, reducing noise, resisting pollution, and balancing O2 and CO2 in the air. And because of their special habits, they can appear in places where ordinary upright plants cannot exist, and have a unique ecological effect. Due to differences in morphology, ecological habits, and application forms, different climbing, creeping and hanging plants play different ecological functions on the environment. For example: To lower the indoor temperature, climbing plants with high leaf density, not easy to wilt in the sun, and good heat insulation should be planted on the roof, east wall and west wall, such as Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Ficus pumila, evergreen ramie, etc.; to increase the dust retention and sound insulation function in the greening, it is ideal to choose species with large leaves, rough surface, many hairs or tangled vines, small leaves and high density; in areas with heavy air pollution such as urban areas and factories, species that can resist pollution and absorb a certain amount of toxic gases should be planted to reduce the toxic components in the air and improve air quality. To retain dust on the ground and maintain water and soil, creeping and climbing plants with developed root systems, luxuriant branches and leaves, and high coverage density should be selected as ground covers. Go Top

    (Four)

    The application forms and contents of climbing, creeping and hanging plants should be selected according to the characteristics of the environment, the different types of buildings, the requirements of greening functions, and the ecological habits, size, life span, growth rate, phenological changes, and ornamental characteristics of the plants. Appropriate types and specific species can also be selected according to the characteristics of different types of plants, such as various fences, trellises, flower racks, planting troughs, hanging containers, etc., so as to achieve the unity of science and art between plants, structures, and the environment. In different greening places, climbing, creeping and hanging plants have the following common application forms and contents:

    1. Green columns For thick columnar objects such as lamp posts, corridor columns, and large tree trunks, climbing plants of winding or adsorption type can be used to coil or wrap the columnar objects to form green lines, green columns, and flower styles. The greening of ancient vines is closer to nature. Large vines, such as the basella, the evergreen vine, etc., can sometimes cover the entire tree.

2. Green corridors and green gates: Select climbing plants and plant them on both sides of the corridors. Set up corresponding climbing objects so that the plants can climb up and cover the corridor roof to form a green corridor. You can also set up planting troughs on the corridor roof and plant some types of climbing, creeping and hanging plants so that the branches and vines hang down to form green curtains or hanging decorations. Planting in troughs on the corridor roof is difficult in terms of maintenance and management due to the location relationship and soil volume. The design and selection should be based on the corridor structure, specific environmental conditions, and maintenance methods. You can also use climbing plants on the door beams to form green doors.

    3. Sheds Sheds are one of the most common structures in gardening and greening, with the most diverse structural shapes. Climbing plants with vigorous growth, dense branches and leaves, and flowering and fruit-bearing are the basic material basis for flower rack greening. There are more than 100 species that can be applied, such as wisteria, climbing roses, ten sisters, truncatum, firecracker flower, honeysuckle, bougainvillea, grapes, trachelospermum, trumpet creeper, clematis, gourd, kiwi, morning glory, morning glory, and quince. When applied specifically, it is also necessary to consider the different types of winding, rolling, adsorption, thorns, and the different habits of woody and herbaceous plants, combined with the size, shape, and constituent materials of the flower rack, and select the appropriate plant species and planting methods. For example, small flower racks with poles and rope structures should be equipped with species with thinner stems and lighter bodies; for large and medium-sized flower racks with brick, wood, and reinforced concrete structures, it is appropriate to choose rattan species with long life and large body; for flower racks that only need to provide shade in summer or temporary, it is appropriate to choose fast-growing, 1-year-old herbs or winter deciduous types. For climbing and clinging plants, more objects should be placed on the trellis at appropriate intervals to facilitate clinging and winding. For winding and thorny plants, appropriate winding and supporting structures should be considered and the plants should be artificially assisted and pulled in the early stages.

    4. Green Pavilion Green Pavilion can also be regarded as a special form of flower stand. Usually, climbing plants with vigorous growth and dense branches and leaves are planted around the pavilion-shaped support to form a green pavilion.

    5. Greening of fences and fences Fences and fences are both structures that have the function of enclosure or barrier, but are open and transparent in structure. The structures are diverse: there are traditional bamboo fences, wooden fences or brick hollow low walls; there are also modern iron fences made of steel bars, steel pipes, cast iron and iron fences made of wire mesh; there are also cement fences made of plastic reinforced concrete and fences in the form of imitation wood and imitation bamboo. Plants can climb, drape or lean against fences to form green walls, flower walls, hedges and green fences. In addition to ecological benefits, it is more natural, harmonious and vibrant than bare fences or fences. There are many types of plants that can be used for greening fences and fences, mainly some drooping types of climbing and hanging plants. Commonly used ones include climbing roses, ten sisters, wood fragrance, bougainvillea, white?, Yunnan yellow jasmine, creepers, rock climbing vines, jasmine, morning glory, morning glory, loofah, asparagus, etc.

    6. Wall greening Wall greening refers to the greening of building walls and various solid walls. In addition to its ecological function, wall greening is also a decorative art on the exterior of a building.

    Using adsorption climbing plants to directly climb the wall is a common and economical way to green the wall. Different plants have different adsorption capabilities. When using them, you need to understand the relationship between the characteristics of various wall surfaces and the adsorption capabilities of plants. The rougher the wall, the more favorable it is for plants to climb. Most adsorption climbing plants can climb on walls such as plain walls, cement mortar, water-brushed stone, cement fur, mosaics, stone strips, blocks, and fake stones. However, creepers with sticky suction cups, rock creepers, and aerial roots such as Ficus microcarpa and ivy have stronger adsorption capabilities, and some can even be adsorbed on glass curtain walls.

    In addition to directly attaching the wall to the wall, wall greening can also be done by installing strip or mesh brackets on the wall for plants to climb on, so that many climbing, hooking, and winding plants can use the brackets to green the wall. The brackets can be installed by drilling holes in the wall and fixing them with expansion bolts; pre-buried in the wall; chiseling bricks, driving wooden wedges, nailing, and pulling lead wires. The bracket form should be considered to be conducive to the winding, climbing, and hooking of plants, and to facilitate manual binding and traction and subsequent maintenance and management.

    Artificial auxiliary methods such as hook nails, saddle nails, and glue can also be used to make plant stems and vines with no adsorption ability directly attached to the wall, but it is difficult to do it on a large scale. It can be used for local decoration of the wall as appropriate and ecological conditions such as the temperature of the wall must be considered.

    Wall greening can also be done in the form of hanging or draping. For example, you can set up flower troughs and flower buckets on the top or wall of the wall, and plant climbing, creeping and drooping plants with strong creeping ability, such as ivy, honeysuckle, wood fragrance, Vinca roseus, Yunnan yellow jasmine, purple bamboo plum, etc., so that their branches and leaves hang down from above. You can also plant climbing plants on one side of the wall and let them hang over the wall to the other side, so that both sides of the wall are covered with green and the top of the wall is greened.

    7. Rooftop greening Common forms of rooftop greening include ground cover, trellises, and hanging. Flat roofs with artificial synthetic planting soil can be laid, and creeping and climbing plants can be selected as ground cover to form a green carpet. If the roof cannot be laid with soil, a planting area can be set up on the roof to plant and allow them to spread and cover the roof. For low-rise buildings or bungalows, ground planting can also be used, and the plants can be pulled to cover the roof or covered through the roof walls. Build trellises on flat roofs and choose climbing plants to form green sheds. First, they can provide shade and cool down, and second, they can beautify the roof and provide a cool and leisure place. If grapes, melons, and beans are selected, the interest of life will be doubled when the fruit is sweet and the melon is ripe. Roof parapets, eaves, and canopy edge pipes can also be selected for hanging greening with suitable climbing and drooping plants such as ivy, Vinca roseus, Yunnan yellow jasmine, creeper, and ten sisters.

    Planting plants on the roof is different from planting them on the ground. You should choose positive to neutral plant species that are highly adaptable, resistant to heat, cold, wind, and drought.

    A complex form of roof greening is the roof garden, which is to move ground gardens and courtyards to flat roofs to provide people with a place for sightseeing, rest and cool air. However, it requires a roof with strong bearing capacity and cannot be widely established at present.

    Climbing and creeping plants are light in weight, occupy less planting area and have a large spreading area. On roofs with limited soil volume and limited bearing capacity, using climbing and creeping plants for greening is one of the economical and effective ways of greening.

    Adsorption plants for roof greening.

    8. Greening of balconies and windowsills Greening of balconies and windowsills is an important part of urban and home greening. Currently, many buildings are built with flower troughs and flower stands in mind to facilitate greening and beautification.

    In addition to displaying potted flowers, the greening of balconies and window sills often uses ropes, bamboo poles, wooden strips or metal wires to form a certain form of net sheds and brackets, and selects winding or climbing plants to climb to form a green screen or green shed. Suitable plants include morning glory, morning glory, honeysuckle, egg fruit, passion fruit, loofah, bitter melon, gourd, grape, wisteria, trachelospermum, jasmine, asparagus, etc. Without a flower stand, you can also use flower troughs or flower pots to plant roses, climbing roses, winter jasmine, vinca rosea, ivy, variegated ivy, African asparagus and other plants draped or hanging outside the balcony, which plays a role in greening and beautifying the outside of the balcony and window sills. Planting adsorption vines, such as creepers, ivy, cliff creepers, and guiding their vines to the outer railings, fences and walls on both sides of the balcony and window sills can form a wall-attached green belt outside the balcony.

    Several hooks are set on the top of the balcony or window frame, and several pots are hung on them and connected with nets or ropes. The potted plants, climbing plants and creeping plants with hanging branches can beautify the upper space of the balcony and window sill. This greening decoration method requires the hanging pots to be highly decorative, and the nets and ropes must also be beautiful, solid and durable.

    9. Indoor greening Indoor greening is a greening method that introduces plants into the interior spaces of various buildings. It has been booming in recent years and has become a new content of urban greening. Due to the characteristics of the indoor environment, indoor greening plants are mostly required to have a certain degree of shade tolerance and are usually used in potted plants. Large potted plants with large leaves and weight can be placed on the ground, and the plants stretch upward along the columnar pillars pre-placed in the pot. Common species include green radish, syngonium, golden pothos, and hoya. The creeping type with slender branches and small leaves is often suspended or placed on a few tables. The branches and leaves are scattered and hanging, which is more natural and makes the room bright. There are many types of plants that can be used, such as rat tail palm, emerald sedum, snakeberry, strawberry, creeping geranium, nasturtium, cilantro, passerine, hanging money, blood-activating dan, creeping fleshy chrysanthemum, emerald beads, creeping communis, American blunt-leaved grass, foreign ivy, variegated ivy, spider plant, saxifrage, etc.

    10. Rock greening: Using some types of climbing, creeping and hanging plants to climb on the rockery and rocks can make the rocks more vivid and natural. The configuration of vines and rocks is one of the commonly used techniques in traditional gardens. Sometimes it is also set off with white walls to make it more poetic and picturesque in form. Commonly used plants include creeping grass, concave leaf sedum, heather, wisteria, trumpet creeper, trachelospermum, ficus pumila, creeper, ivy, etc.

    11. Slope protection and embankment greening Slope protection and embankment greening are an important part of urban three-dimensional greening, especially greening in mountainous cities with complex and changeable terrain and landforms. Broadly speaking, slope protection greening includes natural gentle slopes, steep slopes, rock surfaces with large terrain undulations, and slopes, embankments, and embankments on both sides of roads and rivers. For slope protection greening, appropriate creeping and climbing plants can be planted at the bottom or surface of the slope, so that they spread and grow on the slope to form a ground cover covering the slope. For embankments, embankments, embankments, and other areas, climbing or hanging plants can be planted at the top edge of the embankment, so that their branches hang down and cover the embankment, or similar -attached greening forms can be used to use adsorption vines to climb the embankment to play the role of slope protection greening and beautification and decoration. In actual application, the above two forms can be combined and used according to local conditions according to the terrain and soil conditions, and complement each other.

    12. Application of flower beds and ground covers Climbing, creeping and hanging plants can be selected as flower bed materials according to the design of the flower bed. For example, climbing plants can be used in flower beds by artificial traction, winding and tying, so that the vines cover the surface of animal shapes or other geometric three-dimensional cube frames to form a three-dimensional shape. Morning glory, morning glory, nasturtium, etc. are often used as ground covers in flower beds.

    Ground cover plants are an important part of garden green space. Plants with creeping stems can generally be used as ground cover plants, such as ? grass, sweet potato vine, strawberry, Duchesnea, huoxuedan, naked headed passerine, nasturtium, Wedelia, purple bamboo plum, etc. Climbing plants are often used for vertical in green space . In fact, many of them are also very effective as ground cover. For example, sweet potato vine, wisteria, ivy, vinca roseus, brocade, clematis, trachelospermum, ? grass, etc. can be used as forest edge, sparse forest, forest, roadside ground cover.

    13. Application of lawn green space Plants used in artificial lawns are almost all species of the Gramineae family and a few of the Cyperaceae family . The creeping stem species of the Gramineae family, such as Bermuda grass, American blunt-leaved grass, and false centipede grass, are widely used. The use of grasses for laying lawns has many advantages, such as rapid growth, fast greening, fine and flat, resistance to pressure and trampling, and easy pruning and maintenance, which are not available for general broad-leaved herbs. However, warm-season grasses turn yellow in winter, and cold-season grasses mostly wither in summer, making it difficult to keep them green all year round. Large-scale application has poor landscape effects, and requires constant pruning to keep them flat, which is labor-intensive. Some dicotyledonous creeping herbs, such as Firewood, Cilantro, Horse Hoof Gold, and Blood-activating Dan, have small leaves, good creeping properties, rapid spreading and growth, and do not require pruning. They are evergreen all year round in frost-free areas in the south, and are suitable for ornamental lawns. They have their own uniqueness and advantages. However, they prefer shade and moisture, and their tolerance to strong sunlight and drought is not as good as many grasses. When using them, you need to choose the right environment and strengthen care. For example, the practice in Kunming has proved that Dichondra is an excellent ornamental lawn grass species, and its application has been rapidly expanded.

    14. Application of bonsai Some climbing woody plants, after shaping and pruning, become shrubs and are often used as bonsai materials, such as Campsis sclerotium, Winter jasmine, Bauhinia scabra, etc. The soil surface of bonsai is usually covered with mosses which are more suitable for small bonsai. In large bonsai, some creeping grasses with small leaves are used as soil covering materials, which have good effects and applicability. They are easy to obtain, grow robustly, spread rapidly, stay green, and can cover the mouth of the pot. Some of the existing applications include cilantro, Oxalis, Dianthus, Sedum serrata, etc.

Lygodium

    japonicumScientific name: Lygodium

    japonicumFamily: Lygodium japonicumMorphological

    characteristics: Perennial climbing herb, up to 4 meters long. Grown by streams or in weeds and shrubs in forests, with slender rhizomes, growing horizontally, and covered with dark brown, noded hairs. Leaves are papery; 2-3 times pinnate; there are two types of leaves, one is the nutrient leaf; the other is the spore leaf, which usually looks the same, but the spore leaf is smaller, the pinnae are smaller, and have deep notches. In late summer, spore capsules grow on the back of the leaves; spore capsules are solitary, arranged in two rows along the midrib of the lobes into spikes, and the spike is about 5 mm long.

Mountain turtle Scientific

name: Stephania cepharantha Hayata

Family: Menispermaceae

Alias: Earth-intolerant

Origin:

It is distributed in all parts of Yunnan except northeastern Yunnan and southwestern Yunnan.

There are about 50 species in the world, 30 of which are found in Yunnan, and 18 of them are found in Yunnan.

Mountain turtles grow in the rocks and deep valleys of Qiaojia, Yongshan, Zhenxiong, Yiliang and other counties.

Morphological characteristics:

It is a herbaceous deciduous vine, glabrous, with large oblate tubers, dark gray-brown, and fleshy young branches, purple-red, with white frost. The leaves are oblate, rarely nearly circular, 3-5 cm long, 5-6.5 cm wide, slightly pinkish-white on the underside, with more than 3 palmate veins. The petiole is 4-6 cm long, and is attached to the base of the leaf blade about 1-2 cm. The peduncle is 1-4 cm long, with several to a dozen small cymes, each with 2-3 flowers, small and purple. The drupe is red, obovate, with 16-20 small horizontal lines on both sides of the back.

application:

It is a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Yunnan.

The plants of this genus are rich in alkaloids and have many medicinal uses. The tuberous roots contain a large amount of serfadanine and safflower, which can clear away heat, detoxify, calm the nerves, regulate qi and relieve pain.

The medical science department has also extracted cranioplastin, isocollidine, photostephania alkaloids, and stephania serrata from the mountain turtle, which have important uses in clinical practice.

Mountain turtle is often used as an alias for different medicinal materials in different regions. In other words, there is a phenomenon of homonymous mountain turtles, and the mountain turtle plants referred to in different regions have different sources. There is no literature report on the research of its original plants. This article researches the original plants of mountain turtles in different places to facilitate their differentiation and application.

According to research, the medicinal material known as mountain turtle mainly comes from the following plants of the genus Stephania in the family Menispermaceae.

1 Guangxi Di Bu

Stephania kwangsiansis HSLo preview.

The tuber is oblate, with a gray-brown, rough outer skin and scattered lenticel-like protrusions. The leaves are triangular or round, nearly equal in length and width, papery, entire or horn-shaped with coarse teeth, dark above, pale below, and densely covered with small papillae. Inflorescences are axillary, with male and female plants on the same plant. Drupes are spherical and red when ripe. Flowering period is April to May, and fruiting period is May to July. The tuber is used as medicine. It is mainly produced in Guangxi, and its aliases are also called Di Bu Rong and Jin Bu Huan.

2 Stephanotis chinensis

S.cepharantha Hayata ex yamamoto is also known as the golden money hanging turtle, vine wood, with thick tubers, oblong, dark brown skin. The base of the stem is woody and purple. The leaves are alternate, with slender petioles; the leaves are shield-shaped, triangular-shaped and round, nearly equal in length and width, with entire margins, dark green above and grayish white below. The flowers are dioecious, with axillary capitate cymes. The drupes are spherical, purple-red when ripe, and the roots are used as medicine, called white medicine seeds.

3 Senkin Wisteria

S. japonica (Thunb.) Miers woody vine.

The tuber is cylindrical, with dark brown outer skin. The old stem is woody. The leaves are alternate, shield-shaped, nearly ovate, entire, dark green above, grayish white below, dioecious flowers, axillary pseudocymes. The drupe is spherical, red when ripe. The root or stem is used as medicine, called Qianjinteng, mainly produced in the south of the Yangtze River. "Common Chinese Herbal Medicines in Sichuan" calls it mountain turtle. "Hangzhou Medicinal Plants" calls it powder Fangji. Money fishing turtle. "Hunan Medicinal Records" calls it male mouse vine, wild peach grass, and firecrackers. "Common Chinese Herbal Medicines in Zhejiang Folk" calls it money hanging frog, Chaotian ointment, cymbals, and native sweet potatoes.

4 Earth cannot tolerate

S.delavayi Diels is a herbaceous vine.

The tuber is thick and large, oblate, with a rough, gray-brown outer skin. The leaves are alternate, long-stalked, and peltate. The leaves are nearly round, entire, with 7 to 9 palmate veins, glabrous on both sides, and grayish white on the underside. The flowers are dioecious, dark red, with axillary compound cymes, and the pedicels are nearly equal in length to the petioles. The drupes are round and red when ripe. It is mainly distributed in Sichuan and Yunnan. The tuber is used as medicine and is called Di Bu Rong. The "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines" also calls it Mountain Turtle, Ground Turtle, White Ground Gallbladder, and Lotus Leaf Dark Tip. "Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine" calls it Mountain Turtle, and "Kunming Medicinal Plant Survey Report" calls it Ground Turtle. "Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine Selection" calls it Jin Bu Huan. "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica Atlas" calls it Turtle Tip. "Plant Names and Realities Picture Record" calls it Di Fu Rong. "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica Illustrations" calls it Di Bu Rong, and "Tang Materia Medica" calls it Jie Du Zi.

5 Stephania scabra

S. sinica Diels woody vine.

The tubers are large, oblong or irregular, with brown outer skin. The stems are hollow, striped, and grayish white. The leaves are alternate, shield-shaped, broadly triangular-rounded, pointed at the apex, truncate at the base, with palmate veins, green above and pink-green below. The flowers are dioecious, with axillary cymes and pedicels shorter than petioles. The drupes are flat-ovate. It is mainly distributed in Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions. The tubers are used as medicine and are called Jinbuhuan. The "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines" calls it Hua Qianjin Teng, also known as mountain turtle and Jinbuhuan. "Guangxi Chinese Herbal Medicines" calls it mountain turtle, and Nanchuan's "Common Chinese Herbal Medicines" calls it ground turtle. "Dashan Chinese Herbal Medicines" calls it ground turtle.

6 Rulan

S.hernandifoha (Willd.) Walp. is also known as S.hernandifoha.

Herbaceous vine. Tuberous root. Slender and ridged stem. Leaves are alternate and peltate, triangular and round, entire, dark green above and gray-green below. Flowers are dioecious, compound cymes are axillary, pedicels are shorter than petioles. Drupe is nearly spherical. Mainly distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other places. The root is called Rulan in medicine. It is called Mountain Turtle and Qianjin Teng in Guizhou Folk Medicine and Golden Line Turtle in Sichuan Chinese Medicine Records.

In addition, another mountain turtle is recorded in Wanxian Chinese Herbal Medicine, which refers to the Hemsleya chinensis Cogn. and other plants of the same genus in the Cucurbitaceae family. It is a perennial herb.

The root tuber is large. The stem is slender, with tendrils opposite to the leaves. The palmate compound leaves are bird-toe-shaped, alternate, with long petioles, and the leaf edges are scalloped. The flowers are dioecious and circular inflorescences, and the corolla lobes are rolled back into a ball. The capsule is ovoid. The seeds have membranous wings. The root tuber is used as medicine, called snow gall, also known as mountain turtle. It has the function of clearing away heat and detoxifying. It has the effect of strengthening the stomach and relieving pain, and is used for stomachache, ulcer disease, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, bacillary dysentery, enteritis, urinary tract infection, sepsis and other diseases. It mainly contains tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins and aglycones, which are oleanolic acid, and is the main raw material for extracting oleanolic acid.

summary:

There are two types of mountain of various plants of the genus Stephania of the Menispermaceae family , which are the main raw materials for extracting cranial painkillers; the other type is the tuberous roots of various plants of the genus Stephania of the Cucurbitaceae family. They are the main raw materials for extracting oleanolic acid. The author believes that the authentic source of mountain turtle medicinal materials should be the tuberous roots of Stephania kwangsiansis HSLo, a plant of the genus Stephania of the Menispermaceae family. Mountain turtles in other regions are aliases of different medicinal materials. The medicinal materials with aliases called mountain turtles mainly include Stephania kwangsiansis, Stephania chinensis, Stephania chinensis, white peony seed, Stephania kwangsiansis, and Stephania chinensis.

Morinda umbellata

    Linn Scientific name: Morinda umbellata Linn

    Family: Rubiaceae Morinda genus

    Climbing or climbing shrubs. Branches are slender and internodes are long. Leaves are opposite, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 4-12 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, with short pointed or blunt tips, narrow base, bald or slightly rough above, bald or pubescent below; stipules are membranous, sheath-shaped, 2-5 mm long. The head inflorescence is composed of 4-8 terminal, sessile, umbels; each head inflorescence has 6-12 flowers, and the inflorescence stalk is 13-26 mm long; the flowers are white and sessile; the sepals are short and truncated; the corolla is high-footed saucer-shaped, less than 5 mm long, 4-lobed; there are 4 stamens, short filaments; the style is thin, with 2 stigmas. The berries are recurrent spherical, 10-15 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to July.

    It grows in small bushes at the edge of mountain forests. Distributed in Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan and other places.

Cucumber

    Scientific name: Cucumis sativus Linn.

    Alias:

    Cucurbitaceae Cucumber is

    an annual climbing herb with unbranched tendrils; leaves are alternate, broadly cordate, 7-20 cm long and wide, 3-5 shallowly lobed, and sparsely serrated on the edges; flowers are unisexual, monoecious, several male flowers are clustered in the axils of leaves, and female flowers are solitary in the axils of leaves. The male and female calyx tubes are narrowly bell-shaped, and the male and female corollas are yellow-white, with oblong lobes; gourds are oblong cylindrical, 20-40 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter, and have thorny tumor-like protrusions on the surface.

    Fruits are used as vegetables; stems are used as medicine.

Bitter melon

    scientific name: Momordica charantia Linn.

    Alias: bitter melon

    family: Cucurbitaceae Momordica genus

    Morphological characteristics: annual climbing herb; stems are pubescent. Tendrils are not forked; petioles are pubescent or nearly pubescent; leaf blades are kidney-shaped or nearly rounded in outline, 5-7 deeply lobed, about 3-12 cm long and wide, lobes are toothed or re-divided, slightly pubescent on both sides, especially on the veins. Monoecious, flowers solitary; pedicels are 5-15 cm long, with a bract in the middle or lower part; bracts are kidney-shaped or rounded, entire, 5-15 mm long and wide; calyx lobes are ovate-lanceolate; corolla is yellow, lobes are obovate, 1.5-2 cm long; stamens are 3, free, and the chamber is S-shaped and bent; ovary is fusiform, densely covered with tubercle-like protrusions, stigma is 3, swollen, and 2-lobed. The fruit is spindle-shaped with tubercle-like protrusions, 10-20 cm long, and splits into three lobes at the top when mature; the seeds are rectangular, with three small teeth at each end, and carved on both sides. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; it is cultivated in both the north and the south. The fruit tastes bitter and is used as a vegetable; the root is used as medicine, which can clear away heat and detoxify.

Solanum lyratum

    Scientific name: Solanum lyratum

    Family: Solanaceae Solanum

    perennial herbaceous vine, 0.5-2.5 meters long. Stems and leaves are densely covered with long villous hairs. The leaves are mostly lyre-shaped, 3.5-5.5 cm long, 2.5-4.8 cm wide, gradually pointed at the top, often entire at the base or sometimes 3-5 deeply lobed, the lobes are entire, the lateral lobes are obtuse or short-pointed at the top, the middle lobe is larger, ovate, and has long villous hairs on both sides; the petiole is about 3 cm long. The cymes are terminal or axillary, the flowers are sparse, and the inflorescence stalk is about 2 cm long; the calyx is cup-shaped, about 3 mm in diameter, with 5 calyx teeth; the corolla is blue or white, about 1 cm in diameter, 5 deeply lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate and pubescent. The berries are spherical, about 8 mm in diameter, and red when ripe. The flowering period is July-August, and the fruiting period is September-October.

    Grown on hillsides or roadsides; distributed in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong and provinces south of the Yangtze River.

    For medicinal purposes, the whole plant can clear away heat and dampness, detoxify and reduce swelling, and eliminate rheumatism. It can treat colds and fevers, icteric hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, leucorrhea, nephritic edema, carbuncle, furuncle, swelling and poison, etc. The whole plant contains alkaloids, and the whole plant is used by the people to treat cancer.

Lentils

    scientific name Dolichos lablab

    Alias: black-eyed beans, beans, pig ears

    Family: Leguminosae Lentils

    Morphological characteristics: Leguminosae Lentils are annual twining herbs. Branches and stems are often lavender or green, hairless or with sparse hairs. Tripinnate compound leaves, petioles 3-7 cm long. Stipules are triangular lanceolate; stipules are lanceolate to linear lanceolate; terminal leaflets are rhombic ovate; 5-10 cm long, 4-9 cm wide; lateral leaflets are oblique ovate. Racemes, axillary, with 2-20 flowers, corolla white or purple-red, 15-18 mm long. Pods, sickle-shaped, semi-lunar or oblong, 7-12 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, flat, with curved or straight edges. There are 2-5 seeds, kidney-shaped, black, purple or white, about 9 mm long.

    Habitat distribution: mostly grown on the edge of the land, beside the ravine, and in the countryside. Native to Indonesia and the Philippines. It is planted in most areas.

    Uses: The young leaves are edible. The seeds of white lentil are used as medicine, which has the effects of relieving heat and dampness, strengthening the spleen and detoxifying.

Quamolit

pennata

Other names: cypress pine, dragon grass, brocade screen seal, dragon flower

Family: Convolvulaceae, Convolvulaceae

Category: Annual (tropical or perennial) climbing herbaceous flower    
        
Morphological characteristics:
  
Annual twining herb, stem up to 4cm long, smooth. Single leaves alternate, pinnately lobed, lobes linear, stipules the same shape as leaves. Cymes axillary, flowers small, corolla high-footed saucer-shaped, dark red, shaped like a five-pointed star.

Flowering period is from August to the beginning of frost. Capsule, fruit ripening period is from September to November.

Origin distribution:  

  
Native to tropical America, it is cultivated   all over the world.

It likes a warm environment with sufficient light, is not cold-resistant, but is resistant to drought and barrenness and has no strict requirements on soil.

Taproot. Blooms from early summer to cool autumn.

Reproduction method:

Propagated by seeds. Sowing is usually done in April. The seeds that fall naturally will germinate and grow by themselves in the spring of the following year.

Cultivation management:

Morning glory is a taproot flower and needs to be sown directly or transplanted in time when the seedlings are still small.

It grows slowly after planting, so you need to pay attention to watering and fertilizing. It grows rapidly in early summer. It has strong growth ability and is easy to cultivate.

Garden use:

The leaves of morning glory are fine and the flowers are dense, which is of high ornamental value. It can be used to decorate fences, or as greening material for small sheds, with good shelter and shade effects. It can also be used as ground cover flowers, without a support, and it can be spread over the ground.

In addition, it can be potted for viewing, built with a scaffold, and shaped into various shapes.

There are two other species of morning glory:

One is called round-leaved morning glory:

Scientific name: Quamoclit coccinea Moench., also known as orange-red morning glory, alternate leaves, ovate, entire, heart-shaped at the base, axillary cymes, 3-6 flowers, orange-red flowers, yellow throat, five-lobed crown. Maple-leaf morning glory: also known as large-flowered morning glory, palm-leaf morning glory, alternate leaves, broadly triangular-ovate, 7-15 lobes, axillary cymes, 1-3 flowers, sturdy peduncle, high-footed saucer-shaped corolla, flowers from bright red to purple-red.
Leaves are like morning glory, ovate.

Another one is called maple leaf morning glory:

The scientific name is Quamoclit Sloseri Nieuwl. The leaves are palm-shaped and very similar to maple leaves.

Both flowers are red, with the maple-leaved morning glory being the most beautiful.

The scientific name of sword bean

    is Canavalia gladiata (Jacp) DC.

    Other names: sword bean, sword bean, big bean, big sword bean, sheath

    Leguminosae : Leguminosae

    Morphological characteristics Annual winding grass. Stems and branches have ridges. Trifoliate compound leaves are alternate; terminal leaflets are broadly ovate, 8-20cm long, 5-6cm wide, entire, racemes are axillary, flowers are sparse, born on the raised part of the inflorescence axis; calyx is bell-shaped, corolla is butterfly-shaped, light red or light purple; male 10, ovary has sparse long hard hairs. Pods are strip-shaped, up to 300cm long, seeds are kidney-shaped, red or brown. Flowering period is June to July, fruiting period is August to October.

    Habitat and distribution Cultivated beside the house or in the garden. It is cultivated in Daidong and Daizhong of our county.

    Paederia foetida (L.), scientific name: Chinese fevervine,

    English name: Chinese fevervine,

    alias: cowhide jelly, chicken-arrow vine, red-bone snake, smelly vine, chicken-fragrant vine, chicken-

    dung vine, family: Rubiaceae, Paederia foetida is

    a perennial herbaceous vine with a foul smell. The stem is slender, smooth, multi-branched, and twining. The leaf shape and size vary greatly. The leaves are simple, opposite, with petioles. The leaves are lanceolate or ovate, and the upper and lower surfaces are hairless; the stipules are triangular and deciduous. The inflorescence is a two to three-times branched panicle cyme, axillary or terminal, the corolla is white on the outside, densely covered with soft hairs, purple on the inside, covered with long hairs, and the fruit is spherical, yellow-brown, and shiny.

    Paederia foetida is widely distributed, and its traces can be seen everywhere. The leaves vary greatly, and there are often several types of leaves in one plant. However, no matter what kind of leaves it grows, you can recognize it just by smelling it.

Conflict Conflict vine Large conflict Dried vine Wild bean

Scientific Name: Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.

Other names: Kudzu vine, big kudzu vine, dry kudzu, mountain bean

Family: Leguminosae

distributed:

It is widely distributed throughout the country except Xinjiang and Tibet.

Growth habit:

It likes warm and humid environment, is cold-resistant, drought-resistant and barren-resistant. It often grows in grasslands, thickets, under sparse woods and on the edge of forests. It has a well-developed root system and strong vitality.

Conflicting Uses:

The use of wild kudzu has a long history, but large-scale artificial cultivation has only been in recent years. In 1995, Zhejiang Forestry College took the lead in organizing the research on the cultivation technology of kudzu in non-suitable forest land. The research team led by Professor Lou Luhuan traveled to Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and other provinces to collect wild kudzu seedlings. After repeated selection and cultivation experiments, they finally bred four excellent varieties of kudzu that grew fast, had high powder yield and were easy to cultivate artificially, thus making large-scale artificial cultivation of wild kudzu possible, opening up a new way to increase agricultural efficiency and farmers' income.

The economic value and development prospects of kudzu have attracted more and more attention, and also aroused strong interest in Song Diquan, who originally opened a pharmaceutical ampoule cap production company.

In April 2002, he bought high-quality kudzu seedlings from the Forestry College and tried to plant 20 mu of them. Unexpectedly, he succeeded in one fell swoop, which greatly encouraged him. In August, he contracted 300 mu of barren hills in Kejia Village, his hometown, and subcontracted 200 mu of kudzu base in Yiyang Village, Changhua Town, and began to plant kudzu on a large scale. However, kudzu must be processed and refined into kudzu powder to really generate benefits, and there is still a blank in Zhejiang for real professional kudzu powder processing enterprises, so Song Diquan planned to set up his own processing plant. In 2003, after the matchmaking of the Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, Song Diquan and Professor Lou soon became partners. In this way, a consortium with universities providing technology and enterprises providing funds began to carry out substantial research on kudzu powder processing. From the design, development to installation and commissioning of mechanical equipment, they went through countless hardships, and finally developed a special kudzu powder processing equipment with a daily processing capacity of 5 tons of kudzu root. After successfully refining kudzu powder, Song Diquan did not give up. He learned that the reason why the instant foods currently produced could not enter the European and American markets was that instant foods needed to be mixed with boiling water, and Europeans and Americans did not have the habit of drinking boiled water. Song Diquan was inspired and after more than two months of repeated experiments, he finally developed instant kudzu powder that could be mixed with cold water, filling the domestic gap.

At the Changhua base, we saw that the kudzu tubers planted in May last year have now grown larger than a thermos bottle. It is expected that the yield per mu will reach 7.5 tons next year. The 300 mu of Song Diquan's base that has been put into production alone can harvest 2,250 tons of kudzu root. According to the ratio of processing 1 ton of kudzu powder for every 5 tons, more than 450 tons of kudzu powder can be produced, with an output value of 135 million yuan. At present, more than 600 mu of kudzu powder has been planted in the city, and many farmers are eager to try planting. The Municipal Science and Technology Bureau has implemented a plan to plant 2,000 mu of kudzu powder in the city.

    Trachelospermum jasminoides Flame Family:   Apocynaceae

    Trachelospermum Morphological

    characteristics: Evergreen woody vines, stems with inconspicuous lenticels. Twigs, young petioles and backs of leaves are covered with short soft hairs, while old branches and leaves are hairless. The leaves are leathery, elliptical to ovate-elliptical or broadly obovate, 2-6cm long and 1-3cm wide. Old leaves are nearly green or light green, the first round of new leaves are pink, a few have 2-3 pairs of pink leaves, the second to third pairs are pure white leaves, and there are several pairs of variegated leaves between the pure white leaves and the old green leaves. The whole plant has rich leaf color and can be described as colorful.

    Biological characteristics: Trachelospermum jasminoides is a light-loving and shade-tolerant plant. It likes a high humidity and well-drained acidic and neutral soil environment. It is strong and disease-resistant, and grows vigorously, similar to native Trachelospermum. At the same time, it has strong drought resistance, short-term flood resistance, and cold resistance. The change of its leaf color is related to the light and growth conditions. The bright color expression requires good light conditions and vigorous growth conditions.

    Landscape application: The ornamental value of Trachelospermum variegatede is reflected in the three levels of leaf color, namely the color group composed of red leaves, pink leaves, pure white leaves, variegated leaves and green leaves, which is very similar to a cluster of blooming flowers, extremely gorgeous and colorful, especially in spring, summer and autumn. In order to achieve the best color effect, it is necessary to prune intensively in spring to promote the sprouting of branches, increase the ornamental branches, and form a compact plant cluster. In the garden, it is an extremely beautiful ground cover plant material, which can be planted in the isolation belt under the urban street trees; or as a slope protection vine cover; it can also be used as a perennial "flowering" plant for various flower mirror arrangements; at the same time, it is also an excellent potted plant material, which can replace the current potted flower scenery in parks and modern facilities to overcome the shortcomings of short viewing period and high cost of frequent replacement of potted flowers. In addition, it can also be used as an excellent ornamental plant for home potted plants.



Luffa

    scientific name: Luffa cylindrica Roem.

    Family: Cucurbitaceae, Luffa genus,

    annual climbing herb. Stem is weak and rough, petiole is strong and rough; leaf blade is triangular or nearly circular in outline, usually palmately five-lobed, with small serrations on the edge. Monoecious. Male inflorescence is racemose, flowers are born at the top of the peduncle, female flowers are solitary; calyx are ovate-lanceolate, corolla is yellow, radial, lobes are oblong. Fruit is cylindrical, with longitudinal shallow grooves or stripes, fleshy when unripe, dry when ripe, with reticular fibers inside, and cracked from the top when fully ripe; seeds are black, flat, with narrow wing-shaped edges. Luffa is distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world and is widely cultivated. It is used as a vegetable when the fruit is tender, and the fiber left after removing the flesh after ripening is the luffa net, which is used as medicine and can clear the meridians.

Ivy Hedera nepalensis

Other name: Ivy

Family: Araliaceae Hedera

Morphological characteristics:

Evergreen climbing vine, with thin and soft branches and aerial roots. The vines grow spirally and can climb on other objects. Leaves are alternate, leathery, dark green, with long petioles. The leaves on the nutrient branches are triangular-ovate, or 3-lobed, and the leaves on the flower branches are ovate to rhombus-shaped. Racemose inflorescence, spherical flowers, light yellow. Drupes are spherical and black.

Ecological habits:

It is a shade-bearing vine plant that can also grow in a full-light environment. It grows well in warm and humid climates and is not cold-resistant. It is not very demanding on soil and prefers moist, loose, fertile soil. It is not salt-alkali tolerant.

use:

Because of its dense branches and leaves, it is the most ideal material for vertical greening of indoor and outdoor walls. It is also an excellent ground cover plant. It is suitable for climbing buildings, walls, steep slopes, rock walls and the ground under the shade of trees. The demand for potted plants is increasing.

Variety :

Commonly cultivated species in the same genus include Chinese ivy (H. nepalensis var. sinensis), Japanese ivy (CV. conglomerata), colorful ivy (CV. discolor), golden heart ivy (CV. goldheart), silver edge ivy (CV. siluer quetn), etc.

Hydroponic ivy:

Hydroponic flowers are a type of flower that uses water as a medium. Flowers are grown directly in containers filled with water and are given the nutrients they need for growth. They are used for indoor greening decoration.

1. Advantages of hydroponic flowers. Hydroponic flowers are clean and hygienic, with few diseases and pests, which are beneficial to human health; they are elegant and highly ornamental. Water-grown flowers can be viewed not only for their leaves, stems, and flowers, but also for their ever-changing root systems, which increases the decorativeness of flowers; they eliminate the trouble of finding and managing soil when preparing various potting soils for potted plants, and adapt to the high-efficiency and fast-paced characteristics of modern society. The ever-changing forms and colors of flowers can be used to freely configure and lay out several kinds of flowers, thereby achieving an artistic effect similar to flower arrangement.

2. Types of flowers suitable for hydroponics. Types of flowers suitable for hydroponics include black orchid, oncidium, spider plant, windmill grass, purple duck toe grass, purple backed Dieffenbachia, light bamboo leaves, hanging bamboo plum, auspicious flowers, etc. among herbaceous flowers; jasmine, fortune tree, Brazilian wood, weeping fig, osmanthus, kumquat, rose, Schefflera, Croton, bamboo palm, ivy, dragon blood tree, etc. among woody flowers; asparagus, Dieffenbachia, Monstera, Tiger tail orchid, ruby, variegated taro, green giant, green radish, golden queen, silver queen, golden-edged lucky bamboo, emerald philodendron, syngonium, large-leaf Dieffenbachia, variegated Dieffenbachia, star-pointed Dieffenbachia, etc. among bulbous flowers; Christmas cactus, unicorn, cactus, gem flower, etc. among fleshy stem flowers.

3. Planting technology. Generally, special water-planting pots with bottomless holes and double-layer mesh screens inside and outside are used; for ordinary families, utensils with a certain degree of transparency are suitable. The planting season is arranged from mid-April to mid-to-late June, and from late September to early November. During this period, the temperature is suitable, the life activities of plants are vigorous, and planting and water cutting are easy to root.
Select potted flowers with good plant shape and strong growth, and wash away the mud or other media at the roots with water. Plants with weak growth have less nutrients in their bodies and their physiological activities are relatively slow. Root washing and water planting will affect their rooting and growth, so they should not be selected. For some flower species suitable for water planting, you can also cut semi-mature branches with full development during their vegetative growth period and insert them in water to let them take root. Succulent plants have tender water storage tissues in their stems. After the branches are cut from the mother plant, they should not be directly inserted into the water. Instead, the cuttings should be placed in a cool and dry place for 2-3 days, and water cuttings should be carried out after the wounds are fully dried.

Planting method: When planting, if the root system is very luxuriant, 1/3-1/2 of the fibrous roots can be trimmed. Root trimming is conducive to the regeneration of the root system of hydroponic plants, and the early germination of new roots, thereby promoting the plant's absorption of nutrients. After pruning, first soak the roots of the plant or the base of the cuttings in a 5g/L potassium permanganate solution for half an hour, then insert the roots into the mesh holes, try to stretch the roots, and be careful not to damage the roots, and then use vermiculite or ceramsite, sponge, etc. to press and fix the plant.

4. Post-planting management. Whether it is a double-layer pot or a single-layer pot, water should be changed regularly. This is the key to the success of flower hydroponics. Because when the roots of flowers grow in the water, they will produce mucus, and too much mucus will pollute the water quality. When flowers are hydroponically cultivated, except for a part of the mineral elements in the nutrient solution that are absorbed by the flowers, the rest will remain in the water. When the residual substances accumulate to a certain extent, it will harm the growth of flowers. The oxygen content in the water will gradually decrease as the flowers grow. When it decreases to a certain amount, it will affect the growth of flowers.

For normal flowers, the water should be changed once every 7-1 days in summer, about 15 days in spring and autumn, and 15-2 days in winter. When changing the water, the mucus on the roots should be washed off, and rotten roots and yellow leaves should be cut off. For hydroponic flowers that have just been repotted, because they have many new wounds on their roots and are prone to rot, the water should be changed frequently; especially in hot weather, the oxygen content in the water is reduced, the respiration of the plants is strengthened, and the oxygen consumption is high, so the water should be changed more frequently, every day, until the flowers grow new white roots in the water, and then the number of water changes can be gradually reduced.

Green leaf ivy:

It is an evergreen subshrub vine flower of the Apocynaceae family, native to Europe, and named after its green leaves. Green-leaf ivy is a famous evergreen foliage plant, which has won people's love for its beauty and good shade tolerance. Its leaves are light green, verdant and beautiful. The leaves are opposite, ovate or heart-shaped. Single flowers grow in the axils of leaves. The flower color is purple-red, and the 5 petals are arranged in a five-star shape, resembling a small trumpet. Its flowers, leaves and vines are beautiful and elegant, especially suitable for potted plants placed indoors for cultivation and viewing. It does not wither in all seasons, and is a rare delicacy in severe winter.

Green-leafed ivy likes warm and humid environment, but it is also drought-tolerant, cold-tolerant and shade-tolerant; it is almost not selective about soil. In fertile sandy loam, the leaves are green and the flowers are bright, and the white-edged leaf varieties are brighter and more vivid. Spring and summer are its peak seasons for growth. Its long vines can hang down more than one meter under the pot. If they are pulled by a bracket, they can be made into a variety of shapes such as cones, fans, and planes, which are very beautiful. Watering should be controlled in winter to keep the leaves green. In early spring, cut off the old vines and let them grow new vines again. Its reproduction is mainly based on cuttings, which can be carried out except in winter. Take a branch segment about 10 cm long and insert it in plain sand. It can take more than a month to take root and grow leaves, and can be transplanted. If it is propagated by layering in a pot, it is convenient and easy to survive. It can also be propagated by division, which can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn.

Another commonly cultivated plant is the variegated ivy, which has the same habits as the green-leafed ivy but is more ornamental.

Mucuna sempervirens

　　is a warm-weather tree species that likes warmth and is relatively tolerant to shade and humidity. It is a good material for vertical greening of southern gardens. It is wild and cultivated in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Taiwan and other provinces and cities. Its branches are vigorous and its leaves are lush. Especially in April every year, a bunch of purple flowers bloom on the old branches, forming a spectacle of "old stems blooming new flowers", which makes people linger. In August and September, it changes into another scene, with long strips of pods hanging on the old branches, swaying in the wind. It is very spectacular.

　　With the rapid improvement of economic level, land transportation such as high-grade highways and railway construction has achieved unprecedented development. At the same time, due to the use of mountain splitting and other operations to make the road straight during road construction, there are also exposed rock surfaces due to soil erosion after vegetation destruction, abandoned rock warehouses left by mountain quarrying, and exposed rock surfaces formed by other construction, which not only caused a large number of exposed steep slopes and rock surfaces, seriously damaging the natural landscape on the roadside, but also brought safety hazards. Since such slopes are usually steep, high, smooth, lacking water or even soilless, greening work is very difficult. Among them, the selection of greening materials and planting technology have become the key to greening such areas. At present, climbing plants are mostly used for greening of low-slope sections (below 10 m) in foreign countries, but there are few reports on greening of high-slope sections. Due to the late development of domestic highways, the understanding and research on greening of such rock sections are relatively lagging and are still in the initial stage. Most of the reports are on the research of vertical greening materials such as urban building walls, and a small amount of research on greening materials and technologies for roadside soil slopes. Therefore, the research on the types and planting techniques of greening on mountain sections is still a very weak field.

　　Due to the particularity of mountain sections, the ideal plant species should meet the following requirements: able to adapt to harsh habitat conditions such as high temperature on the rock surface, with climbing organs such as disks, aerial roots or tendrils; flowers, bright fruits and fragrant flowers are more ideal. Therefore, the selection of greening plants and planting techniques are also different from the general greening requirements. ① Woody vines; ② Strong adaptability, especially requiring tolerance to drought, strong light or dampness, barrenness ⑨ Fast growth, able to cover the mountain section quickly; ④ Strong climbing ability, with developed absorption ⑤ In order to still be green in winter, it is best to be an evergreen plant, such as those with odd leaves, colorful leaves, and fresh. Changchun Yama is one of the few tree species that meet these conditions and can adapt to this environment, providing it with beautification and ecological effects.

Bird of paradise flower

Scientific Name: Mucuna birdwoodiana Tutch

Other name: White flowered yew vine

Family: Fabaceae

distributed:

It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and is widely cultivated in the south.

Morphological characteristics:

Evergreen large woody vine. 3 leaflets, leathery, ovate-elliptical, 8-13 cm long, lateral leaflets oblique. Racemes grow from old stems, drooping, white corolla, 7-9 cm long, flowering from late spring to early summer. Pods woody, up to 40 cm long. Seeds mature in autumn.

The appearance of the bird of paradise flower is very peculiar, with four petals, the receptacle is like the head of a bird of paradise, with a small black dot like an eye on each side, the petal in the middle is curved like a bird's back, the petals on both sides are like wings, the bottom petal extends backwards, it is the tail, and there is a bunch of slender and slightly curved stamens in the flower, which people call "internal organs". The whole flower is like a jade bird carved out of jade, exquisite and lovely.

From a distance, you might think there are a group of bird of paradise flowers hiding in the vines. The bird of paradise is milky white in color, and if you pick it, it will turn brown after two or three hours, making it look even more like a bird of paradise. If you accidentally damage the petals, red juice will flow out, just like blood, which is even more magical.

Bird of paradise flowers usually bloom around the Qingming Festival, and the flowering period is about 40 days.

The bird of paradise flower has a strong ability to climb upwards and can coil around a tree like a giant python. It blooms in large numbers from March to April every year.

The bird of paradise flower usually blooms but does not produce fruit. Since liberation, it has only produced pods in 1961. According to an old farmer, the bird of paradise flower produces fruit once every 30 years. http://www.'>The fresh flowers are sweet and delicious seasonal vegetables, and can be used as a cooling medicine when dried.

It is said that the bird of paradise flowers in Gongkeng are the birthplace of the bird of paradise flowers in Guangdong, with a history of 700 years. There are many mythological stories about the ancient temple and the strange flowers.

1 According to legend, there was a wandering monk in the Ming Dynasty who traveled to Xiao Penglai Mountain. Seeing the deep green forest and beautiful scenery, he planted a seed he brought with him in front of the Zen temple. The seed sprouted, formed vines, and grew flowers that looked like sparrows. This is the sparrow flower in front of the Zen temple. This sparrow flower blooms the most spectacularly and has become the best traditional viewing spot. The vines all over the mountains of Gongkeng are due to this sparrow flower.

2 There is another legend that one day, Li Tieguai, one of the Eight Immortals, traveled to Gongkeng Temple and saw flocks of sparrows flying into the rice fields to steal rice. The farmer chased them from this side with a broom, and the sparrows flew to the other side to eat; he chased them from the other side, and the sparrows flew to this side to eat. The farmer watched helplessly as the flock of sparrows pecked at the grain he had worked hard to grow for half a year, and he was heartbroken and cried out to the sky. The naughty sparrows chirped and laughed at the farmer's incompetence, fighting and jumping with each other. Seeing this, Li Tieguai thought that the sparrows were too naughty and too much, so he casually cut a mountain vine from the side of the mountain, used magic to tie up all the sparrows, and hung them on the tree in a bunch, allowing them to fly out only around the Qingming Festival when there was a shortage of rice. From then on, there were no more sparrows stealing rice here, and Gongkeng also had a new sparrow flower.

Five-leaf Parthenocissus American Parthenocissus Five-leaf Parthenocissus

学  名： Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Other names: American ivy, five-leaf creeper

Family: Grape family Parthenocissus

Category: Large woody vine    
  
Morphological characteristics:  

Similar to Parthenocissus tricuspidata, it is a large deciduous vine with large stem tendrils and suction cups. The tendrils are long and have large suckers at the top. It has 5 to 12 branches, and the young branches are purple-red. There are 5 leaflets, both sides are green. The inflorescence is panicle. The fruit is blue-black, about 7mm in diameter.

Origin distribution:

It is native to Central America and is cultivated in various places, with the northern part being the earliest and most cultivated area. It also grows well in Chengdu.

Growth habits:

It likes light and high humidity. In drier areas and seasons, it is difficult for suckers to form, so the adsorption capacity is poor
  
.

It grows vigorously, with blood-red leaves in autumn and new branches and leaves also red, which is more beautiful than creeper. It has been widely used in recent years and is worth promoting in the humid areas of the south. It is suitable for greening roofs, walls, etc.

  Other cultivated species of Parthenocissus include:

Variegated Parthenocissus (Sichuan-Hubei creeper, variegated groundcover) P.henryana, twigs are 4-angled; leaves have 5 leaflets, purple-red on the back, often with white spots on the leaf surface; inflorescence is narrow; fruit is blue-black, often with 3 seeds; native to Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing, and has been introduced abroad.

Three-leaf creeper (P.semicorodata (P.himalayana) has tendrils with pointed tips and slightly curled when young, which later enlarge into suckers; leaves have 3 leaflets; produced in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Tibet, growing at altitudes of 500 to 3800m, and commonly used in Kunming.

P.dalzielii (P.heterophylla) is a glabrous plant with 3 leaflets and a single leaf with coarse serrations. It has many branches and is native to Henan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Chongqing. It grows on steep cliffs, slopes and valley forests at an altitude of 200 to 3800 meters.

Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica

Other names: Silver flower, double flower, Erbao flower

Family: Caprifoliaceae

Type: Perennial evergreen twining woody vine

Plant form:

Twining semi-shrub, evergreen. Young branches densely covered with soft hairs and glandular hairs, old branches brown, stripped and hollow. Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong ovate, 3-8cm long, 1.5-4cm wide, initially hairy on both sides, then hairless on the upper side. Flowers in pairs axillary, pedicels and flowers with short soft hairs; corolla white when first opened, then turns yellow, covered with soft and glandular hairs, corolla tube slender; 5 stamens, extending outside the corolla; ovary inferior. Berries spherical, black when ripe.

The flowering period is from April to June, and the fruiting period is from July to October.

Growth habit and distribution:

It grows on roadsides, in hillside thickets or sparse forests. It is distributed in most parts of the country.

This flower always grows in pairs in the leaf axils, so it is called "Mandarin Duck Flower". Because when the old leaves wither and fall in late autumn, new green sprouts in the leaf axils, and it does not wither in winter, it is also called "Honeysuckle".

"Compendium of Materia Medica" states: "Honeysuckle is good at detoxification, so it is an important medicine for treating carbuncle, swelling, ringworm, bayberry, rheumatism and other poisons." The famous "Yinqiao Jiedu Pill" is based on this medicine. Modern pharmacological experiments have shown that honeysuckle has a significant effect on upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, tonsillitis, acute appendicitis, erysipelas, traumatic infection, etc. There is also a folk custom of brewing tea with it in midsummer to relieve heat and heat, and stimulate appetite.

Honeysuckle has strong adaptability, grows rapidly, and has vines that can spread for dozens of meters.

In summer, its fragrance can dispel the irritability of summer heat; in winter, its greenness can drive away loneliness and bleakness, making it an excellent tree for greening courtyards and creating green corridors.

use:

Fresh honeysuckle flowers are fragrant and contain more nectar. Rural children often take the flowers to suck the nectar. Fresh flowers are dried in the sun or dried in the way of making green tea to make the finished product of honeysuckle.

There are two kinds of honeysuckle tea on the market. One is a honeysuckle tea made by mixing fresh honeysuckle with a small amount of green tea according to the scenting technique of scented tea; the other is a tea made by mixing roasted or sun-dried honeysuckle with green tea. Of these two types of honeysuckle tea, the former has strong floral fragrance and is mainly for appreciating the floral fragrance; the latter has a lower floral fragrance but can maintain the medicinal effects of honeysuckle without losing its health care effects.

Honeysuckle tea is a health drink suitable for all ages, especially in summer.

Radix Stemonae Japonicae

　　is a perennial climbing herb, distributed in Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Sichuan and Shaanxi. It grows wild in bushes, forest edges and under bamboo forests in mountains and hills. It is suitable for warm and humid climates. It is not demanding on soil, is cold-resistant, afraid of drought and avoids waterlogging. Its vines are slender, and the flowers grow on the leaves, which are strange and long. In gardens, it is often planted beside bamboo tubes, walls, railings or tied into various shapes of brackets for climbing and beautification of the courtyard.

Kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa

　　, with its deep roots, lush leaves, winding stems and vines, is considered a promising vertical greening plant for garden trellis cultivation and fence, fence and wall greening. It is also of great ornamental value because of its bright seasonal changes, such as green leaves in early spring, pleasant flowers in early summer, berries hanging down in autumn, and strong trunks in severe winter. It can be used to arrange garden pieces such as flower corridors and flower racks.

　　1. Courtyard trellis greening: Build trellises for cultivation in front of the doorway, in the open space of the courtyard and in the sunny corner of the wall. The frame can be single-walled, double-walled, trellis and T-shaped according to the environment. 2.

　　Fence, fence and wall greening: Note that kiwifruit likes sunlight, so it needs to be arranged on the sunny side.

　　3. Flower temples, flower stands and arch landscaping: Use kiwi fruit to arrange the arch trellises to form a green corridor, which not only covers a wide area, but also has a wide vertical surface, which is very imposing. Choose some open-type brackets or corridor-style trellises, and by tying and pulling the vines, let the stems and vines climb and stretch along the designed route, and then by pruning and shaping, the desired landscaping effect can be achieved. In the arch group landscape, if the arrangement is proper, the winding and draping of the stems and vines and the seasonal ornamental of the leaves and fruits are also interesting.

　　4. Covering rockery and decorating tree trunks, kiwi fruit can be used as a foil plant for rockery and animal sculptures. It can also be used to entwine withered trees, giving people a sense of simplicity and revival.

Pyrostegia ignea

　　is also known as Pyrostegia ignea, Pyrostegia ignea, and is a perennial evergreen vine plant of the Crape Myrtaceae family. The plant is a climbing plant with a thick woody trunk. It is not large in size, and the bright red flowers bloom on the green and slender branches. It is suitable for medium and small potted plants and hanging pots, and can be hung under the balcony or in front of the window for space greening decoration. Pyrostegia ignea can be planted in the open field in the warm climate of the south for vertical greening of walls, fences, and railings. The orange-red flowers bloom among the green leaves, which is very festive and warm. In the north, it is used as a large and medium-sized potted plant. Its flowering period coincides with the New Year's Day and the Spring Festival. As a festival flower, it is used to decorate the living room, porch, balcony, etc., which is prosperous and has excellent effect.

Trachelospermum jasminoides White dragon vine White flower vine Cloud flower

Other names: Wanzi Jasmine, White Dragon Vine, White Flower Vine, Cloud Flower

Family: Apocynaceae, Trachelospermum evergreen vine flower

Morphological characteristics:

The branches are 2 to 10 meters long and have latex. Old branches are smooth, with aerial roots often growing at the nodes and hairs on young branches. Single leaves are opposite, elliptical to broadly lanceolate, 2.5 to 6 cm long, pointed at the tip, leathery, smooth on the surface, hairy on the back, and very short petioles. Cymes are axillary, with long peduncles, 9 to 15 flowers, very small calyx, tubular, 5 white petals, arranged in a spiral shape, fragrant, flowering from June to July. Fruits are tubular twins, fruiting from August to December, with long hairs on the seeds.

Variants and varieties include:

Small-leaved Trachelospermum has smaller leaves, elliptic-lanceolate, 4 cm to 4.5 cm long, with axillary , and blooms from April to May.

The leaves of the large-leaved Trachelospermum are relatively large, 4.5 cm to 6.5 cm long, about 3.5 cm wide, with protruding veins and slightly curled leaf edges. The flowering period is relatively late.

Purple Trachelospermum is a thick vine with leathery, oblanceolate leaves, 8 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, and purple flowers.

Origin and habits:

Trachelospermum jasminoides is native to various places south of North China, and is commonly cultivated in gardens in the central and southern regions. It prefers a warm, humid, shady environment and is afraid of strong winds and scorching sun in the north. It has a certain degree of cold resistance and can overwinter in the open field in southern North China. It is not very demanding on soil, but performs better in loose, fertile, moist loam.

Trachelospermum jasminoides is an evergreen climbing vine of the Apocynaceae family and the Trachelospermum genus. The peak flowering period is from April to May, when the entire plant is almost completely white. Flowers continue to bloom until November, lasting for half a year, so it is praised as "not jasmine, but better than jasmine".

Trachelospermum erythrorhizon is a commonly used Chinese medicine, and its first record in the herbal medicine is "Shennong's Herbal Classic".

According to the 1995 edition of the Pharmacopoeia, the source of Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. is the dried vine with leaves. It has the functions of dispelling wind and unblocking meridians, cooling blood and reducing swelling. It can be used to treat rheumatic heat, tendon spasm, waist and knee pain, throat paralysis, carbuncle, and traumatic injuries. Through investigation and research, the author found that in some areas, the dried vine with leaves of T. jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. var. heterophyllum Tsiang, a plant of the Apocynaceae family, is mixed with Trachelospermum jasminoides for medicinal use. It is also found that the description of "adventitious roots" on the surface of the stem and "ovate lanceolate" leaves under the medicinal properties of Trachelospermum jasminoides in the 1995 edition of the Pharmacopoeia is actually the characteristics of Trachelospermum jasminoides confused with the variety of T. jasminoides. In addition, in some areas, the medicinal plants mixed with Trachelospermum jasminoides include Ruersheng, Pseudostellaria baicalensis, Diguateng, Cnidium monnieri, Euonymus fortunei and Schisandra chinensis.

Clematis hybrid cvs.

　　Clematis belongs to the genus Clematis, Ranunculaceae, and is widely distributed throughout the world. Its application methods are generally as follows:
The pergola type has vigorous growth, strong branching ability, dense leaves, and unique and beautiful flowers, fragrant or peculiar fruit shape. It is used to cover the top and side of the pergola to form a green corridor, flower corridor or flower rack, generally for viewing fruits, flowers, and shade.

　　The flowers of the pole-type clematis are large and beautiful, and can be used for greening of low walls, fences, railings, wire mesh, etc., mainly for viewing flowers.

　　The vertical column type clematis can be used for greening of various columns. In practical applications, because clematis climbs by tendrils or winding itself, its climbing ability is weaker than that of dry adsorption climbing plants, so it can be tied or pulled when applied.

　　The hanging clematis has soft and loose stems and branches. It can be planted in flower beds or containers, and its branches can be hung outside the container to beautify the three-dimensional space.

　　The column landscape takes advantage of its ancient and unique trunk shape and easy shaping and pruning, and is made into a column landscape for viewing.

　　Creeping Bright Green Honeysuckle Lonicera nitida 'Maigrun'

　　Creeping Bright Green Honeysuckle, Caprifoliaceae, Lonicera genus. Evergreen shrub, dense branches, creeping growth, dark green leaves, small. Shade-tolerant, not strict on soil, strong growth, easy to maintain. It is an excellent shade-tolerant ground cover plant.

Ivy

Japanese sweet potato

    Scientific name: Dioscorea japonica Thunb.

    Other name: Dioscorea zingiberensis

    Family: Dioscorea

    Twining vine; tuber cylindrical, vertically growing, about 3 cm in diameter, brownish yellow on the surface, white on the cross section. Stem slender, smooth and hairless. Single leaves alternate, with bulbils of varying sizes and shapes often growing between the axils; leaves above the middle are opposite, oblong narrow triangular leaves, with sharp tips, heart-shaped bases, 5-10 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, and hairless on both sides. Male inflorescence spike-shaped, erect, 1-4 axillary; tepals round or oval; 6 developed stamens, anthers rectangular, thick connectives; female inflorescence spike-shaped drooping, 8-12 cm long. Capsule kidney-shaped, not recurved, with 3 wings, wings nearly equal in length and width; seeds broadly ovate, born in the center of each chamber of the fruit, surrounded by membranous wings.

    Distributed in Southwest China, South China, Central China, and East China; also found in Japan. It likes to grow on sunny slopes, in thickets, or under forests.

    The tubers are edible and can also be used as medicine as a tonic and stomachic.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum

　　Scientific name: Gynostemma pentaphyllum(thunb)mak

　　Other names: Seven-leaf gall, small bitter medicine, Gongluo pot bottom

　　Family: Cucurbitaceae Gynostemma

　　Gynostemma pentaphullum (Thumb.) Makino. is a plant of the Cucurbitaceae family. The whole plant is used as medicine to relieve cough and asthma, and is mainly used to treat cough and chronic bronchitis. It contains chemical components similar to ginsenosides, and has many functions such as anti-cancer and health care. It is distributed in provinces south of the Yangtze River Basin and southern Shaanxi, and is an industrial raw material medicine. It is also cultivated in the south, Shaanxi, Shandong, Beijing, etc. In addition, several plants with high saponin content in the same genus, such as Gynostemma laxum (Wall) Cogn., Gynostemma pubescens (Gagnep) C.Y.Wu, Gynostemma pubescens (Gagnep) C.Y.Wu, Gynostemma pubescens (G.gunagxiense x.x chen et D.H.Qin), Gynostemma compressum X.X. Chen et D.R. Lians, etc., have also been introduced for cultivation.

　　Morphological characteristics: Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a perennial herbaceous vine, 100-150 cm long. The rhizome is slender and horizontal, 50-100 cm long, and the diameter can reach 1 cm. It is branched or unbranched, with fibrous roots on the nodes. The stem is slender, with sparse fine hairs on the nodes. The leaves are alternate, often 5 leaves form a bird-toe compound leaf, rarely 3 or 7 leaves, the leaflets are ovate-oblong or ovate, with petioles, obtuse or short-pointed at the tip, cuneate at the base, with short hairs on the lower veins, and the leaflets on both sides are paired and born on the same petiole. Yellow-green flowers bloom in summer, the panicles are axillary, loose, 9-15 cm long; the flowers are unisexual, dioecious, the calyx is small, the corolla lobes are lanceolate, the tip is tail-shaped and long-pointed, about 2 mm long. The berries are round, dark green, and the seeds are oblong and wrinkled.

　　Growth characteristics: Wild Gynostemma pentaphyllum grows under mountain forests, beside ditches, and in the shade and wet places of valleys. It likes shaded environment, with upper layer coverage of about 50%-80%, ventilation and light transmission, and sandy land, sandy loam or rubble rich in humus loam. It can grow in neutral slightly acidic soil or slightly alkaline soil.

　　It sprouts out of the soil from late March to early April, has vigorous growth from April to August, blooms from July to September, withers after frost from late October to November to early December, and the underground part remains dormant.

　　Seed propagation and rhizome propagation of Gynostemma pentaphyllum grow slowly in the early stage and accumulate less dry matter. In the moist and cool autumn, it grows vigorously and is harvested once in late autumn and early winter, with about 3,750 kg of dry stems and leaves per hectare. The rhizomes overwinter in the field and grow rapidly in the second year. The above-ground stems are harvested in early June, with a yield of more than 1,500 kg of dry stems and leaves per hectare. Strengthening field management in autumn can promote the rapid growth of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and more than 3,000 kg of dry stems and leaves can be harvested for the second time in early winter.

　　Cultivation techniques:

　　1. Site selection and land preparation

　　Gynostemma pentaphyllum prefers a shady and humid environment and avoids exposure to sunlight. Therefore, when introducing it, it should be planted in shelter forests near mountains and low hills, green forests, in front of and behind farmhouses, fences and other places where seedlings are thinned out; farmland planting should be selected on loose and fertile sandy soil, with good drainage and convenient irrigation. Field planting can be intercropped with corn, rapeseed, fruit trees and other crops.

　　If you choose a forest land, if the forest is too dense, you can thin it out and remove a small number of tree forks in the tree layer to keep the shade at about 70%. Basically, the middle shrub layer is not cut down. Planting beds are opened every 2 meters according to the ground contour line. The width of the bed is 100-150 cm, and 2 rows are planted in each bed. When preparing the land, apply 150 kg of diammonium phosphate and 75,000 dry grams of soil and miscellaneous fertilizer per hectare. After the field planting land is prepared, a 150-200 cm high shed can be built and covered with straw and other materials.

　　2. Reproduction method

　　It is divided into seed propagation and rhizome propagation. In actual production, rhizome propagation is mostly used, and seed propagation is very rarely used.

　　(1) Seed propagation

　　Plant in October to November. When the peel turns blue-black, the fruit is ripe. Remove the shell by winnowing and collect the seeds. Sow them immediately after harvesting, or store them until mid-March to April of the following year. Sow in warm water for 8 to 10 hours before spring sowing. Drain and dry slightly. Then dig a 1 to 2 cm deep furrow with a row spacing of 60 cm, sow the seeds evenly, and cover with 1 to 2 cm of soil. Or sow with a row spacing of 60 cm and a hole spacing of 20-25 cm, 5 to 7 seeds per hole, cover with 1.5 to 2 cm of soil, cover with mulch film in the same row, and place a row of corn stalks under the film. Note that the temperature inside the film should not exceed 35°C, otherwise it will be unfavorable for germination. Transplant when the seedlings are 10 cm tall.

　　(2) Rhizome propagation

　　For root overwintering, the pit storage method is often used in cold northern winter areas, while the field overwintering method is often used in warm southern winter areas.

　　Pit storage: After the above-ground part of Gynostemma pentaphyllum is harvested, dig out the underground rhizomes, with a width of 1 meter and a depth of 60 to 80 centimeters. The length depends on the length of the rhizome. Spread a layer of wet sand about 10 centimeters thick underneath, then alternately spread a 20-centimeter root layer and a 5-centimeter sand layer, and then cover it with a 30-centimeter layer of soil or more, and it can safely overwinter.

　　After harvesting the above-ground parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that overwinter in the field, apply soil fertilizer once, cover with plastic film, and then cover with wheat straw, and it can overwinter.

　　In mid-to-late March or April of the second year, dig out the overwintering rhizomes and cut them into small sections of 6 to 10 cm in length, retaining more than 2 nodes in each section. Then plant them at a row spacing of 35 to 50 cm * 15 to 35 cm or dig a 3 cm deep trench in the ridge, place the roots in the trench with their heads and tails close together, cover them with soil evenly, and cover them with plastic film in the same row to start seedling cultivation.

　　(3) Cutting propagation

　　From April to mid-May or in the rainy season in autumn, take strong stems and branches of disease-free plants, cut them into 13-30 cm stem segments, and use them as seedlings. Cuttings are made at a row spacing of about 10 cm. Proper shade is provided for the first few days. After survival, transplant and plant in the same year or the next year. Treating the stems and branches of Gynostemma pentaphyllum with 3*10-5 ABT rooting powder liquid can increase the cutting survival rate to 98% and promote rooting and growth.

　　(4) Transplantation

　　Whether it is seed seedlings or asexual propagation seedlings, they should be planted at a row spacing of 35 to 60 cm * 15 cm, and watered after cutting to facilitate survival. The best planting time is before late April, the earlier the better.

　　3. Field management

　　(1) Weed control

　　Weeding should be done frequently before the seedlings are established.

　　(2) Fertilization

　　In early to mid-May, apply 75 kg of urea and 187.5 kg of compound fertilizer per hectare; apply fertilizer once more according to the above dosage from late June to early July; after the second harvest in November, apply winter fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer.

　　(3) Watering

　　When the temperature rises to about 15℃, most of the seedlings have grown out of the ground. Punch holes in the film to expose the seedlings, and remove the film when the seedlings are nearly full. Keep the soil moist throughout the growth process, and water it in time when the soil is dry.

　　(4) Build a trellis for shade

　　Gynostemma pentaphyllum should avoid direct sunlight. You can plant corn and other tall crops during sowing time, or use bamboo poles to build a 1.5-meter-high shade, covered with corn stalks. When the seedlings are 30 to 50 cm long, they can be put on the shelves manually. In the first ten days of July, the shade should be removed, leaving only the bamboo frame.

　　4. Pest and disease control

　　(1) White rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) can cause disease in the roots, stems and leaves of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, mostly in summer and autumn. In the early stage of the disease, it mainly infects the stem segments close to the ground or near the surface of the plant, and then gradually spreads to the leaves. The diseased stems and roots are brown and have white silky mycelium, which is radial. The affected forest wilts, and finally rots and dies. Only lignified fibrous tissue remains on the dead rhizomes, which are very easy to pull out of the soil. When the weather is humid, many rapeseed-like sclerotia appear around the diseased plants, which are initially milky white, gradually beige, and finally yellow-brown.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Choose forest land or land that has not been planted with Atractylodes macrocephala; it is advisable to select stems from healthy and disease-free mother plants to select seedlings, and avoid transplanting seedlings from diseased areas or diseased fungus beds. ② Reasonable dense planting and careful management, with a row spacing of 50 cm * 20 cm is appropriate. If conditions permit, it is best to insert poles and build racks to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, and reduce the incidence of the disease. ③ Remove the diseased plants and burn them in time, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime powder. ④ Use 600-800 times of 70% chlorothalonil; 400-500 times of 50% carbendazim to 500-1000 times of 25% oxadiazine for spraying and prevention, once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 times in a row.

　　(2) Powdery mildew

　　The pathogens are Erysiphe cicbroearum Dc. and Sphaerothetothca (Schl.) Poll. It occurs from the seedling stage to the harvest stage, and is more likely to occur in the later growth stages. It mainly occurs on the leaves, with white, fine mold spots appearing on the leaves at first, and then gradually spreading to the surrounding areas to form mold spots. When the humidity is high, the entire leaf surface is covered with white powder. When the disease is serious, the leaves turn yellow and curl yellow, but do not fall off. In autumn, the mold spots turn yellow, and many small spots appear that are first yellow and then black.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Clean the fields, remove diseased and damaged plants after harvest, burn them or compost them; avoid applying nitrogen fertilizers during the seedling and growth stages, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers appropriately to promote plant growth and improve disease resistance. ② Spray 500-800 times of 50% thiophanate solution for prevention and control, once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 times in a row.

　　(3) Leaf spot (Catenulania sp.) is a fungal disease. It usually occurs from May to July. The disease starts at the leaf edge or tip, first appearing as water stains, then gradually spreading toward the center, and gradually developing yellow spots. In severe cases, the leaves will rot and fall off when the temperature is high.

　　The prevention and control methods are the same as powdery mildew.

　　(4) Paridea angulicollis (Mostschulsky) is the main leaf-feeding pest. Both larvae and adults prefer to feed on tender shoots and leaves, leaving notches and holes in the leaves. In severe cases, entire leaves are eaten, leaving only the stems.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① When the seedlings wither in winter and spring, remove the dead branches, leaves and weeds on the ground to reduce the insect population. ② Spray 50% phoxim or 40% dimethoate 1500 times liquid, or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times liquid for prevention and control, once every 7 days, for 2 to 3 times in a row.

　　(5) The larvae of the cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel) feed on the plants, causing missing plants and broken ridges.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Remove weeds, dead branches and leaves on the ground in winter and spring to eliminate overwintering larvae and pupae. ② Kill them manually. ③ Spray or water holes with 50% phoxim 1000-1500 times dilution when larvae occur in the seedling stage.

　　(6) Grub

　　The main insects are the larvae of Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, which bite off tender stems during the seedling stage and feed on the roots during the plant growth period, causing the plant to wilt and eventually die in severe cases.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Remove weeds in winter and spring, till the soil, and eliminate overwintering insects. ② Apply decomposed soil fertilizer, cover the soil after application, and reduce the chance of laying eggs. ③ In July and August, when adults are in full bloom, light a lamp at night to lure and kill them. ④ Use 50% phoxim 1500 times diluted water for irrigation.

　　(7) Bradybeand raodia (Benson) snails, as adults or juveniles, feed on leaves, causing notches and holes and licking off tender stems.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Catch young or adult clams before sunrise or after rain. ② Remove weeds in the field or pile grass in the ditch to lure and kill in winter. ③ Spray 1% lime water or spread 60-75 kg of tea seed cake per hectare for prevention and control during the seedling stage.

　　(8) Slug

　　Adults or juveniles lick leaves and stem buds, causing notches and leaving a silvery-white mark on the leaves and stems where they have crawled, affecting the photosynthesis of the plant.

　　Prevention and control methods: ① Turn the seedlings over and expose them to the sun during the winter when they wither. ② Kill them manually. ③ After harvesting, use vegetable leaves and weeds to pile in the ditch to lure and kill them. ④ Sprinkle lime powder or spray with 3% lime water on the trellis where Gynostemma pentaphyllum is planted, the lower part of the fence, and the damp place at the base of the tree in the dark.

　　Harvesting and processing:

　　Plant once and harvest for many years. Generally, it can be harvested twice a year. The first harvest is in mid-to-late June or early July. When harvesting, use a sickle to cut the stems and leaves above 10 cm from the ground, remove impurities, and dry in the shade. The second harvest is in late October, and it can be cut at the ground level; for plants to be harvested, wait until the fruit turns black, and harvest the seeds first and then the stems and leaves. Cut the plant, cut it into 15 cm long sections, and dry it in a cool and ventilated place. Do not expose it to the sun to avoid affecting the gloss. Generally, the annual dry product yield per hectare is 3,000 to 3,750 kg, and the high yield can reach 6,000 kg.

Nasturtium

    Scientific name: Tropaeolum majus

    Other names: Golden lotus, lotus, Indian water celery, cardinal

    Family: Tropaeolum family Tropaeolum

    Nasturtium, also known as nasturtium, is a plant of the genus Nasturtium in the family Nasturtium. The nasturtium has winding stems and lotus-shaped leaves. When the creamy yellow flowers are in full bloom, they look like a group of fluttering butterflies, which is very interesting. It is an important summer ornamental flower in the garden.

    Nasturtium has gradually become popular in Europe and the United States since the early 20th century. It is widely used as a potted ornamental window sill. Its vines droop and decorate hanging pots for indoor viewing or planted in small gardens. When it blooms, it presents an interesting scene of butterflies chasing each other. After the 1940s, European and American breeders began to breed semi-double and double flower varieties with richer flower and leaf colors. Among them, Pan American Seed Company in the United States, Hamilton Design Company and Thompson Morgan Company in the United Kingdom, and Bodejie Seed Company in France are leading the world in the breeding and cultivation of nasturtium. They launch new varieties every year, making the potted status of nasturtium rise year by year. At present, it has entered almost thousands of households in Europe and the United States.

    The cultivation of nasturtium has not been long. It was introduced from Europe and the United States to Nanjing, Shanghai, Qingdao and other places in the late 1920s, but the varieties were relatively single. The old varieties were cultivated until the early 1980s, after which semi-double, double and foliage varieties appeared.

    It is still widely used in home potted plants, scenic spot arrangements, decorative hanging pots, etc., and has occupied a certain position among herbaceous flowers.

    Morphological characteristics and varieties: Nasturtium is an annual herb. Stems are creeping, fleshy, hollow, and light gray-green. Leaves are alternate, shield-shaped, and entire and wavy, resembling lotus leaves. The pedicels are slender and grow between the leaf axils. Single flowers are terminal, with 5 petals, and the base is united into a tube. The flower colors are yellow, orange, pink, orange-red, milky white, purple-red, black, and bicolor. Common varieties include Peach Melba, with a plant height of 25 to 30 cm and deep orange flowers. Strawberries and Cream, with a plant height of 25 to 30 cm, beige flowers with orange spots in the center, and drought resistance. Strawberries Ice, with a plant height of 25 cm, orange flowers with red spots in the center, and blue-green leaves. Tiptop, with a plant height of 25 to 30 cm, large flowers, and a flower diameter of 6 cm, has flowers in orange, orange-red, yellow, and black. Tom Thumb is a dwarf species with a plant height of 15 to 20 cm and compact, multi-colored flowers. Semi-double flowers include Jewel of Africa, which has a vine length of 1.2 to 1.5 meters, leaves with red markings, and flower colors of bright red, orange, yellow, brown, beige and bicolor; Whirlybird, which has a plant height of 30 cm and flower colors of rose red, golden yellow, orange, red, etc.; Whirlybird Cream, which has a plant height of 30 cm, beige flowers and dark green leaves. The foliage and flower species include Alaska, which has a plant height of 30 to 40 cm, leaves with yellow-white markings, and flower colors of orange, yellow, apricot yellow, rose red, pink, bright red and beige; Empress of India, which has a plant height of 25 to 30 cm, leaves of lavender to blue, and compact vermilion flowers. The double flowers include Double Gleam, with a plant height of 20 cm and flowers in colors such as orange, yellow, and orange-red; the double dwarf Jewel, with a plant height of 30 cm and flowers in colors such as golden yellow, orange-red, light yellow, dark red, and rose red.

    Common ornamental species of the same genus include hooked nasturtium (T.aduncum), with yellow flowers, blooming in summer. Sky blue nasturtium (T.azureum), with blue, green and white flowers, blooming in October. Small nasturtium (T.minus), with yellow and red flowers, blooming in summer. Five-leaf nasturtium (T.pentapHyllum), with purple flowers, blooming in summer. Multi-leaf nasturtium (T.polypHyllum), with yellow flowers, blooming in June. Beautiful nasturtium (T.speciosum), with red flowers, blooming in summer.

    Biological characteristics: Nasturtium is native to Peru in South America and prefers a warm, humid and sunny environment.

    The optimum temperature for the growth of nasturtium is 18-24℃, and the temperature in winter should not be lower than 10℃. When cultivated outdoors, it needs 4-10℃ from October to March of the following year, and 13-18℃ from March to June. When cultivated indoors, it needs 10-16℃ from September to March of the following year, and 18-24℃ from March to September. When the temperature is high in summer, the flowering is reduced, and when the temperature is too low in winter, it is easy to be damaged by frost, and even the whole plant will die.

    Nasturtium likes moisture but is afraid of waterlogging. During the growth period, the stems and leaves are lush and need sufficient water. You should spray water on the leaves and the ground to maintain a high air humidity, which is conducive to the growth of stems and leaves. If you water too much and the drainage is not good, the roots are prone to moisture rot, and the leaves will turn yellow and fall off in mild cases, and the whole plant will wilt and die in severe cases.

    Nasturtium is a light-loving plant. When cultivated indoors in winter, it blooms continuously under sufficient sunlight with attractive flower colors. However, when it blooms in summer, proper shading can extend the viewing period. At the same time, the flowers and leaves of nasturtium are highly phototropic, so when cultivating or viewing, the position should be changed frequently to ensure uniform growth.

    The soil should be loose, medium-fertile and well-drained sandy loam. The potting soil should be half culture soil and half coarse sand.

    Reproduction methods: sowing, cutting and tissue culture are commonly used.

    Seed propagation: sow in March. The seeds are relatively large, with 6 to 7 seeds per gram. They can be sown directly in a 4 cm diameter seedling tray, covered with 1.2 cm of soil, and the suitable temperature for germination is 16 to 18 ° C. It will germinate 7 to 14 days after sowing. It can also be sown indoors from August to November.

    Cutting propagation: Commonly used for double-flowered varieties, it is best to do it from April to June. Cut a strong and robust stem with 2 to 3 nodes, insert it into the sand bed, shade and spray it. It will take root 15 to 20 days after cutting. After 30 days, it can be planted in a 10 cm pot, with 3 plants in each pot.

    Tissue culture propagation: In the early 1980s, tender stems were used as explants to propagate nasturtium test tube seedlings. After routine disinfection, tender stems were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminoadenine and 0.2 mg/L indoleacetic acid. After 30 days, the adventitious buds were cut off and transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indolebutyric acid and 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminoadenine. After 30 to 35 days of cultivation, when the seedlings grew to 2 cm, they could be moved to 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L theacetic acid, and roots would grow in about 15 to 20 days.

    Cultivation and management: When the golden lotus has 3 to 4 true leaves, it should be planted in a 10 to 15 cm pot. A 15 to 25 cm pot is suitable for hanging pots. Plant 3 to 5 seedlings in each pot. Fertilize once every half month during the growing season, or use "Huiyou" 20-20-20 general fertilizer. As the branches and vines grow, you can shape them, tie them up, and combine them with pinching to promote more branches and more flowering. But be careful not to fertilize too much, otherwise the branches and vines will grow too long, which will affect flowering. If the stems and leaves are too lush, you can remove some of them appropriately to facilitate ventilation and flower bud formation.

    Pest and disease prevention: Leaf spot, wilt and virus diseases often occur, and 50% thiophanate wettable powder can be sprayed at a dilution of 500 times. If there are cabbage loopers and white butterflies, spray with 1000 times dilution of 90% trichlorfon. If there are whiteflies and red spiders, spray with 1500 times dilution of 40% omethoate emulsifiable concentrate.

    Postpartum treatment: The leaves are peculiar in shape, the leaves are emerald green, the flowers are elegant and the colors are bright. Potted plants are used to decorate balconies, windowsills and coffee tables, with green leaves and red flowers, which are very novel. They are placed in flower beds, flower troughs or flower boxes in groups, which are long-lasting and colorful.

Scientific

name: Campsis grandiflora

Family: Bignoniaceae, Campsis

Type: Deciduous vine

The trumpet nightshade grows rapidly and has strong adaptability. It can bloom after two or three years of cultivation, and after a few years it will form a vine cluster more than ten meters high.

From July to September, cone-shaped inflorescences emerge on the small limbs, with clusters of orange-red flowers blooming in succession. Each sequence blooms for 30 to 40 days. The flowers are large and colorful, making it an excellent tree species for vertical greening.

Growth habit:

The trumpet nightshade is strong, likes light, and is slightly shade-tolerant; it likes warm and humid environments and has a certain degree of cold resistance.

It is not very demanding on soil and is most suitable for fertile, moist, well-drained slightly acidic soil. It is also alkali-tolerant and drought-tolerant, but avoids waterlogging.

It has strong germination and tillering abilities.

Reproduction management:

It is easy to reproduce and survive.

Many tillers sprout around the root of the mother plant every year. In spring, you can cut the lignified branches into 2 cm long cuttings, or cut the semi-lignified branches in summer and insert them into the sand bed. They can take root and survive quickly. After surviving, if managed properly, it will bloom in 2-3 years.

use:

It is attached to rockery, ancient trees, flower stands, bamboo fences or balcony iron windows, and can form green painting screens of various shapes.

Scientific name: Caesalpinia decapetala

　　, also known as horse bean and water soapberry. Native to the Yangtze River Basin and the areas south of it. Deciduous climbing shrub. Raceme, up to 3.5 cm long. Flowering period: April to May. Flowers are densely packed, and when in full bloom, they are all yellow, quite pleasing to the eye.

　　Not very cold-resistant. Prefers mild climate. Strong adaptability, drought-resistant. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Can be used as a hedge or shrub.

Coral vine Phoenix crown Phoenix gemstone Love vine Lianli vine Red coral

Scientific Name: Antigonon leptopus

Family: Polypodium

Other names: Phoenix crown, Phoenix gem, vine of love, twin vine, red coral

form:

Flowers are climbing, slightly woody, and perennial vines.

It grows from thick tuberous roots, up to 10 meters high, with tendrils. Leaves are opposite, ovate to oblong-ovate, 6-14 cm long, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, with distinct reticular veins, and nearly bald on both sides. Racemes are terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, with many flowers, light red, sometimes white, 8-10 mm long, clustered, and perianth lobes are persistent. Achenes are conical, triangular in the upper part, and about 10 mm long. Flowering period is from March to December. There are double-petaled horticultural varieties.

Origin: Native to Mexico, commonly cultivated in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangzhou and Xiamen.

Habits: Like sunny, moist, fertile acidic soil. Sprouting and growing leaves in the spring.

When the temperature is below 10℃ in winter, the leaves turn dark green and sometimes wither. It grows luxuriantly in the cool season in tropical or subtropical southern areas.

The open-field cultivation of coral vine is mainly in South China. It should be cultivated in places with fertile soil. Due to its long branches and vines, it should not be planted too densely. It is generally used as a vertical greening fence with a spacing of 4 meters. In other areas, it is mostly potted and requires a high-temperature greenhouse for wintering. It has few diseases and insect pests.

Reproduction method: Propagation by sowing, the seeds will naturally grow into seedlings when they fall to the ground.

Uses: Cultivated in various parts of South China, suitable for climbing flower racks, flower hedges and garden walls; can also be used as flower arrangement material with double-petaled horticultural varieties.

Coral vine has many flowers and a slight fragrance, making it suitable for vertical greening.

Fujimoto Tsuki

Scientific name: Morden cvs. of Chlimbers and Ramblers.

Includes branches of natural or shrub roses, divided into vines and ramblers. Flowering period is early summer to midsummer. Both can be propagated by cuttings. Used for trellises. Vines bred from rose original species, grow very strong and can climb high to cover walls. Most flowers are clustered in large clumps and are fragrant. Vines bred from hybrid rose branches have the same uses as above, and the flowers are similar to hybrid tea roses, with several flowers in clusters, and the flowering period is the same as above. The main parent of the ramblers is Rosa glabra, which cannot be used to cover walls because of poor air circulation and easy to get powdery mildew.

Bougainvillea

Scientific name: Bougainvillea spestabili
English name: Brazil bougainvillea
Alias: hairy name flower, Le Duzao, bougainvillea, bougainvillea, hairy scarf
Family name: Mirabilis jalapa
Characteristics: evergreen woody vine or shrub. Stems have curved thorns and densely covered with pubescence. Leaves are ovate, slightly larger and thicker than those of the smooth-leaved triangular flower, and are hairy. Three flowers are clustered at the top of the new shoots, and there are three large leaves below that are deep pink, which are the main ornamental parts. The flowering period is very long, and it can bloom all year round in warm areas. There are also varieties with brick red, deep red and red bracts, double petals with white, orange, pink bracts, and spotted and variegated leaves.

Polygonum multiflorum

Scientific name: Polygonum multiflorum

Other names: Polygonum multiflorum, Polygonum multiflorum.

Origin and distribution: Distributed in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China.

Habit: likes sun, tolerates half shade, likes moisture, fears waterlogging, requires well-drained soil. Very cold-resistant. The roots are slender, and the ends swell into fleshy tubers. The stem is 3-4 meters long, hollow, multi-branched, and woody at the base. The leaves are alternate, ovate, and membranous. The inflorescence is conical, large and spreading, terminal or axillary. The flowers are small and white; the perianth has 5 deep lobes. The flowering period is from August to September. Propagation by sowing or cuttings. Collect seeds in November, sow in March of the following spring, and the seedlings will emerge in about 20 days. Cuttings are carried out in July-August. Polygonum multiflorum has many long branches and many flowers. It is suitable for climbing greening. It can be planted beside walls and stacked stones.

Cultivation technology of Polygonum multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum, also known as Shouwu, is a commonly used Chinese medicinal material with high economic value. With the increase in annual excavation, the wild resources have decreased and gradually become a scarce commodity in the market. The development of artificial cultivation has a promising prospect.
1. Growth habits
Polygonum multiflorum has strong adaptability and grows wild in bushes, hills, slopes, forest edges or roadside ridges. It likes warm climate and humid environmental conditions. It tolerates shade and avoids drought. It grows well in sandy loam with deep soil, loose fertile soil, rich in humus, and moist soil.
2. Cultivation technology
(I) Site selection and land preparation
1. Select a sandy loam with a gentle hill, convenient irrigation, loose and fertile soil layer for seedling cultivation. Deeply plow 30cm in winter. After a winter of weathering, plow and harrow several times in the spring of the following year to pick up grass roots, branches and stones, and level and harrow the ridge to a width of 100cm and a height of 10 to 20cm. Apply 2000kg of mixed fertilizer such as decomposed stable manure and plant ash per mu, spread evenly on the ridge, and then turn it shallowly into the soil.
2. Choose the planting site at the edge of the forest on the hillside or in front of or behind the house, with a deep soil layer, fertile and loose, and good drainage. Deeply turn the soil more than 30cm in winter, and pick out grass roots and stones. Turn the soil 1-2 times in the spring of the following year to loosen the soil layer. Apply 3000kg of mixed fertilizer such as stable manure and plant ash per mu as base fertilizer. After application, harrow the land once to mix the fertilizer with the topsoil evenly, and then plant in the ridges with a width of 50cm and a height of 25cm. You can also dig a pit in front of or behind the house to plant.
(II) Seedling breeding
1. Seeding and seedling breeding When the seeds of Polygonum multiflorum mature in October and November each year, gently cut the entire ear and dry it in the sun, rub out the seeds, remove impurities, put them in cloth bags or cartons, and store them in a cool and dry place. In March of the second year, sow the seeds when the temperature rises above 20℃. On the prepared nursery bed, dig shallow furrows with a row spacing of 10-15cm, evenly spread the seeds into the furrows, cover with soil about 1.5cm thick, cover with grass, and water thoroughly. Generally, 1.5-2kg of seeds are used per mu. The seedlings will emerge in about 10 days after sowing. At this time, the grass should be removed in time, water should be sprinkled, the soil in the bed should be kept moist, and weeds should be removed. 10-20 days after the emergence of the seedlings, thin out the seedlings and fill in the seedlings with a spacing of 4-5cm. Fertilize once with 2% urea in early April to promote the growth of seedlings. After about 90 days, when the seedlings are 30cm tall, they can be moved to the field for planting. This method of propagating seedlings grows slowly and has a long growth cycle.
2. Cuttings and seedlings In March or November every year, choose one-year-old sturdy and mature vines, preferably sturdy old vines grown from the root after October, cut into cuttings with 2-3 nodes and about 15 cm long, tie 50 cuttings into a small bundle, dip the lower end in yellow mud, and place in a cool place for cuttings. In the nursery field where the ridges are prepared, dig horizontal furrows with a row spacing of 15-18 cm and a depth of 10 cm. Place the cuttings against the ditch wall with a spacing of about 1 cm between plants, cover and compact the soil, so that the upper cut is slightly exposed to the ground, and then cover with a layer of straw. Be careful not to insert the cuttings upside down. After sowing, keep the soil moist at all times, and water it in case of drought to facilitate the rooting and germination of the cuttings. In the rainy season, pay attention to drainage to prevent the cuttings from rotting due to water accumulation in the seedbed. If the weather is warm, new shoots will grow 10-15 days after insertion, and new roots will grow after 1 month. After about 100 days of cultivation, when the seedlings are more than 15cm long and have several roots, they can be moved to the field for planting.
3. Planting Polygonum multiflorum can be planted in spring or summer. Spring planting has fast rooting and high survival rate, but it has many fibrous roots, low yield and poor quality. Summer planting (May-July) has high ground temperature and sufficient sunlight. After planting, the new roots are easy to swell, the tubers are fast and the yield is high. When removing the seedlings from the nursery, only the base section of about 20cm at the base of the seedlings is left, and the rest is cut off, and the adventitious roots and tubers are removed together. This is the key to high yield. When planting, first dig planting holes on the ridge according to the row and plant spacing of 20cm*20cm, plant 1 plant in each hole, cover the soil and compact it after planting, and sprinkle enough rooting water to keep the soil moist. You can dig holes in front of and behind the house for planting, and plant 4 seedlings in each hole.
(III) Field management
1. Water and fertilizer management After planting, Polygonum multiflorum should be watered frequently. Water once in the morning and evening every day for the first 10 days. After it survives, water it appropriately according to the weather conditions. Generally, no watering is required after the seedlings are 1m tall. Strengthen field drainage in the rainy season.
Polygonum multiflorum is a fertilizer-loving plant. It should be given sufficient basal fertilizer and topdressed several times. The principle of topdressing is to apply organic fertilizer in the early stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the middle stage, and no fertilizer in the later stage. When the plant survives and grows new roots, 1000-1500kg of decomposed human feces and urine per mu should be applied. Then, topdressing should be applied twice depending on the growth of the plant, with 2500kg of animal manure applied per mu each time. When the seedlings grow to more than 1m, nitrogen fertilizer is generally not applied. After September, when the tubers begin to form and grow, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers heavily, apply 3000kg of manure, plant ash mixed fertilizer, 50-60kg of superphosphate, and 40-50kg of potassium chloride. Dig trenches on both sides of the plant or around it to apply the fertilizer. Fertilize once in spring and autumn every year, mainly organic fertilizer, combined with appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Each topdressing should be combined with inter-row cultivation and soil cultivation to remove weeds and prevent soil compaction.
2. When the Polygonum multiflorum grows to 30cm, insert bamboo strips or small wooden strips on the ridge, cross them into a fence or tripod shape, and wrap the vines around them in a clockwise direction. Tie the loose parts with ropes. Keep one vine per plant, remove the excess male vine seedlings, and keep the ramets only when they are over 1m, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission of the lower layer of the plant. If the growth is too lush, it can be topped appropriately to reduce nutrient consumption. Generally, it is pruned 5 to 6 times a year, and 7 times for high-yield fields.
(IV) Pest and disease control
Leaf spot disease. The diseased leaves show yellow-brown spots, and in severe cases, the leaves wither and fall off. It is easy to get sick in hot and rainy seasons or when the field is poorly ventilated. Spray 1:1:200 Bordeaux liquid at the early stage of the disease, once every 7 to 10 days, for 2 to 3 times in a row.
Root rot. Caused by Fusarium or bacteria in fungi, the roots of diseased plants rot and the aboveground stems and vines wither. It often occurs in summer and is more serious when the drainage of the planting site is poor. In the early stage of the disease, remove the diseased plants, sprinkle lime powder on the diseased holes and cover the soil to compact it to prevent the spread; and irrigate the roots with a 1000-fold dilution of 50% chlorpyrifos wettable powder to protect it.
Scarab. It is an insect of the Scarabidae family of the order Coleoptera. The adults damage the leaves. In mild cases, the leaves are bitten into notches, and in severe cases, the leaves are eaten up. It can be sprayed with 1000-fold dilution of 90% trichlorfon, or its suspended animation can be used to shake the affected plants after nightfall to make them fall off, collect and kill them.
Aphids. It is an insect of the Aphididae family of the order Homoptera. It sucks nutrients from the tender shoots and leaves of the plants, causing poor growth of the plants. It can be sprayed with 1500-2000 times diluted solution of 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate, once every 7-10 days, and sprayed several times.
3. Harvesting and processing
Generally, it can be harvested after 3 years of planting. It is advisable to harvest when the leaves fall off in autumn and winter or before budding in late spring. First, remove the bracket, cut off the vines, then dig up the tubers, wash off the mud and sand, cut off the tip and woody parts, and classify them according to size. Tubers with a diameter of more than 15cm or a length of more than 15cm should be cut into thick slices of 3.3cm, 5cm long and wide, and then divided into 3 categories according to large, medium and small, and spread them in the oven, with a pile thickness of about 15cm, baked at 50℃-55℃, turned over every 7-8 hours, and baked for 4-5 days. When it is 70% dry, take it out, pile it indoors for 24 hours to allow the internal moisture to penetrate outward, and then put it into the oven to dry it fully. 400-500kg of dry goods can be produced per mu, and the high yield can reach 600kg.
Product specifications and quality: Fisted Polygonum multiflorum: fully dried, whole, heavy and firm, shaped like a fist, with reddish-brown skin, not burnt, hollow, without reed heads or fibrous roots. Unified Polygonum multiflorum: fully dried, firm, with flesh, whole or chopped into blocks, not burnt, hollow, without reed heads or fibrous roots, not worm-eaten, not moldy. Polygonum multiflorum block: fully dried, in blocks, length, width and thickness of more than 3cm each, not burnt, hollow, not worm-eaten, not moldy.

Panax notoginseng

[Other names]

    Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) van Steen, Yunnan Baiyao, Tuchuanqi (Taiwan), Fujinzi Panax notoginseng, Xiaonian medicine, Tusanqi, Madera vine, Money beads, Zhongzhilian, Tiansanqi, Doufucai, Xintengcai.

    [Source]

    It is a dry tumor-like bulbil on the vine of Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) van Steen.

    [Morphological characteristics]

    It is a perennial, slightly woody, winding vine, smooth and hairless. The new shoots of one year can be more than 4 to 5 meters long. The base of the plant is clustered with fleshy rhizomes, which often bulge out and expose the ground. The rhizomes and their branches have terminal buds and spirally growing lateral buds, and the buds have fleshy scales. The old stems are gray-brown with protruding lenticels, and the young stems are reddish purple with longitudinal ridges. The axillary fleshy bulbils of varying sizes are of different shapes, either singly or in clusters, with terminal buds and lateral buds, and the buds have fleshy scales. They can grow branches and leaves, forming inflorescences or single flowers. Leaves are alternate and petiolate; leaf blades are fleshy, cordate, broadly ovate to ovate, 4-8 (～12) cm long, 4-9 (～15) cm wide, convex at the tip, slightly rounded or slightly concave, base cordate, cuneate or rounded, entire, smooth and purple-red, occasionally with twisted and wavy leaf surface, main vein slightly concave below, slightly convex above. The racemes are axillary or terminal, single or sparsely 2-4 branches, the inflorescence axis is 10-30 (-50) cm long, and there are dozens to more than 200 flowers; the pedicel is 2-4 mm long, with a lanceolate bract at the base with a sharp tip; the base of the flower is fused into 2 cup-shaped bracts, on which there are 2 alternating broad ovate or elliptic bracteoles, which are shorter than the tepals; the tepals are ovate or elliptic, about 3 mm long, about 2 mm wide, and white; the stamens are longer than the tepals, the base of the filaments is wide and slightly united, and folded outward when in the bud; the ovary is nearly spherical, superior, the upper part of the style is 3-lobed, and the stigma is nipple-shaped. The flowers are fragrant, turn dark brown after opening, and do not fall off for a long time. Although the flowers are bisexual, they are usually infertile. Fruit is not seen. The flowering period is from June to July and can be open for half a year.

Golden Rosa candy jar wild pomegranate sugar bowl roxburghii

Scientific name: Fructus Rosae Laevigatae

Other names: sugar jar, wild pomegranate, sugar bowl, roxburgh

Family: Rosaceae

Origin: Origin

Growth habit:

It likes warm, humid and sunny environment, is relatively cold-resistant and drought-resistant, and has strict requirements on soil. It grows particularly vigorously in fertile soil.

Reproduction:

Sowing and cuttings are commonly used for propagation. For sowing, collect seeds in October, store them in a dry place in winter, sow them in the spring of the following year, and germinate in about 40-50 days. For cuttings, select tender branches for cuttings in the rainy season after flowering, and they can take root 10-15 days after cutting.

Cultivation:

Golden Rosa rugosa has strong adaptability and is easy to cultivate and manage. Fertilize 2-3 times during the growing season. Proper pruning of overgrown branches can help more flowers and fruits. Thinning of dense branches and dead branches to allow ventilation and light. For ornamental planting, a support should be set up.

Pests and diseases:

The main diseases that occur are powdery mildew and leaf spot, which can be sprayed with 1000 times diluted 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder. The insect pests include red spider mites, aphids and caterpillars, which can be killed by spraying with 1000 times diluted 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate.

application:

The flowers of the golden cherry are pure white and fragrant, and the fruits are orange-red and obovate, very much like wine bottles. They are very unique. They are ornamental vines with both beautiful flowers and fruits. They can be planted alone and trimmed into shrubs for appreciation, or they can climb on flower stands, walls, and fences to be used as vertical greening material.

The preparation of this product is divided into two types: Rosa laevigata fruit and Rosa laevigata flesh.

1. Rosa laevigata:

Remove the impurities and remaining burrs of this product, put it in a jar, wash it with clean water, and dry it in the sun. Now in some places, the golden cherry is cut before drying. The author believes that cutting and drying is redundant. For golden cherry, it is better not to cut it.

2. Golden cherry flesh:

Cut the golden cherry fruit and remove the seeds and fluff. Wash with clean water and drain the remaining water. Dry in the sun or in a low-heat oven. After drying, rub it gently and use a sieve to remove the ash, fluff and seeds.

Rose of golden rosa can promote gastric juice secretion and aid digestion, but it can reduce intestinal secretion. Therefore, it has an antidiarrheal effect. According to reports, oral administration of 10% Rose of golden rosa concentrated decoction has a certain effect in treating mild uterine prolapse. In vitro tests have shown that a 1:3200 diluted aqueous solution of Rose of golden rosa has an inhibitory effect on influenza viruses.

Storage:  

Store in a ceramic jar or iron bucket in a dry place to prevent insects and mildew.

How to make golden cherry wine:

wine is made from golden cherry fruit. The raw material is required to be highly mature, free of insect pests, rot, and debris. When crushing, the outer skin of the golden cherry fruit should be squeezed but the core of the fruit should not be crushed. The soaked original wine is divided into three parts, which are soaked in 40% deodorized alcohol and 25% deodorized alcohol respectively. The soaking time is more than one and a half months each time, and the number of juice returns is more than 5 times. The three parts of the soaked original wine are gelled, frozen, filtered, and stored for more than one year for standby use.

During fermentation, add sugar water, citric acid water and sulfur dioxide and stir thoroughly, then add artificially cultured yeast for pre-fermentation and post-fermentation, and then separate, mix the ingredients, freeze, add glue, filter, cover the liquid surface with deodorized alcohol and enter the storage stage. It can be used for more than 1 year, and finally select the best ratio to expand production. After freezing and storage for 1 month, filter, fill, sterilize in a water bath, cool naturally, and it is the finished product.

Lipstick flower

学名：Aeschynanthus radicans，

Family: Gesneriaceae, Gesneriaceae

Other name: Flower creeper

Type: Perennial vine

Morphological characteristics:

The plant is creeping, with drooping branches, up to 30 to 100 cm long, and green stems. The leaves are opposite, long and ovate, dark green on the surface and light green on the back. The inflorescence is mostly axillary or terminal, the calyx is tubular, black and purple with velvety hairs, and the corolla is tubular, bright red, and extends from the calyx.

Habits and Origin:

It is native to tropical regions from Indonesia to eastern India.

It likes a mild, semi-shaded environment with plenty of light, but avoids direct sunlight. The optimum growth temperature is around 25°C, with the lowest night temperature being 15-18°C. It requires well-drained, slightly acidic soil.

Propagation and cultivation:

The cutting method is the main method, which can be carried out in the greenhouse all year round. The soil used is 2 parts peat soil, 1 part sand, and 1 part vermiculite, with a small amount of superphosphate and decomposed organic fertilizer as base fertilizer. Apply liquid fertilizer once a month during the growing season, and keep the potting soil moist, but not waterlogged to avoid root rot. In late spring, early autumn and summer, about 50% of the light should be shaded. If the light is too strong, the leaves will turn reddish brown, and if the light is insufficient, the branches will grow too long and it will be difficult to bloom. At the same time, the temperature should be lowered as much as possible in summer. If the temperature is too high, the growth will be slow. Control the amount of watering in winter to make the potting soil slightly dry; the temperature should not be lower than 12℃. Low temperature will cause the leaves to turn red, and too low temperature will cause the leaves to fall off and the branches to dry up. After the flowers wither in winter, the flower stems should be cut off in time to promote new branches.

In addition, during the vigorous growth period, attention should be paid to proper pinching to promote branching. In addition, style="CURSOR: pointer">

Dragon's Tongue

Latin name: Clerodendrum thomsonae

Family name: Verbena Genus

name: Clerodendrum thomsonae

Adapted area: South China

Ecological classification: Woody plant Deciduous vine

Ornamental classification: Flowering

Height range: 2-5 (M)　

Morphological characteristics:

A weak woody vine. The stem is four-sided, with single leaves opposite, dark green, ovate-rectangular or ovate, gradually pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, with three veins from the base, entire, and short-stalked. The inflorescence is terminal or axillary, sparse, dichotomously branched, the calyx tube is short, green, the lobes are white, ovate, persistent, the corolla tube is cylindrical, weak, 5 lobes are dark red, extending from the four-sided calyx of the stem, the stamens and style are very long, protruding outside the corolla, and the flowering period is spring and summer. The fruit is fleshy and spherical, blue, and the seeds are large, oblong, and black.

Growth habit:

It is native to tropical western Africa. It likes sunlight and tolerates shade. It is not suitable for exposure to the sun. It requires a moist environment. Dryness is not good for its growth. It likes fertilizer and prefers fertile, loose, well-drained slightly acidic sandy loam. It is not tolerant to water and humidity.

Reproduction method:

It is propagated by sowing or , and the seeds have a short life span and are sown immediately after harvesting. It is native to western Africa and is now widely cultivated.

It likes a warm, semi-shaded and humid environment. The winter temperature should be above 15℃. If it is below 10℃ for a long time, it may cause leaf drop and even death. Plant it in small pots with humus soil and pay attention to fertilization during the growing season. Move it to a semi-shaded place outdoors in summer and move it to a place with direct sunlight indoors in late autumn.

Landscape use:

The flower of Clerodendrum thomsoniae has a peculiar shape and blooms luxuriantly. It is suitable for viewing in potted plants, and can also be used as a hanging potted flower arrangement on flower stands or pavilions, or can be viewed in the courtyard.

The history of cultivation of Clerodendrum thomsoniae is not long. It was cultivated in Guangzhou and Xiamen in the south in the early 20th century. After the establishment of Xin, botanical gardens in various places introduced it for greenhouse cultivation.

At present, mass production has been carried out in cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Zhuhai. Potted Clerodendrum thomsoniae can be seen in flower markets everywhere and are beginning to enter the home potted ornamental plants.

Common ornamental species of the same genus:

C. fallax has a plant height of 60 cm and bright red flowers.

Ghost lantern (C. fortunatum), white flowers and black fruits.

C. foxii has dark green leaves and bright red flowers.

C. fragrans is a dwarf tree with pink, double flowers.

False jasmine (C. inerme), shrub, creeping, white flowers.

C. japonicum is a shrub with heart-shaped leaves, bright red flowers and blue-black fruits.

C. myricoides is a shrub with blue-purple flowers.

C. speciosum has red flowers, light pink sepals and white styles.

C. splendens has bright red flowers.

Wallichii (C. wallichii) is an evergreen shrub with dark green leaves, red inflorescence, red sepals and white flowers.

Horseshoe Gold American Horseshoe Gold

Scientific Name: Dichondra repens Porst

Family: Convolvulaceae Horseshoe Metal

Other name: American horseshoe gold

English name: Dichondra
    
Characteristics:

Horseshoe is a perennial dicotyledonous herb. It is a low with well-developed fibrous roots and many stolons. It can root on the ground between nodes. The whole plant is only 5 to 15 cm tall. The leaves are flat, basal to the roots, with slender petioles, kidney-shaped, of varying sizes, hairless on the surface, and 1 to 3 cm in diameter. It blooms in summer and autumn. Although it has seeds, the fruiting rate is not high.
    
Growth habits:

The Chinese horsetail plant likes light and warm and humid climates, and has strong shade tolerance. It is not very demanding on soil, but it grows luxuriantly in fertile places. In the absence of fertilizer, the leaves turn yellow-green and the coverage decreases. It can tolerate a certain low temperature. When cultivated in East China, the leaves fade in color during the coldest winter, and the surface of some leaves above the grass layer turns brown, but it can still survive the winter safely. It can survive the summer safely and is basically evergreen. Chinese horsetail plant can also tolerate drought. It is not tolerant to trampling, so it should be planted in places with low traffic. 

Resistance:

The plant grows quickly and is very vigorous, performing well in hot and humid summers. It spreads quickly and is highly invasive, so it has excellent automatic weed control capabilities.

Planting:

Both seed propagation and asexual propagation are possible. The sowing rate is 10-15 g/m2; irrigate before sowing to promote weed growth and eliminate weeds in a centralized manner, then sow; ensure 5g/m2 nitrogen fertilizer before sowing; irrigate in time, three times a week.

Maintenance:

The annual fertilizer requirement of fertilizer-loving plants is 35-45 grams per square meter. Short mowing is recommended, and the appropriate stubble height is 1.5-3.5 cm. Properly increasing the pruning intensity can play a regulatory role. Since the lawn is slow to grow, pay attention to weed control during the planting period and irrigate in time. It is almost unnecessary to prune all year round. If it is properly pruned, it will be more beautiful. The best stubble height is 2-3.5 cm.

Cultivation:
    
Dicentra is widely used for ornamental lawns and traffic safety lawns in the southern United States, Europe, and New Zealand. It was introduced and planted in Guangzhou in 1980. After promotion, it can adapt to the areas south of the Yangtze River Basin.
    
In actual production, Dicentra is mainly propagated by stolons, usually planted in a ratio of 1:8. It has a strong invasion ability and is more tolerant to extensive management. But pay attention to weeding. The earlier the weeding, the less labor and the better the coverage. Dicentra grows poorly on moist, solid soil and requires regular irrigation and moderate fertilization. When trimmed to 1.3-2.5 cm, it can form a ground cover with smaller leaves and greater coverage. When trimmed to 3.8-5 cm, it forms a ground cover with larger leaves, less coverage, and less coverage.

It is mostly used in small flower beds, flower paths and rock gardens for ornamental lawn cultivation. It can also be used to arrange courtyard green spaces and small activity venues.

use:

It has a strong ability to spread and is an excellent ground cover plant. The whole plant can be used as medicine.

The Chinese echinops is loved by many people because it hardly needs to be pruned throughout the year, but it will be more beautiful after pruning. The suitable pruning height is 2-5 cm. Moreover, regular pruning can effectively suppress the harm of weeds to the grassland.

Fragrant vine, double happiness vine, Wen vine

Other names: Shuangxi vine, Wen vine

Family: Apocynaceae

Type: Perennial evergreen vine

Morphological characteristics:

The leaves are opposite, entire, oblong, acute at the tip, leathery, wrinkled, dark green and shiny. The flowers are axillary, with funnel-shaped corollas, red, peach, pink and other colors. The flowering period is mainly in summer and autumn, but it can also bloom in other seasons if properly maintained.

Growth habit:

The fragrant vine likes a warm, humid and sunny environment. It can also be placed in a slightly shaded place, but insufficient light will reduce flowering. The suitable temperature for growth is 20-30℃. It has strong adaptability to soil, but sandy loam rich in humus and good drainage is preferred.

Reproduction method:

The fragrant vine is generally propagated by cuttings, which can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn. It can also be propagated rapidly by tissue culture methods.

Landscape Application:

The fragrant vine has large, colorful flowers and a beautiful plant shape, and is known as the queen of tropical vines.

When cultivated outdoors, it can be used to beautify fences, trellises, rooftops, and small courtyards.

Because it does not spread strongly, it is also suitable for indoor potted plants. It can be placed on the balcony and made into a spherical shape or a hanging pot for viewing.

Plant a few fragrant vines to make your courtyard and balcony full of exotic atmosphere.

Grapes Putao Grass Dragon Ball

Scientific Name: Vitis vinifera

Other names: Putao, Grass Dragon Ball

Family: Vitaceae, Grape

distributed:

Grapes are native to southern Europe and have been cultivated in Europe and southwestern Asia for thousands of years. They were probably introduced during the Han Dynasty. Many fine varieties are cultivated in Xinjiang and other places.

There are 8 species of grape plants in 3 genera in the Mountain Resort, distributed in mountainous areas and plains. They are common ornamental plants and famous fruits that everyone likes to eat.

Morphological characteristics:

Most are woody vines with tendrils; leaves are alternate; flowers are small and radially symmetrical; fruits are berries; seeds are hard.

Grapes are panicles, with small green flowers. The peculiar thing is that they have five petals, which are glued together at the top and separated at the bottom, so they are shaped like a cap when they fall off. So you can see many cap-shaped petals on the ground under the grape racks. When the grapes are ripe, the bunches of grapes are also cone-shaped. Grapes are only planted in some courtyards in the villa, so there are not many tourists.

Wild grapes belong to the same genus as grapes. Their leaves are relatively thick and rough, and their fruits are relatively small. Children like to eat wild grapes. Another genus in the Vitaceae family is the genus of Serpentis, of which there are four species in the villa. The Aconitum-Leafed Serpentis has palmately compound leaves with 3-5 leaflets, which are lanceolate or rhombus-lanceolate, with large variations, and the leaflets are not split. The flowers are small and yellow-green. The berries are spherical, small, and brown-red when ripe. There is also a kind of Serpentis, whose leaves are relatively hard, shiny and green on the top, and green-white on the bottom. The flowers are light yellow, and the fruits are small, light yellow to light blue. The above two species are common in the villa, and their fruits can be eaten fresh and made into wine.

Vitaceae is a family of the subclass Rosaceae in the class Dicotyledons. Most of them are climbing plants, with few upright shrubs or trees. The sieve plastids contain proteinaceous pseudocrystals. The stems are usually sympodial, with tendrils, rarely without tendrils (Pyrophora spp.). The leaves are simple or compound, alternate, with palmate veins and stipules. The inflorescence is cymose, usually opposite the leaves. The flowers are small, bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, and often yellow-green. There are 4 to 5 sepals, which are usually inconspicuous or sometimes connate in a disc or bowl shape. There are 4 to 5 petals, separated, arranged in a valvate shape, sometimes connate at the top, falling off in a cap shape when the flowers rise (Vitis spp.), or connate at the base (Pyrophora spp.). The stamens are the same number as the petals and opposite to them, inserted at the base of the lower disk, separated, rarely connate (Pyrophora spp.). The pollen has 3 pores. The pistil is formed by 2 (3-6 in the genus Pyrophora), the ovary is 2 (~3-6) chambers, each chamber has 1-2 ovules, the style is short or long, the stigma is not obvious, capitate or disc-shaped, rarely 4-lobed (genus Creeper). The fruit is a berry. The seeds have a straight embryo and abundant endosperm. The chromosome base x=11-20. The flowers have a developed disc, usually secrete rich nectar, adapted to insect pollination. The berries of this family are juicy and edible, and birds can spread the seeds after eating the fruits.

There are 12 genera and about 700 species in this family, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, and a few distributed in temperate zones. Among them, there are 350 species in the genus Cissus, 94 species in the genus Sedum, and 70 species in the genus Pyrola, mainly distributed in tropical areas. There are 90 species in the genus Clerodendrum, distributed in tropical Asia, and a few distributed in Oceania. There are 60 species in the genus Vitis, distributed in subtropical and temperate areas. There are 8 genera and about 110 species, most of which are distributed in provinces and regions south of the Qinling Mountains. Only a few species of the genera Vitis, Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus have crossed the Qinling Mountains and distributed in North China and Northeast China. In addition, there is one species of the genus Pyrola, distributed from South China to Shandong. The fruits of many plants are edible or used for brewing. The leaves of species such as Parthenocissus, Parthenocissus quinquefolius and Vitis thorni turn red or orange-yellow in autumn, which is quite beautiful and is often cultivated to decorate the walls of pavilions. Species such as Smilax, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Parthenocissus are used for folk medicine.

1 Grape fruit is a famous fruit. It can also be made into dried fruit, wine, and can be used for medicinal purposes.

2 The fruit of the Chinese genus Atractylodes macrocephala is distributed in the provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is a woody vine with deeply palmately lobed leaves and dense rusty soft hairs on the back. The name of the fruit of the Chinese genus Atractylodes macrocephala first appeared in the Book of Songs. In the past, it was a wild fruit in the Jiangnan area.

3 Snake grape is widely distributed from southern China to Anhui and Jiangsu. It is a herbaceous vine with simple leaves that are undivided or palmately lobed. The roots and stems can be used for medicinal purposes. The name "snake grape" appears in the "Herbal Medicine for Famine Relief" compiled by Zhao Zhu. From the picture drawn in it, it can be seen that the leaves are palmately lobed, which is very similar to the palmately lobed grass grape.

4 Parthenocissus tricuspidata is widely distributed from South China to Northeast China. It is a woody vine with short tendrils and many branches with suckers at the top of the branches. The leaves are simple or trifoliate, turning red or orange-yellow in autumn. It is often cultivated in Central China and North China to decorate the walls of pavilions. The roots and stems can be used for medicinal purposes.

5 The blackberry is widely distributed from southern China to Shandong, and is a herbaceous vine. The leaves are bird-foot-shaped compound leaves with 5 leaflets. The whole plant can be used as medicine. Li Shizhen described it in "Compendium of Materia Medica" as: "There are many between the ridges and ditches. The vine is soft and ridged, with one branch and one beard. There are five leaves, which are long and pointed, with sparse teeth, green on the front and light on the back. In July, the buds are clustered, bluish-white, and the flowers are as big as chestnuts, yellow, and four-petaled. The fruits are as big as nightshade seeds, green when raw and purple when ripe, with fine seeds inside..."

Morning glory, black ugly, white ugly, two ugly, morning glory

English: pharbitis Seed

Other names: Black ugly, white ugly, second ugly, morning glory

Origin:

It is widely distributed throughout the country.

It grows mostly in mountain bushes, near villages and on roadsides.

Plant form:

Annual twining herb, the whole plant is densely covered with long white hairs. Leaves are alternate, broadly cordate, entire; petiole and peduncle are nearly equal in length. Inflorescence has 1 to 3 flowers; sepals are deeply lobed, ovate-lanceolate, about 1 cm long, with a tail at the tip; corolla is white, blue-purple or purple-red, funnel-shaped, 5 to 8 cm long; stamens are 5; ovary is 3-chambered. Capsule is spherical. Seeds are 5 to 6, ovate, black or light yellowish white.

The flowering period is from June to September, and the fruiting period is from July to October.

use:

Can be used for medicinal purposes.

Source: The seeds of Phabitis purpurea (L.) Voight, a plant of the Convolvulaceae family.

Properties:

The seeds are orange-shaped, 4 to 8 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide, with a grayish black (black ugly) or light yellowish white (white ugly) surface.

There is a shallow longitudinal groove on the back, and a dot-shaped hilum near the ventral line, which is slightly concave. It is hard and bursts in water like a tortoise shell. There are two light yellow cotyledons inside, which overlap tightly and are wrinkled. It tastes spicy and bitter, with a numbing feeling.

Chemical Composition:

Contains pharbitin, pharbitic acid C, D, tiglic acid, nilic acid, etc.  

Function and indications:

It can purge water and promote bowel movements, eliminate phlegm and fluid, kill parasites and attack accumulations.

It is used for edema, constipation, accumulation of phlegm and fluid, asthma and cough due to qi reversal, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, ascariasis and tapeworm disease.

Ball orchid, wax orchid, wax flower, wax spring flower

Scientific Name: Hoya carnosa

Other names: wax orchid, wax flower, wax spring flower

Family: Asclepiadaceae Hoya

form:

It is a perennial evergreen vine-like herb with fleshy stems and aerial roots on the nodes, which can grow attached to other objects. The leaves are thick and fleshy, ovate or ovate-oblong, with unclear lateral veins, entire, 5-8 cm long and 2-3 cm wide; the leaves are dark green on the surface and light green with white on the back. The flowers are axillary umbels with short stalks, often 12-15 flowers gathered into a ball, hence the name ball orchid.

It blooms in midsummer. The flowers are white with a light pink heart. The corona radiates in a star shape and has a fragrance.

Origin:

It is native to Southeast Asia and Australia and is also distributed in the south. In its place of origin, it grows on tree trunks and stone walls.

Growth habit:

It likes high temperature, high humidity and semi-shady environment, and is suitable for more light and slightly dry soil.

Cultivation:

Ball orchids need diffused light and should not be placed in a damp place for a long time. When the plant blooms, do not remove the flowers, and do not cut off the branches because they are too long, because its flowers grow at the same growth point. If you cut it off, it will not bloom again the next year.  

Reproduction:

The propagation of Hoya is mostly done by cutting propagation in asexual propagation. The cultivation medium can be peat soil: sawdust: vermiculite = 4:3:3, and put into the seedling hole tray. Take cuttings from the mother plant, about 15 cm to 20 cm long, insert them into the medium, water once a day, keep the soil moist, and roots will take place in 20 to 30 days. After 100 days of rooting, transplant them into pots.  

use:

A widely cultivated indoor foliage plant, it is suitable for climbing and hanging cultivation. It can climb supports, tree trunks, walls, hedges, etc.; or be planted on Alsophila spinulosa boards and allow its stem nodes to attach and climb.

Its branches are flexible and highly plastic, and various forms of frames can be made according to personal preference, allowing the plant to entwine and climb and grow on them, forming colorful images of animals and plants. The hanging decorations hang naturally and are pleasing to the eye.

The ball orchid is best placed under a south window, between corridors or on bookshelves. Its branches and leaves flutter in the air, giving people a feeling of relaxation and leisure.  

In recent years, many new varieties of Hoya have been bred.

For example, the tricolor Hoya: each leaf has three shades of dark green, milky white and light red, and has a high ornamental value.

Wrinkled Hoya: Its leaves are round and wrinkled, growing continuously on a vine like a string of coins.
  
Bordered Hoya: The leaves have milky white spots, and the new leaves are sometimes pink, which is very beautiful.

Convoluted Hoya: (Wrinkled-leaf Hoya): The leaves are twisted and coiled around the stems, and the shape is very strange.

There are also variegated leaf varieties of the striped ball orchid.

Quisqualis chinensis

Alias: Liu Qiuzi

Family: Combretaceae

Morphological characteristics:

A deciduous vine-like shrub that can climb up to more than ten meters high if it winds around a tree. The leaves are opposite and often oblong.

It blooms in summer, with fragrant flowers, the calyx tube is very slender like a pedicel, the petals are white at first and then red. The fruit is oval with five edges.

Origin:

It is produced in the south and southwest, and is also distributed in India, Myanmar, the Philippines and other places.

Growth habit:

It likes warmth and humidity, and is afraid of cold and waterlogging.

Landscape Application:

Quisqualis has a high ornamental value, its flowers are light and elegant, and its fragrance is intoxicating.

It is also a famous pediatric medicine, and is very effective in treating children's malnutrition, indigestion, loss of appetite, etc.

The fruit is used as medicine, with a warm nature and sweet taste. It enters the spleen, stomach, and large intestine meridians and has the effects of killing insects, eliminating accumulation, and strengthening the spleen.

Its sweetness and warmth are of a mild nature, which is completely different from warm and dry nature. Therefore, it can help digestion of food and dredge stagnation in the intestines. It is also rich in fat, so it can flow smoothly.

Related reading:

                                                       Quisqualis: Where is it now?

　　                                                                                    □ Hair

　　Volume 18 of Compendium of Materia Medica states: "Quanjunzi originally came from Hainan and Jiaozhi. It is now cultivated in Shaowu, Fujian and Meizhou, Sichuan. Its kernel tastes like coconut." Records of Shaowu Prefecture states that "Quanjunzi is a local specialty, and the best is in Longtan, East District." The medicinal material of Shaowu Quanjunzi was exported to Southeast Asia during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After liberation, Quanjunzi has been ordered by the state because of its small quantity and high quality.

　　The Quisqualis chinensis, which Mr. Li Shizhen investigated, collected and recorded, originated from Zhuangshang Village (Longtan) in Nakou, an important town in Shaowu. The village is located next to National Highway 316 and nestles beside Futun Creek, a tributary of the Minjiang River. Quisqualis chinensis grows on this alluvial oasis with a history of more than 800 years. During the Cultural Revolution, students were enrolled according to region. I went to Shaowu No. 3 Middle School, and the campus was on the back mountain of Zhuangshang Dutou Natural Village. During high school, I had to go through this beautiful Quisqualis chinensis green forest to go to school. It is said to be like a forest, but it is not. Quisqualis chinensis, also known as Liuqiuzi, is a deciduous shrub with creeping stems, opposite leaves, and fluff on both sides. It belongs to the Quisqualidae family. Every year after the Spring Festival, farmers plant a bowl-sized 3-5 meter high fir at equal intervals of equal plots, and wrap the Quisqualis chinensis seed stems (vines) buried in the ground and beginning to sprout around the fir. Under the nourishment of spring breeze and rain, the quince grows upward around the fir poles. Soon, many conical green "torches" emerge in the fields, swaying gracefully in the wind. At the beginning of summer, the quince blooms, with a cluster of 10 to 20 petals, each with five petals, bright red and light like a crabapple, a little red in the green, and then slowly turns to dark red, which is very beautiful. In midsummer, it begins to bear fruit. The fruit is more than an inch long, oval, pointed at both ends, and five-sided. The shell changes from light green to bright yellow and then to chestnut. There is a kernel inside the shell, which is white. It can be harvested in late autumn and farmers sell it to pharmaceutical companies.

　　Quisqualis is a traditional rare Chinese medicinal material. "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "It has a sweet smell, warm and non-toxic. It is mainly used to treat children's five malnutritions, turbid urine, kill insects, and treat diarrhea. It strengthens the spleen and stomach, reduces deficiency, and treats all kinds of diseases in children." The main ingredients are quisqualic acid, potassium, fenugreek alkali and fatty oil 20-24%, and also contain sucrose, fructose, etc. It is mainly used to treat parasites in the human body, kill insects, and has warming and tonic effects. It has good palatability and is especially easy for children to eat. The effect is very stable. It is a pure natural plant with no side effects. Quisqualis not only has medicinal value, but also is a superior plant for beautifying life and greening the courtyard, and has great ornamental value.

　　In 1979, the scientific and technical personnel of the Fujian Subtropical Botanical Research Institute conducted an experiment to increase the yield of Quisqualis chinensis in Zhuangshang Brigade and obtained a set of effective experience. The yield of Quisqualis chinensis increased by 281 catties compared with the past. The experiment also found that not only the fruit of Quisqualis chinensis can repel insects, but its roots and leaves also have the same effect. Every year in the production process of vines, vines and branches, some roots, vines and leaves are discarded, which can be fully utilized. At the same time, dryland crops such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes can also be intercropped to improve land utilization.

　　Over 20 years have passed in the blink of an eye. I have been busy with my job and job changes, and gradually forgot about the scutellaria. This year, I went back to my hometown to worship my ancestors during the Qingming Festival. I suddenly thought of the scutellaria I had not seen for a long time. I asked a farmer in Zhuangshang Village and learned that the scutellaria had disappeared because the pharmaceutical company had a monopoly on the business and the purchase price was low. Farmers did not plant it because it was not profitable. I was speechless and thought for a long time. I think that with the increasing modernization of human activities and the competition between industries, multinational companies and small and medium-sized enterprises can rise and fall, and animals can survive and die according to the laws of nature. However, the way plants survive is different from that of animals. As long as there is suitable light, temperature, soil and nutrients, they can survive forever unless the earth is destroyed. I am confused. Today, when people's material and spiritual life are becoming increasingly abundant, why are there still many valuable species disappearing? Is it human greed? Or is it the law of nature? I think it should be the former. The only way to exterminate it is human desire. On the one hand, in order to obtain high monopoly profits, the pharmaceutical industry does not hesitate to suppress prices and prices for farmers, causing farmers to give up planting because they are unprofitable. On the other hand, humans are increasingly seeking convenience in medicines. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines are gradually being abandoned because they are time-consuming and labor-intensive to process and develop. They are being replaced by simple chemical drugs, and anthelmintics are the best example of this.

　　The central government has proposed to build a well-off society in an all-round way and establish a scientific development concept. The whole society has realized sustainable development, paid attention to the harmony between man and nature, and began to respect and return to nature. Therefore, in this transformation, I believe that managers at all levels should pay more attention to the protection of ecology, especially the value of nature, especially plants, so that people's ecological environment can be better and life can be healthier and longer. This should be the best combination of harmony, symbiosis and prosperity between man and nature.

　　The Shaowu shijunzi in the Compendium of Materia Medica is hard to be revived. However, there are still many rare plants and special agricultural products in northern Fujian, waiting for people to treat them well, develop them, and use them for the benefit of mankind: lilies in Yanping, Zhengshan Xiaozhong in Wuyi Mountain, daidai flowers in Jianyang, oriental water plantain in Jiyang, Jianou, coix seeds in Pucheng, dried mountain rice in Shunchang, white atractylodes in Guangze Zhima, ganoderma in Songxi, wild rock foxtail in Zhenghe...

Garlic vine

Garlic vine Zhang's Bignoniaceae Purple bell vine

Other names: Zhang's Bignoniaceae, Purple bell vine

Latin name: Saritaea magnitica

Family name: Saritaea magnitica Genus

name: Unknown　

Type: Evergreen vine

Applicable areas:

It is planted in the central area and woody flower area of ​​the South China Botanical Garden. It is native to Guyana and Brazil on the other side of the Pacific Ocean.

Distributed in South China.

Morphological characteristics:

The flowering period of garlic vine is from October to December. When it blooms, the flowers emit a garlic scent. If you rub its leaves with your hands, you can smell a strong garlic scent. The woody stems and even the roots also release garlic scent after being damaged, hence the name.

It is an evergreen climber with opposite trifoliate leaves. The leaflets are elliptical, and the top leaflets are often tendril-like or fall off. The leaflets are about 7-10 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, and entire. The inflorescences are axillary. The corolla is tubular, and the petals are 5-lobed at the front, purple. The capsule is about 15 cm long.

The flowers are purple-red to white, blooming in spring and autumn, and the leaves have a garlic scent when rubbed.

The flowers of garlic vine are numerous and dense. When they first bloom, they are pink-purple with light red. Then, as time goes by, the color gradually fades and finally transitions to white. Because the flowers bloom at different times, each flower goes through a color change process, so the entire plant can be seen with multiple colors coexisting at the same time during the flowering period, which is particularly eye-catching.

Growth habit:

It likes light and is suitable for growing in places with plenty of sunlight.

Breeding and cultivation:

It is very easy to propagate by cuttings. The best growing soil is fertile sandy loam and it needs sufficient sunlight. Prune once every spring after flowering. It likes high temperatures, and the suitable temperature for growth is 21-28 degrees.

Landscape use:

It can be used as climbing trellises and fencing materials. It is also suitable for potted plants, flower stands, flower corridors, etc.

Flower language: "Miss each other"

Mimosa

Scientific Name: Mimosa pudica

Other names: Mimosa pudica, Mimosa pudica

Family: Fabaceae, Mimosa

Origin:

It is native to the tropical regions of America and was introduced in the early years and cultivated as a potted plant in various places.

It is now widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, and is produced in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces in China.

Morphological characteristics:

Mimosa pudica is a creeping perennial herb with lignified stem base. Leaves are alternate and have two pinnate compound leaves. The petiole is very long and swollen at the base into a pulvinus. That is, at the base of the pinnae, rachis and petiole of Mimosa pudica, there is a fat part called the pulvinus. The whole plant is covered with hair and sharp thorns, and is about 20-60cm high. The leaves of Mimosa pudica have quite long petioles, and the front end of the petiole is divided into four rachises, each of which has two rows of oblong pinnae. Flowers are pink and have a head-shaped inflorescence.

When the mimosa is touched, the barbules close one by one first, then the four barbels also close together, and then the entire petiole droops.

use:

Mimosa pudica is commonly seen in open places such as roadsides and open spaces. The whole plant can be used as medicine. The root can be soaked in wine or boiled with wine to treat rheumatism, neurasthenia, insomnia, etc.; it can be stewed with lean pork to treat eye swelling and pain, hepatitis and nephritis; the fresh leaves can be mashed and applied to treat swelling and pain and herpes zoster, which has a great effect of relieving pain and swelling.

The whole plant of Mimosa pudica is slightly poisonous and can be used as medicine to calm nerves. The fresh leaves can be crushed and applied externally to treat herpes zoster.

Interesting reading:

Why is Mimosa "shy"?

The base of the petiole and the base of the compound leaf of Mimosa pudica have a swollen part called the pulvinus. There is a vascular bundle in the center of the pulvinus, surrounded by many thin-walled cells. Normally, each cell is filled with enough water, so it swells and makes the pulvinus stand upright, so the leaves stretch, but once stimulated, the water contained in the pulvinus cells flows into the intercellular space, so the pulvinus becomes soft and the leaves close and droop.

The hometown of Mimosa is tropical America, where there are frequent storms. The "shy" characteristic of Mimosa is very helpful in protecting itself from wind and rain. It is also like a shy girl in front of the window, who immediately closes the window when she meets a stranger. It is quite interesting and ornamental.

White Uncaria rhynchophylla, Hanging Golden Uncaria rhynchophylla, Double Hook, Long-stemmed Uncaria rhynchophylla, Tongdie

Scientific name: Uncaria sersilifractus roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae

Other names: Hanging Golden Hook, Double Hook, Long-stemmed Uncaria, Tongdie

Plant form:

Branchlets are quadrangular, with hairs on nodes; there are hook-shaped modified branches in the axils of leaves, the hooks are 1.5-2.5cm long, covered with hairs when young, and smooth when old. Single leaves are opposite, thinly leathery, elliptical to obovate-rectangular, with short pointed or blunt base, smooth above, slightly pinkish white below. Capitulum grows in leaf axils or branch tops, with 4-6 bracts in the middle or below the middle of the peduncle; flowers are 5-part, corolla is white or light yellow, only the outer lobes are covered with silky hairs. Capsule is fusiform. Flowering period is June to July, fruiting period is October to November.

Distribution habitat: Distributed in Simao and other places.

Medicinal part: hooked stems and branches.

Harvesting and processing:

Harvest in autumn and winter, remove leaves, cut into sections and dry in the sun.

Nature and flavor Meridians:

Sweet, cool. Enter the liver and pericardium meridians.

Function and indications:

Clears away heat and soothes the liver, calms the wind and calms the nerves. Used for headaches, dizziness, colds and colds, convulsions, eclampsia during pregnancy, and hypertension.

In addition to the authentic Uncaria mentioned above, the hooked stems and branches of Uncaria macrophylla Wall., U. hissuta Havil., U. sinensis Havil., (U. membranifolis How) and U. sessilifructus Roxb. are also often used.

1. Uncaria rhynchophylla:

The stems and branches are square columnar, with a diameter of 1.1 to 5 mm. The surface is gray-brown to brown. There are deep longitudinal grooves on both sides, covered with brown hairs, especially at the nodes and hook ends. The hook is 1.7 to 3.5 cm long, forming an angle of (120) to 130 to 140 degrees with the stem. The hook is deeply bent inward into an oblong or round shape, and the end is swollen into a small ball. The pith of the cross section is mostly hollow. Microscopic identification: Cross section of the stem (diameter 3 mm): square, the two sides of the wood lemma protrude inward in an arc shape, and the epidermal cuticle has texture. The epidermis has single-cell and multi-cell non-glandular hairs, 70 to 874 μm long, and spiral textures are often seen. The outer side of the cortex is 3 to 4 rows of pigment cell layers, and the fibers of the pericycle are connected into a ring. The phloem is about 57 μm thick, and the rays are not obvious. There is a gap in the center of the pith. The inner cells of the cortex contain calcium oxalate sand crystals and cluster crystals. The leaves of Uncaria rhynchophylla contain rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, dehydrorhynchophylline A and dehydrorhynchophylline B.

2. Uncaria tomentosa:

The stem and branch tips are square or nearly cylindrical, with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. The surface is gray-brown or slightly gray-white, rough, and covered with brown hairs. The hook is 1.4 to 2 cm long, and is attached to the stem at an angle of 120° to 130° (140°), almost triangular. Microscopic identification of the cross section of the stem (3 mm straight): square, the cuticle of the epidermal cells is relatively thick, about 4 to 7 μm, and the epidermal cells are 2 to 5 layers, arranged neatly, and the outer epidermis has single-cell hairs, which are often hook-shaped and 133 to 678 μm long. The multicellular hairs are composed of 2 to 15 cells and are 133 to 678 μm long. The cortical cells contain calcium oxalate sand crystals. The leaves of Uncaria tomentosa contain mitraphylline and its oxide (N-oxide), isomitraphylline and its oxide (N-oxide), uncarine A and uncarine B.

3. Uncaria sinensis:

The stems and branches are square columnar, 2-5 mm in diameter. The surface is yellow-brown or yellow-green. The hook is about 1.3-2.8 cm long. The hook forms an angle of 130-140° with the stem, and is bent into an oblong shape. Microscopic identification of the cross section of the stem (2.5 mm in diameter): square, with a thickness of about 5 μm in the cuticle of the epidermal cells. The surface is smooth and hairless; the pigment cells of the cortex are light brown, the fibers of the pericycle are ring-shaped, the phloem is about 150 μm thick, and there are fewer fibers in the phloem. There are calcium oxalate sand crystals in the cortex and phloem thin-walled cells. The leaves of this species contain pteropodine, isopteropodine, speciophylline, encarinine F and their respective oxides (N-oxides).

4. Uncaria sessile (White Uncaria rhynchophylla):

The stems and branches are square-cylindrical, with a diameter of 1.2 to 4 mm. The surface is brownish yellow, with a longitudinal groove on all four sides. It is covered with brown soft hairs, with more on the nodes and hook ends. The hook is 1.3 to 1.8 cm long, and the hook forms an angle of 110 to 130 degrees with the stem. The curved part is round and deeply spiraled inward. The cross section is yellowish white. Microscopic identification of the cross section of the stem (diameter 3 mm): square, the woody body protrudes inward in an arc shape, making the pith slightly "cross". The cuticle of the epidermal cells is about 4 to 8 μm thick, and irregular wavy textures can be seen in the surface and cross-section. The outer flat perimeter wall of the epidermal cells often protrudes slightly outward, and the cells are slightly semicircular. There are many epidermal hairs, most of which are single-cell short horn-like hairs, with wart-like protrusions on the surface, and the hairs are 20 to 50 μm long. There are fewer multicellular hairs, which are composed of 3 to 5 cells and are 130 to 240 μm long. The cortex does not contain a pigment layer, and there are many cells containing calcium oxalate clusters and sand crystals. The inner side of the cortex is a stone cell layer with 3 to 7 rows of intermittent rings. In the dissociated tissue, the stone cells are narrow and rectangular, 50 to 128 μm long and 13 to 40 μm wide, with obvious cell cavities and pores. The fibers of the pericycle are bundled in dozens and arranged in a ring. The phloem rays are obvious, uniseriate, large, and contain yellow pigment. The leaves contain rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, konosine, konosine B, and rhynchophylline.

Pili, Magnolia, Pancake Tree, Sugar Bun, Wentoulang, Papaya Vine, Bishihu, Fengdongmu Bilian, Clover, Ghost Bun, Orange Loquat, Stone Bilian

Scientific Name: Ficus pumila L.

Other names: Magnolia, cake bubble tree, sugar bun, Wentoulang, papaya vine, Bishihu, wind does not move, wood bilian, clover, ghost bun, orange loquat, stone bilian

Type: vine

Distribution: Distributed in provinces and regions south of the Yangtze River
　
.

A large evergreen climbing shrub, often climbing on stone walls, walls or tree trunks, with aerial roots everywhere on the stem, young branches yellow to reddish brown, with a little hair; leaves are alternate, leathery, oblong or obovate, leaf bases are often crooked, entire, stipules are membranous or papery; hidden fruits are solitary or in pairs in leaf axils, obovate-conical, 4-6.5cm long, 3.5-6.5cm wide, dark green or black-purple when mature, with scattered white spots.

It uses adventitious roots to attach to the trunks of other trees or walls, and its young branches are hairy.

The "Mountain Ghost" in "Chu Ci" is a female, and some people believe that she is the god of wine.

"Pi Pi Li Xi Dai Nu Luo" means that the wine has been brewed, and the leaves and vines are used to make the goddess's crown and beautiful clothes.

use:

The Bi Li, called jelly fruit in some areas, slightly larger than the lychee and has a green skin. It often covers old walls in summer. Its fruit can be made into jelly, which is pink and transparent, like pieces of tofu, and is a good food for cooling off in summer.

Variegated Pili is a variant of Pili. It is introduced as follows:

Morphological characteristics:

The variegated Pili is a variant of the Pili. Its leaves are small, similar to the leaves on the nutrient branches of the Pili, oval, rough, but thin; the leaves are alternate, sessile, with milky yellow and pink mottled edges, and are often grown in pots for viewing.

Growth habit:

Variegated Litchi is a climbing or creeping shrub, often growing on trees, walls and rocks.

It likes warm and humid climate, is shade-tolerant and drought-tolerant, and is not very demanding on soil, preferring fertile and well-drained sandy loam.

Cultivation and maintenance:

This flower has strong adaptability and requires relatively extensive management.

Shoulder pole vine, flat vine, big reed vine, iron belt vine, cross-river flat dragon, flat bone wind, belt vine, sheep belt wind

Scientific Name: Tetrastigma planicaule

Family: Vitaceae

Other names: flat vine, big reed vine, iron belt vine, flat dragon crossing the river, flat bone wind, belt vine, sheep belt wind

Application: The whole plant is used as medicine. It can be harvested throughout the year, washed, sliced, and dried.

Reason for the name:

It is named because of its shape which resembles a carrying pole.

Morphological characteristics:

It is a perennial plant that usually winds around tree trunks. The vine is about 5-6 meters long, the vine surface is grayish white, the leaves are dark green, the leaf surface is about 3-4cm wide, oval in shape, and slightly thicker than ordinary leaves. After cutting the vine, you can see the broken marks of small tendons, and soon clear water for drinking will flow out.

Dai hunters living in Xishuangbanna usually do not bring water bottles when they go into the mountains, and rely on the clear water in these natural water bottles to quench their thirst.

use:

The shoulder vine is a natural kettle that can spray spring water to help people quench their thirst.

source:

Tetrastigma planicaule (Hook. f.) Gagnep.

Harvesting: The vine stems and roots can be used as medicine and can be harvested all year round. The leaves are picked in summer and dried for later use.

Nature and flavor: pungent, astringent, warm.

Function and indications:

It can dispel wind and dampness, relax muscles and activate collaterals. It is used for rheumatic bone pain, lumbar muscle strain, traumatic injury, and hemiplegia.

Dosage: 1-1.5 liang. Decoction in water or soak in wine.

Large flowered crow's beak

Scientific Name: Thunbergia grandflora Roxb.

Family: Acanthaceae, Morning Glory

form:

A large, thick, woody vine that can reach a height of more than 7 meters. The leaves are opposite, broadly ovate, gradually pointed at the tip, cordate at the base, rough and hairy on both sides. The flowers are large, axillary, petiolate, and many solitary flowers droop in a raceme. The corolla is blue at first, light blue in full bloom, and nearly white in the last flowers, trumpet-shaped, with five lobes forming two lips.

The flowering period is summer and autumn.

Vine, leaves are broadly ovate, with pointed to acuminate tips and 3-5 palmate veins. The corolla is blue, light yellow or nearly white on the outside. The capsule is about 3 cm long and looks like a crow's beak when it cracks.
　
Origin:

Native to northern India, it is now widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions.

Habits:

It is hot and humid, with a growth temperature of about 22 to 30 degrees Celsius. It has strong vitality and is best cultivated in fertile, humus-rich loam or sandy soil with good ventilation, sunshine and drainage.

Propagation and cultivation:

Propagation by cuttings.

Drug Use:

The root is used as medicine to reduce swelling, remove toxins, drain pus and promote tissue regeneration. It can treat gunshot wounds, bruises and open fractures.

Garden use:

The plant of the large-flowered crow's beak is sturdy, covers a large area, has dense flowers that hang down in clusters, and has a long flowering period. It can be used for vertical greening of large trellises, mid-rise buildings, and fences.

Suitable for exhibition, greenhouse cultivation, and moving to gardens for viewing when flowering.

Ground ivy

Scientific Name: Parthenocisus tricuspidata

Family: Grape family Parthenocissus

distributed:

The distribution of ground ivy is very wide, from Liaoning in the north to Guangdong in the south. It is also cultivated in Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and other places. It is also distributed in Japan.

Ecological habits:

It is cold-resistant and likes shade and humidity. In the rainy season, it is easy to grow roots on the vines. It can also grow rapidly in sunny places with sufficient water. However, in continental climate areas, if it is planted on the south and west walls, it is easy to have scorched leaves in the hot season. It has strong adaptability to soil.

It mostly grows in wasteland, vegetable gardens and roadsides.

Plant characteristics:

Small herb. White latex is produced after breaking. The stem is slender, flat on the ground, branched in a forked shape, and purple-red. The leaves are opposite, with short petioles; the leaves are oblong, 4-12 mm long, obtuse at the tip, oblique at the base, and unequal on both sides. It blooms in summer and autumn; the inflorescence is cup-shaped and solitary in the leaf axil.

The fruit is triangular and spherical. The main feature of EuPhorbia maculata L, which is similar to this plant, is that the leaf surface has purple spots in the center, the back is hairy, and the branches and fruits are also covered with white fine hairs.

It is often used in combination by the people.

Propagation is by cuttings, layering and sowing. Cuttings can be carried out from leaf fall to budding. Seeds are collected in October and can be sown in winter or in the spring of the following year. Transplantation or planting is carried out during the leaf fall period.

Appreciation:

The ground ivy is mainly used for gardens and urban vertical greening. If it is allowed to climb on rocks or walls, it can add infinite vitality. The branches and leaves are lush and green in the hot summer, covering the walls; in autumn, the red leaves are dazzling. Therefore, it is suitable to be planted on the walls of houses, office buildings, dormitories, fences and near buildings in gardens.

If you let the ground ivy grow on a short bungalow, it will provide thick shade, which is not only beautiful but also brings a lot of comfort to the interior.

Multi-flowered black eel vine African jasmine Wax flower Bridal flower

Scientific Name: Stephanotis floribunda

Other names: African jasmine, wax flower, bride flower

"Bridal Flower" is named after:

Because its flowers are white and symbolize purity, it is often used as wedding bouquets and decorative flowers in areas where the multi-flowered black eel vine is produced in abundance. Therefore, people have given it a beautiful name - bride flower.

Family: Trochilidae

Origin: Madagascar

Morphological characteristics:

Leaves are opposite, long and round, with sharp tips, entire margins, and leathery. The corolla is long tubular, five-lobed, white, 4-6 cm long, waxy, and fragrant.

The flowering period is from early spring to autumn, and the fruit is oval.

Growth habit:

It is a positive plant and likes high temperature.

It has slightly stricter requirements on soil, with fertile, well-drained loam or sandy loam being preferred. The suitable temperature for growth is 22-27℃, and it is best not to be lower than 15℃ in winter and not higher than 32℃ in summer.

use:

The flowers of the multi-flowered black eel vine are white and fragrant. It is an excellent small trellis plant and an excellent indoor potted vine.

Characteristics of the vine plant to which the multi-flowered black eel vine belongs:

The stems and branches are easy to elongate but cannot be independent and must rely on their tendrils or vines to entwine, climb, or even crawl on the ground to grow normally. These include herbaceous vines and woody vines and are divided into climbing vines. For example, melons, figs, and ground ivy have tendrils or adventitious aerial roots that can entwine around other objects to grow.

Twining vines, such as morning glory, wood rose, black eel vine, honeysuckle, etc., can grow around other things. Creeping vines, such as saddle vine and golden chrysanthemum, can grow horizontally on the ground and easily root where they touch the ground. Climbing shrubs, such as bougainvillea, jasmine, jasmine, guangyao vine, etc., were originally shrubs, but their branches become semi-climbing or vine-like after elongation, and can grow independently or attached to other things.

Climbing plants can be used in landscape to beautify flower corridors, flower stands, fences, shade sheds or as potted plants. Their stems and vines can bloom for viewing after climbing the sheds, forming a cool space under the shed for rest. Their use is quite special.

Euonymus fortunei

Scientific Name: Euonymus fortunei    

Family: Celastraceae Celastraceae

Other name: Creeping Euonymus japonicus

Type: Evergreen vine

Morphological characteristics:

The stem is creeping with aerial roots. The leaves are opposite, oval, with pale yellow to golden yellow edges. The cymes are axillary, the flowers are white-green, with 4 petals, and the flowering period is from May to June. The capsule is yellow-red or light red, and the fruit ripens from September to October.

The leaves are thin leathery, oblong to elliptic-obovate, with blunt teeth on the edges.

Evergreen climbing vine, adventitious roots have strong climbing ability, fast growth, can reach 6 meters.

Growth habit:

Variegated Euonymus fortunei is a variant of Euonymus fortunei, which likes warm and humid environment, sunshine and shade tolerance. The suitable growth temperature is 15℃ to 25℃, and it is suitable for growing in loose, fertile, sandy loam.

Propagation by sowing, cuttings, and layering. When the seeds are mature, they should be harvested immediately, dried in the sun, and impurities removed, packed into bags, and stored in a refrigerator or freezer at 0℃ to 5℃ to maintain vitality for a long time.

Sowing is mostly done in spring, either in pots or in the open field. Seedlings can be transplanted when they are 8 to 10 cm tall. Cuttings can be done in spring and autumn, and the substrate can be fine sand or vermiculite. Keep it moist and roots will form in February or March. Layering can be done at any time. Peel off the bark on one side of the branch and bury it in the soil. After rooting, cut it off from the mother plant and plant it separately. During the growth period of seedlings, apply topdressing every half a month. Organic fertilizers such as manure, chicken manure or compound fertilizers can be used. The amount should be small. Water should be irrigated immediately after fertilization, otherwise the fertilizer will easily burn the root system.

Variegated Euonymus fortunei can be used as a foliage ground cover, covering the ground quickly, not only beautifying the environment, but also absorbing dust. It can be planted in pots or hung in front of windows to make it look lively.

Euonymus fortunei is a rare evergreen, cold-resistant native tree species. It is naturally distributed in Mount Tai and Mount Culai in Shandong, and grows well in the Beijing-Tianjin area.

It has strong adaptability, lush branches and leaves, and is green all year round. It is often used to cover the ground, climb rockery, rocks, and old trees. It is an excellent material for highway slope protection.

Monstera

Other name: Banana

Origin: Mexico

Since the early 1980s, a large number of Monstera were introduced from the United States, and the potted seedlings were sown and loved by the public, and there was a "Monstera fever". So far, large potted Monstera has become the main material for hotel lobbies.

The potted Monstera, which is supported by snakewood columns in the south, is sold well all over the country and has become one of the flagship products of Guangdong's foliage plants. Monstera has entered thousands of households.

Growth habit:

It likes warm and humid environment, avoid strong sunlight and dryness, is shade-tolerant, and leaf mold is the best soil. It needs to be sprayed with water frequently in summer, and the temperature in winter should not be lower than 5℃.

Morphological characteristics:

Monstera vines can reach more than 10 meters in length. The stems are thick and the aerial roots can reach 1 to 2 meters, growing horizontally, thin and cylindrical, and brown. The leaves are heart-shaped when young and have no holes. When they grow up, they are deeply pinnately lobed, with holes between the veins, leathery, and drooping.

Reproduction :

It is mainly propagated by cuttings. Cut cuttings from the tip of the stem node in April or May, with 2-3 stem nodes in each section, remove some aerial roots, and insert them into the sand bed with or without leaves. Generally, roots will grow in 4-6 weeks, and new shoots will grow in about 10 weeks.

Cultivation:

In summer, it is recommended to place it in a semi-shaded place for maintenance. It is afraid of strong sunlight, exposure and dryness. In addition to watering, it needs to be sprayed with water several times a day. Fertilize once every half month during the growth period. When first planted, a frame should be set up for support. After the shape is finalized, pay attention to pruning and renewal of the whole plant, and strive for natural beauty.

Pests and diseases:

Scale insects are the most common pests of Monstera deliciosa, which can be cleaned with an old toothbrush and then sprayed with 1000 times diluted 40% omethoate. Common diseases include leaf spot, gray spot and stem blight, which can be sprayed with 600 times diluted 65% mancozeb wettable powder.

application:

Monstera has peculiar leaf shape and beautiful plant shape. It is an excellent indoor foliage plant and is suitable for display in home living rooms, study rooms, exhibition halls and subways.

In the south, it can be used to decorate the courtyard, and it also looks natural and generous when scattered beside ponds, streams and rock crevices.

Monstera is a shade-tolerant foliage plant. Generally speaking, it can be kept indoors for a long time. However, during the growing season, it is best to place it in a well-ventilated place near a window to receive outdoor air and light. In the peak growing season of summer and autumn, if the ventilation is poor, its growth will be affected, and the newly grown leaves will be thin, pale and dull, reducing its appreciation value.
　　
Common ornamental species of the same genus:

The leaves of Monstera deliciosa (M. friedrichsthalii) are long oval and dark green, with elliptical windows between the midrib and the leaf edge, and the distance from the outer edge of the window to the leaf edge is slightly wider.

Epipremnoides is a large species with thick vine-like leaves, 70 to 80 cm long and dark green.

Winged-leaf Monstera (M. standleyana) has oval leaves, 15 to 20 cm long, obtuse base, dark green leaf surface, broad and flat petioles with wings, 10 to 30 cm long.

The spotted wing-leaf Monstera (M. standleyanacv. Variegata) has dark green leaves with milky white spots or stripes.

Obliqua Monstera (M.obliqua) has oblong leaves with blunt and crooked bases.

The window-shaped Monstera (M.obliguavar, expilfa) has long ovate leaves with blunt and crooked bases, many windows and large window areas.

There are also star-spotted (M. Punctulata) and hole-leaved Monstera (M. adansonii).

Vinca

Scientific Name: Vinca major Linn

Other name: Vinca

Family: Apocynaceae, Vinca

Morphological characteristics:

It is a dwarf plant with creeping branches and can grow up to more than 2 meters. Its leaves are oval, opposite, petiolate, bright green, shiny, with creamy yellow edges, and strong tillering ability. After introducing and cultivating it, the Qidong Forestry and Fruit Guidance Station found that it has strong adaptability, is not strict with soil requirements, and grows fast.

Growth habit:

This plant likes light, tolerates shade, and tolerates low temperatures. Even at -7℃, it can be planted in the open field without frost damage. It is evergreen all year round. The tillering vines and the small violet flowers that bloom in March cover the earth like a green carpet with flowers. The scenery is very spectacular. It is an ideal ground cover material for both flowers and leaves.

It has strong adaptability, is not demanding on soil, and grows fast. This plant likes light, tolerates shade, and tolerates low temperatures. Even at -7℃, it can be planted in the open field without frost damage. It is evergreen all year round. The tillering vines and the small violet flowers that bloom in March cover the earth like a green carpet with flowers. The scenery is very spectacular. It is an ideal ground cover material for both flowers and leaves.

Reproduction:

The reproduction of variegated philadelphus is easy. It can be propagated , tillers, and layering, with cuttings being the main method. Cutting time: before germination in spring; during the rainy season; cuttings can be taken from September to October. Cutting method: Select one-year-old or current-year strong branches, cut them into cuttings about 10 cm long, with 2-3 pairs of buds for cuttings, with a row spacing of 10 cm × 10 cm. After cutting, water thoroughly, build a shed and cover with a sunshade net to prevent sun exposure, keep the soil moist, and transplant it to the field after survival. Potted variegated philadelphus should be topped in time to promote branching. Keep the pot soil moist during the growing season and fertilize once every half a month. Prune appropriately in summer and autumn to control the growth of branches and vines. Planted in the open field, it is generally evergreen all year round.

Insect diseases:

Variegated vinca often suffers from wilt, canker and leaf spot diseases, which can be controlled by spraying equal amounts of Bordeaux mixture.

The pests include scale insects and root wart nematodes. Scale insects can be controlled by spraying 1000 times diluted 25% phosmet emulsifiable concentrate, and root wart nematodes can be controlled by 3% furadan granules.

use:

In landscaping, green spaces are generally built with lawns such as Zoysia, Bermuda grass, Tall Fescue, Bluegrass, Ryegrass, and Bentgrass, as well as ground cover plants such as Dianthus, White Clover, and Oxalis.

These lawns and ground cover plants are widely used in landscaping and have become a landscape of urban and rural images, and are increasingly favored by people.

Clematis Passionflower

Scientific Name: Clematis spp.

Family name: Adiantum

Alias: Passionflower

Origin: Central and Southern China

Morphological characteristics:

Perennial herb or woody vine. Leaves are opposite, simple or pinnate. Flowers are solitary or paniculate, bell-shaped, altar-shaped or whorl-shaped, formed by sepal petalization, petals are absent or replaced by pseudocarps. Achenes are gathered into heads and have long tail hairs.

The plant height is 15-60cm. The rhizome is slender and horizontal, with dense brown lanceolate scales. The leaves are clustered, the petioles are slender, chestnut black, shiny and tough like iron wire; the leaves are ovate-triangular, pinnate-divided two to three times, the terminal segments are obliquely fan-shaped, shallowly to deeply lobed, dark green, 1-2.5cm long, and the leaf veins are fan-shaped. The sporangium is round and grows on the outer edge of the back of the leaf.

There are many original species, hybrids and horticultural varieties, including large-flowered varieties, small-flowered varieties, double-petal or triple-petal varieties and late-flowering varieties.

Ecological habits:

The maidenhair fern is widely distributed from tropical to warm temperate zones. It is produced in all provinces (cities) in the south of the Yangtze River, Hebei, Shaanxi and Gansu. It often grows in the shade and wet ditches and stone walls of limestone mountains. It is an indicator plant for calcareous soil.

It likes a humid environment and requires loose and permeable soil. It is not strict with light, but long-term strong light will cause the leaves to wither and turn yellow.

It has strong cold resistance, the suitable temperature for growth is 18-25℃, and it is best to keep it above 5℃ in winter.

Reproduction method:

Propagation by division or spores is possible.

Division is usually carried out in spring before new buds sprout and combined with repotting. The mother plant is lifted out of the pot and divided into 3-4 small clusters. The rhizomes are cut off and potted separately. After watering, they are placed in a shaded and humid environment for cultivation.

Spore reproduction is also very easy. Mature spores scattered in a humid environment often germinate on their own and develop into young sporophytes. They can be transplanted in time when they grow 3-4 leaves.

Cultivation management:

The maidenhair fern is suitable for potted planting. It can be cultivated in the open field in Jiangnan gardens, but it should be planted in a moist semi-shady environment, such as under a tree, next to a rockery, in a corner of a house, or in a corner of a wall. When potted, equal amounts of leaf mold, fine sand, and loam can be mixed as the culture soil. Since the maidenhair fern is a calcium-loving plant, it is best to add some calcium fertilizer to the potting soil. It should not be planted too deep, 1.5 to 2 cm is appropriate.

During the growing period, the plant should be watered fully, usually 1-2 times a day, and sprayed 2-3 times to maintain a high air humidity; apply thin liquid fertilizer once every 2-3 weeks, and nitrogen fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer during the seedling stage. Provide proper shade in summer to avoid direct sunlight. Due to rapid growth, old leaves should be cut off at any time to keep the plant fresh and facilitate the germination of new leaves. The plant needs to be repotted every year and divided at the same time.

The maidenhair fern does not have many diseases and pests, but sometimes nematodes damage the leaves, which can be controlled with the herb Atractylodes macrocephala.

application:

Clematis is a famous evergreen vine flower, often used outdoors in garden decorations such as fences, flower stands, and arches.

The maidenhair fern is suitable for potted planting, and can also be cultivated in hanging pots and hanging baskets for interior decoration. It can also be used to embellish rockery bonsai.

The leaves are good cut flower materials, and after drying, they are also ideal dried flower materials. In addition, the whole plant can also be used for medicinal purposes, which can clear away heat, detoxify, dispel wind and remove dampness.

The maidenhair fern has a small plant shape, elegant leaves, and is easy to cultivate. It is very popular in Europe and the United States and is one of the most commonly cultivated species of ferns.

There are about 200 species of plants in the same genus, most of which are ornamental. The famous ones include the wedge-leaved (A. raddianum) and its many varieties such as the elegant (cv Elegantissimum), the brilliant (cv Brilliant Else), the golden leaf (cv Goldelse), the tail-leaved maidenhair fern (A. caudatum), the palm-leaved maidenhair fern (A. pedatum), the beautiful maidenhair fern (A Jormosum), etc.

Asparagus fern, cloud bamboo, asparagus mountain grass

Scientific Name: Aspargus plumosus Baker

Other names: Cloud Bamboo, Asparagus Mountain Grass

Family: Liliaceae

Cultivated varieties: dwarf asparagus fern and large asparagus fern, etc.

Origin:

Asparagus fern is native to South Africa and is cultivated in various places.

Morphological characteristics:

Asparagus fern is a perennial herbaceous vine with soft, elongated climbing stems; the root is slightly fleshy; the leaf-like branches are slender and clustered, shaped like feathers, and spread horizontally; the leaves are 3 mm to 5 mm long, 6 to 12 in clusters, cylindrical, and thorn-like in scales; the flowers are small, bisexual, white, and bloom from February to March or June to July; the fruit is spherical, purple-black.

Growth habit:

Asparagus fern prefers warm, semi-shaded and cool environment, and is suitable for growing in fertile, well-drained sandy soil.

In heavy clay, alkaline, low humidity or dry soil, it not only grows poorly, but also easily sheds leaves and withers

.

Propagation by sowing or division. Division is not often used because the planted plants need a period of recovery after division and do not grow vigorously. The sowing method can achieve the desired reproduction amount and is easy to propagate. Generally, the seeds are sown immediately after harvesting (after one year of storage, the germination rate is significantly reduced). The method is as follows: When the fruit is purple-black, pick it and rub off the peel, take out the seeds, insert them into the planting pool or pot, cover them with a glass plate or plastic film, and spray water frequently to keep the pot soil moist. At about 20℃, the seedlings will emerge in 1 month.

Cultivation management:

Choose sandy loam with good drainage and apply a small amount of base fertilizer (either dry manure or compound fertilizer) before planting.

Asparagus fern likes warmth and humidity. It is best to place it in a ventilated semi-shaded place and spray the leaves or the surrounding ground frequently. Asparagus fern has strict requirements on water. Too dry will easily cause the branches and leaves to turn yellow and fall off or dry up. Too wet will easily cause the roots to rot. During the growing season, thin liquid fertilizer should be applied once every two weeks. In order to make it elegant, it should be pruned in real time. The most suitable temperature for the growth of asparagus fern is 12-18℃. Move it indoors before or after the Cold Dew. It can safely overwinter as long as the room temperature is not lower than 5℃.

The key to winter management is to keep the soil and air moist and avoid direct cold wind to prevent the branches and leaves from yellowing and drying. Asparagus fern begins to bloom after 5 to 6 years of growth. For potted asparagus fern, a support should be set up for it to climb. Asparagus fern can also be planted in indoor planting pools all year round, and a support can be set up, up to 2 to 3 meters high, for seed collection. In summer, curtains should be set up for shade, and the air should be kept moist and well ventilated to ensure safe summering.

Garden use:

Asparagus fern has an elegant posture, like overlapping green clouds, delicate and luxuriant, and is shade-tolerant, making it particularly suitable for desk placement. It can also be planted in clusters of 3 to 5 in square pots to form a jungle and covered with green moss, which makes it more poetic. It is also a good material for flower arrangement.

In addition, the roots can be used as medicine.

There are two common varieties:

A dwarf plant with branches that are always vine-free;

One type is short and vineless when young, but becomes vine-like after 2 to 3 years.

Five-clawed golden dragon

学名:Passiflora caerulea          

Family: Convolvulaceae

Type: Perennial twining vine

Morphological characteristics:

The root is tuberous; the stem is more than 5 meters long, glabrous or rough, slightly angular; the leaves are 5-lobed to the base, the middle lobe is larger, ovate, 4-5 cm long, and the pair of lobes at the base are shallowly or deeply lobed, with an acute or slightly obtuse and short-pointed tip; the petiole is 2-8 cm long, the bracts fall off early, and the pedicel is 0.5-2 cm long; the sepals are unequal, the outer two are shorter, 4-65 cm long, and glabrous; the corolla is pink or purple-red, funnel-shaped, and 5-7 cm; the stamens are included, unequal in length; the pistil is included, the ovary is glabrous, and the stigma is 2-lobed; the capsule is mostly spherical, about 1 cm long; the seeds are black, about 5 mm long, and densely hairy.

Origin:

The five-clawed golden dragon is native to America and is now widely distributed in tropical areas and spreads in the southern coastal provinces.

Growth habit:

The five-clawed golden dragon is a perennial herb that often grows in wasteland, bushes, mountains, and waterside. Its seeds have strong reproductive ability and it is a garden weed.

It is especially common in neglected gardens, where it grows entangled around garden fences, fences, telephone poles and wires, as well as large and small shrubs and trees, affecting the garden's appearance.

Some orchards and nurseries are also severely affected.
              
In Guangzhou and neighboring areas, flowers usually begin to appear in April and continue to appear in autumn.

Passion fruit Passion fruit Passion fruit

Scientific Name: Passionfora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.

Other names: Passion fruit, passion fruit, passion fruit

Family: Passiflora, Passiflora

Category: Climbing fruit tree    
        
Morphological characteristics:  

Tendrils, single leaves alternate, petiole, usually with 2 glands, cymes, sometimes degenerate to only 1-2 flowers. Flowers are bisexual, unisexual, occasionally polygamous, sepals 5, often petal-shaped, often with 1 horn-shaped appendage on the back top; petals 5, sometimes absent, 1 to several whorls of filamentous or scale-like coronas between corolla and stamens, sometimes absent; inner corolla varies; stamens usually 5; pistil composed of 3-5 carpels, ovary superior, born on the androgynophore, 1 chamber, with several inverted ovules. Flowers bloom in summer, flowers are large, light red, slightly fragrant. Fruit is a capsule, the chambers dehisce on the back or a fleshy berry.
  
Origin and distribution:  

Native to tropical America.
  
Growth habits:

fast growth, long flowering period, large flowering, suitable for planting in areas south of 24 degrees north latitude. Although the soil requirements are not very strict, to obtain high and stable yields, it requires a loose and fertile soil, rich in organic matter, sufficient water, good drainage, and convenient irrigation. In terms of climate adaptability, it requires warm weather without frost damage throughout the year.
  
Ornamental applications:

It is a tropical climbing fruit tree with sweet and sour fruits, rich flavor and pleasant aroma.

According to the test, passion fruit contains more than 132 kinds of aromatic substances, which makes it one of the most aromatic fruits in the world and is known as the "king of juice". It is most suitable for processing into juice, or mixing with other fruits (such as mango, pineapple, guava, orange and apple, etc.) into mixed juice, which can significantly improve the taste and aroma of these fruit juices; it can also be used as a juice additive for ice cream, or as an additive for other foods to enhance the aroma and improve the quality.

At present, the demand for passion fruit in the world is steadily increasing, especially in Europe and North America, where the demand for passion fruit juice is increasing, and a large amount of passion fruit puree needs to be imported. Since 1990, passion fruit juice and mixed juice drinks have been officially launched in China, which are very popular among consumers and the demand is also steadily increasing.

Silver Star Pothos

Name: Silver Star Pothos

Latin name: Spindapsus pictus 'Argyraeus'

Other name: Star-point vine

Family: Araceae

Type: Large evergreen climbing vine

Distribution: Native to Borneo  　
  
Characteristics:

The leaves are fleshy, round or oblong, with pointed tips. The leaves are velvety green with silvery green patches or spots, and the leaves are elegant and beautiful  
　
.

The stem is vine-like, with seasonal aerial roots, and can cling to snakewood pillars, tree trunks, and rocks, and is
　
shade-tolerant .

Prefers a warm environment; the lowest temperature for wintering is 16°C
  
.

It likes a semi-shady environment and can grow well in a relatively bright room. Excellent variegated varieties are prone to die under weak light conditions.

moisture:

There should be sufficient moisture in the potting soil in spring, summer and autumn. Water it when the surface 1-2 cm of the soil becomes dry. Watering should be reduced in winter when the temperature is low.

Air humidity:

It likes high temperature and high humidity; the plants should be sprayed with water frequently.

Repotting: Repot in spring as needed.

Reproduction:

It is easy to root branches by cuttings in spring and summer; when making totem poles, you must use cuttings with top tips with large leaves, so that they can take shape faster.

use:

It is suitable for hanging pot cultivation, and can also be planted on snake plant pillars as a standing potted plant.  　

Wisteria sinensis (Sims. ) Sweet

[Other names] None
[Cronquist classification system] Magnolia, Magnolia
　　　　　　　　　　　　, Magnoliopsida
　　　　　　　　　　　　　, Rosidae,
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Fabales
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, Fabaceae,
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Wisteria [Named by] Sims., 　Sweet

Source: Yanyuan Plant Records

Chinese name: Wisteria
Name: Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet
Alias: Wisteria sinensis, Kudzu, Kudzu, Wisteria vine Family
:
Leguminosae Genus
: Wisteria
introduction: Origin:
Native to Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Guangdong and other provinces. It is also cultivated abroad.

Morphological characteristics:
Deciduous woody large vine. The bark is light gray-brown, and the twigs are light brown. The leaf scars are gray and slightly protruding. Odd-pinnate compound leaves, with 7 to 13 leaflets, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, with a sharp tip, a wide cuneate or rounded base, entire, densely covered with white short soft hairs when young, and then gradually falling off. It blooms in April, the flowers are blue-purple, the racemes are drooping, 15 to 30 cm long, and have a fragrance. The pods are flat, long strips, densely covered with silver-grey hairs, and contain 1 to 5 seeds. The fruit matures in September and October. Common variants include white wisteria (cv. alba), also known as silver vine. The flowers are white.

Growth habits:
It likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant. It is drought-resistant and avoids water and humidity. It grows quickly, has a long lifespan, has deep roots, and has strong adaptability. It is resistant to barrenness and can grow in general soils, but grows best in well-drained, deep, fertile and loose soils. It has strong sprouting ability.

Garden use:
The old trunks of wisteria are twisted and twisted, like a dragon. It blooms in spring, with large shapes and beautiful colors, and it hangs down. It is most suitable for trellis planting. It is also very suitable to be planted as a shrub by the river or next to a rockery.

Reproduction and cultivation:
It can be propagated by sowing, division, layering, cuttings (including root cuttings), and grafting. When planting, it is necessary to set up a trellis for larger plants first, and tie the thick branches evenly to the trellis so that they can climb along the trellis; for smaller plants, the trellis should be set up when the branches grow to a certain height after they have survived. Since Wisteria has thick branches and luxuriant leaves and is heavy, the trellis materials used must be solid and durable. It is easy to manage at ordinary times. During the dormant period, the dense branches and thin branches should be properly pruned to facilitate flowering and regulate growth. Wisteria can also be cultivated into a large shrub by shaping and pruning methods without being a trellis plant. When potted, attention should be paid to strengthening pruning and pinching, and the plants should be controlled not to grow too large. Pruning can be done in a multi-branched shrub or cliff style. Prune the new branches once every year when they grow 14 to 17 cm long; they can be pruned again after flowering.

Source: Plant Gene

Wisteria is a deciduous vine of the Fabaceae family and the genus Wisteria, native to China. Wisteria has a deep taproot and few lateral roots. When the seedlings are young, they are shrub-like. After several years, the top of the vigorous shoots will show twining properties. Twining branches occur at the base of the main vine. The vines twine counterclockwise and can wrap themselves around columns less than 30 cm long. Wisteria has mixed flower buds, which first grow branches and leaves and then bloom on the upper part of the new shoots. The flowers are racemes, which grow at the end of the branches or leaf axils, up to 20-30 cm long, drooping, with dense and eye-catching flowers, blue-purple to lavender, and fragrant. Each inflorescence can have 50-100 flowers. The flowering period is about March in southern China, and it can often bloom again in late summer and early autumn. To grow wisteria well, the following issues need to be paid attention to:

First, light: Wisteria likes sunlight and is slightly shade-tolerant. Because wisteria is a large vine, in order to make it grow well, a certain trellis is generally set up for cultivation. Wisteria also has shorter species and varieties that can be used as potted plants or bonsai.

Second, temperature: Wisteria has strong adaptability, heat resistance, and cold resistance. It is cultivated from south to north. Therefore, in Guangdong, the temperature of the year can adapt to wisteria.

Third, watering: Wisteria has a deep taproot, so it has a strong drought resistance, but it likes moist soil, but the roots cannot be soaked in water, otherwise the roots will rot.

Fourth, fertilization: Wisteria can basically meet its needs by applying compound fertilizer 2-3 times a year.

Fifth, soil: Wisteria has a long taproot, so the place where it is planted needs a deep soil layer. Wisteria tolerates barrenness, but fertile soil is more conducive to growth. Wisteria is also highly adaptable to the pH of the soil.

Sixth, location: In addition to the sunny and deep soil mentioned above, the location where wisteria is planted also needs to be sheltered from the wind.

Seventh, reproduction: Wisteria can be propagated by cuttings, layering, sowing, grafting, tillering, etc.

A Brief Analysis of the Maintenance and Management Techniques of Wisteria
　　There is beauty everywhere in life. It is a blessing to know beauty and a blessing to know beauty. I first saw wisteria five years ago, at the end of spring and the beginning of summer. The leaves of wisteria were dark green. It is not an exaggeration to say that they were dark green. Among the shiny leaves, there were some purple flowers scattered here and there. At first, I didn't care, but as the days passed, the green turned from light to dark, and finally became a solid and dense mass. The flowers also bloomed generously, more and more. The dense flowers were tightly together, as if everyone was hugging a ball. The light purple that made people feel comfortable at a glance swayed and flashed in the breeze. At this time, the flowers scattered like little bells. At this time, it seemed as if I could hear the crisp sound of "ding ding dang dang" in the distance. There were also a few naughty flowers that gave up their mother's gentle embrace, like a free and easy pink butterfly, floating and falling to the ground, adding a bit of elegance to the earth. This reminds me of Li Bai's famous poem about vines: "Wisteria hangs on the cloud tree, and the flowers and vines are suitable for the spring. The dense leaves hide the singing birds, and the fragrant wind keeps the beauty."

　　Beauty can never be ignored, polluted, or eliminated...

1. Brief introduction:

　　Wisteria is a famous native flower vine with a long history of cultivation. There are records of cultivation as far back as the Tang Dynasty. Scientific name: Wistevia Sinensis Sweet. Also known as Wisteria sinensis and Red Wisteria, it is a deciduous vine of the Fabaceae family and the Wisteria genus. The woody stem is thick, the bark is grayish white, and it grows in a counterclockwise direction, thus showing spiral grooves and obvious lenticels on the surface. The winter buds are tightly attached to the side branches, and the buds are covered with dark brown scales with white hairs on them. The odd-pinnate compound leaves are alternate, with 7-13 leaflets, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, entire, with white soft hairs on both sides when young, and fall off when old. The racemes grow at the top of new branches or in the axils of leaves, 15-30 cm long, drooping, with 50-100 butterfly-shaped flowers in each inflorescence, purple to lavender, and fragrant. The flowering period is from April to May. The pods are short knife-shaped, about 15 cm long, gray-green before maturity, covered with silver-gray soft hairs, containing 1 to 3 seeds, and mature from October to November. Wild types include Nanjing vine, red vine, one-year-old vine, musk vine, wild white jade vine, white flower wisteria, three-foot vine, Benbaiyu vine, Taiwan vine, double-petal wisteria, etc.

2. Cultivation and maintenance:

　　Wisteria has a long taproot and few lateral roots. During the transplantation process, try to minimize root damage and use a sharp knife to prune the roots. The survival rate of transplantation in spring and autumn is relatively high. Generally, it is not necessary to transplant with soil. In order to promote the flourishing of wisteria branches and flowers, more base fertilizer should be applied before planting to improve the soil. In the first few years, timely fertilization and irrigation should be carried out to promote growth and formation. Wisteria is mainly planted as a climbing plant. Because of its thick branches and lush leaves, many flowers and heavy stems, a solid trellis is made according to the requirements of the garden design before planting or before the wisteria climbs, and the plant is planted on the south side of the trellis. Wisteria planted in a shrub-like shape grows many long branches due to its climbing characteristics. Although it gives people a seductive feeling during the growing season, it must be pruned when planted in a shrub shape. Due to the characteristics of , wisteria focuses on the short branches on the upper part of the vine crown and the flowers on the lower part of the long branches. In the early stage of potted planting, the main focus is on cultivating the tree shape, and timely pruning off excess sprouts and branches to promote the formation of the tree shape. For potted wisteria that has been formed, the long and entangled branches should be pruned in time during the growing period, and the residual flowers should be pruned after flowering; dead branches and overcrowded branches should be pruned during the dormant period. Ground-grown wisteria grows fast and should be pruned every year. The flower buds of wisteria are mainly born at the base of the branches. If not pruned, the upper leaf buds will grow many long branches, consuming a lot of nutrients and affecting normal flowering. Therefore, it is required to shorten the branches every spring, and cut off the dense branches and weak branches to promote the formation of flower buds. The new branches of the year are properly tied to make them evenly distributed on the frame surface. If you do not leave seeds after flowering, you can cut off the residual flower spikes in time.

3. Pruning and maintenance:

　　3/1. Pruning during the dormant period is mainly to adjust the vine style, make its growth trend fixed, thin out the branches appropriately to facilitate the use of nutrient space, and delete some flowerless branches. 3/2.

　　Pruning after flowering can be done by strong pruning of the branches of the previous year and removing too many buds to appropriately reduce the height, ensure the shape of the shrub and the growth of sufficient strong branches in the current year. Before the differentiation of flower buds in autumn, the branches are properly shortened and thinned to facilitate the differentiation of the lower buds of the long branches into flower buds.

　　3/3. After the leaves fall in winter, the plants are fully pruned, the dry branches are cut off, and the branches of the current year are shortened by 1/3 to 2/3, so that they are of different lengths and staggered. Move the plant to a cold room or a sunny place outdoors to overwinter. Keep the soil in the pot from freezing and it will overwinter safely. After budding in spring, remove the dense buds in time to concentrate nutrients on the remaining branches, which is conducive to flowering. Repot the plant once every 1-2 years before budding in spring. When repotting, remove some of the old soil and put some rotted animal hoof pieces, broken bones and other fertilizers with high phosphorus content at the bottom of the pot as basal fertilizer. The potting soil should be loose, fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic soil.

IV. Fertilization and maintenance:

　　Fertilization and maintenance of wisteria should be divided into 3 steps: (1) In autumn, apply basal fertilizer around the stems of wisteria, preferably organic fertilizer, and water after application. (2) Before budding in early spring, apply concentrated nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer once every half a month, and apply twice as much as possible. Apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before flowering. Do not use too much nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will only grow branches and leaves, with few or no flowers. (3) After flowering, the plant should be pruned in time, the flower stalks should be cut off, and a nitrogen-based mixed fertilizer or base fertilizer should be applied once.

V. Specific measures:

(1) Watering:

　　Wisteria consumes a lot of water, but it is better to keep it dry than wet. A wet soil is not conducive to its flowering. When watering, the principle of not watering when it is not dry and watering thoroughly when it is watered should be followed. Especially in August, when the flower buds are differentiating, water should be reduced appropriately. Normal watering can be carried out in September. Water less after the leaves fall in late autumn. During the growing season in spring and summer, water the plant sufficiently and keep the soil moist at all times. After autumn, watering should be controlled to prevent the sprouting of autumn shoots, which is conducive to more flowering in the next year.

(2) Fertilization:
　　
　　Frequent application of thin fertilizer is an important measure to make Wisteria bloom and leaf luxuriantly. During the growing season, watering can be combined with applying thin cake fertilizer once every half month until fertilization is stopped in July and August. Fertilization can continue in September, but the frequency and concentration should be appropriately reduced. Before flowering, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be appropriately increased. Wisteria should be fertilized with thin cake fertilizer water every half a month during the growing season, and phosphorus fertilizer should be applied before flowering to make the flowers and leaves lush and increase the ornamental effect.

(3) Pruning

　　When wisteria sprouts in spring, the dense buds should be removed appropriately. When the new branches grow to more than 20 cm in length, the long parts can be cut off. In normal times, pay attention to cutting off the long branches, diseased branches and weak branches at any time. Pruning should also be carried out during the dormant period. In September, the old leaves of wisteria tend to age and droop, affecting its appearance. The old leaves can be removed to promote the sprouting of new leaves. The sprouting new leaves are tender green and can delay the leaf fall period and extend the ornamental period.

(4) Pests and diseases

　　Wisteria has leaf-eating pests such as leaf moth, aphids, and caterpillars. Leaf moth can be killed by spraying 300 times dilution of trichlorfon or phoxim. Aphids and caterpillars can be killed by spraying 1200 times dilution of 80% methyl topazin (preventing and controlling is best done between May and June).

　　Summer: The leaves of wisteria are dark green. She stretches out her strong muscles and bones, and the leaves are increasing and growing extremely luxuriantly. Walking into the corridor, you can see green everywhere, and even the clothes are reflected in a light green. Accompanied by the sound of birds, wandering there gives people a feeling of relaxation and joy. Only then did I realize that there was a breeze blowing, bringing bursts of refreshing fragrance.

　　Autumn: She is like a beautiful poem and a wonderful painting. The yellow wisteria leaves slowly fall with the autumn wind.

　　Winter: She is more like a clean girl. The abrupt vine stems are piled with white snow, which is very charming. If

　　the potted wisteria is not properly maintained and managed, it often does not bloom. Potted wisteria: If it is overwintered indoors, the room temperature should not be too high, otherwise it will not be fully dormant, and too much stored nutrients will be consumed, affecting flowering next year. Appropriate fertilization: Potted wisteria will affect flowering if it lacks fertilizer or is overfertilized. Generally, diluted cake fertilizer water is applied before flowering, and long-term phosphorus fertilizer is applied after flowering to promote flower bud differentiation. No fertilizer is applied in winter and summer. The branches and vines of potted wisteria will stretch and climb to consume nutrients. If this happens, they should be cut off immediately, otherwise the entangled branches and vines will grow rapidly and the plant will not bloom.

6. Disease and insect control:

　　The main pests that harm wisteria are: wisteria leaf miners, which belong to the genus leaf miners of the family Lepioideae. At present, it is found that only wisteria is harmed. When the harm is serious, the entire leaf is eaten by the larvae into white irregular patterns, leaving only the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. The following is a brief introduction to the prevention and control methods:

1. Living habits

　　The larvae overwinter in cocoons on fallen leaves. When the adults appear in early and mid-May, the larvae appear in late May, and the larvae crawl out of the leaves in mid-to-late July to form white cocoons. The cocoons are mostly formed at the tip or edge of the leaves. Pupae appear in early August, and the second generation of larvae appear in mid-to-late September. In mid-to-late October, they overwinter on fallen leaves. In late March and early April of the second year, the insects begin to incubate. The adults hide on the back of the leaves, and the eggs are laid at the intersection of the main vein and the sub-vein on the back of the leaves, scattered.

2. Control measures:

　　The larvae of the wisteria leaf miner overwinter in the habit of larvae on the leaves or cocooning on the leaves. To completely eliminate the pests, the leaves must be removed and burned when the leaves fall in autumn. In May and July when the adults appear, and in late May and mid-to-late September when the larvae appear, insecticides such as 1000 times of dimethoate, 2000 times of oxydemeton or pyrethroids should be sprayed in time. It is necessary to observe the changing habits of the insects more often. At the favorable time of prevention and control during the adult feather stage and the early stage of the larvae, at least 3 to 4 times of pesticides should be sprayed to prevent the spread of pests.

7. Garden use:

　　Wisteria blooms before leaves in spring, with large spikes and beautiful flowers. It is fragrant in the wind, with many branches and lush leaves, and has a good effect in viewing and shade. Wisteria is resistant to many harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride. Because it is a deep-rooted plant with a long taproot and few lateral roots, it grows particularly well in deep, loose, and fertile soil.

8. Medical application:

　　Wisteria flowers contain volatile oils, seeds contain cytisine, and bark contains glycosides. It tastes sweet, bitter, warm and slightly toxic. It has analgesic and insecticidal effects, and is mainly used to treat abdominal pain and pinworm disease. Note that the seeds contain cyanide compounds, and excessive use may cause poisoning. Although it can treat pinworm disease, it is not suitable for long-term use.　

9. Decorative application:

　　Wisteria is a long-lived tree species, and the people like to plant it very much. The stems and vines of adult plants are winding and twisted, and they bloom in many ways. The strings of inflorescences are suspended between the green leaves and vines, and the slender pods sway in the wind. Since ancient times, literati have loved to use it as a theme for poetry and painting. In the courtyard, it is used to climb around to make a flower corridor, or to climb around dead trees, which means that dead trees are reborn. It can also be made into a graceful cliff-style bonsai, placed on a high shelf or bookcase, with flowers all over the tree and old piles slanting horizontally, which is very charming.

10. The beauty of wisteria

　　First, the beauty of its appearance: most of its vines are curled to the left, and the plant shape is strong and simple, and can be more than 10 meters high. The leaves are pinnate, each with 7-11 leaflets, lush and soft, full of vitality. Every late spring, a string of lavender butterfly-shaped flower spikes will bloom, each flower has 5 petals, and the petal center has stamens. Each spike has 10-20 flowers, about a foot long, gently drooping, exuding bursts of fragrance, and at dusk, it flutters in the wind, which is particularly charming.

　　Second, the beauty of branches and vines: Wisteria is a climbing shrub of the Leguminosae family, also known as calamus vine and vine tree. It is an ancient native plant, which was recorded in "The Description of Southern Plants" written by Ji Han as early as the Jin Dynasty (about 290-307 AD). There are many wild species distributed in the Qinling Mountains. Its branches are extremely thick and can be used as vines or trees. In Beijing Zhongshan Park, there are ancient vines that are hundreds of years old, and some of them are difficult for two people to hug. In the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, some wisterias can grow into a forest without climbing on other things. Even if half of them wither, they can be reborn in spring after being cared for, and they will tenaciously run towards the journey of life.

　　The third is the beauty of shape: Hong Kong has always been full of skyscrapers. The air is extremely polluted, but wisteria is strong and can help purify the environment. And it is very plastic and can adapt to various shapes. In parks or courtyards, it can be shaped into arches, fences, flower stands and pavilion roofs to add to the beauty of artificial shapes. Therefore, among the various vines in vertical greening, although there are the trumpet-crowned cranesbill with flowers like golden bells, the morning glory that often provides thick shade, the yellow and white honeysuckle, and the bright red firecracker flower that sounds like crackling flowers... none of them can compare to the variety, elegance and nobleness of wisteria. Many flower lovers praise it as "the best vine in the world."

Source: Fruit Flower Forum

Wisteria

Scientific name: wisteria sinensis (sims)sweet

English name: purplevine

Family name: Leguminosae

Habit: Wisteria sinensis is also known as purplevine, a deciduous climbing shrub. Buds appear in March and flowers bloom in April. Each axis has 20 to 80 butterfly-shaped flowers. Wisteria sinensis is wild or cultivated in various places. The roots and seeds are used as medicine. They are sweet, slightly warm, and slightly toxic. The bark contains 2, the flowers contain volatile oils, and the leaves contain cytisine.

Wisteria sinensis is also known as vine and red vine. It is an excellent flowering vine plant. Li Bai once wrote a poem: "Wisteria hangs on the cloud tree, the flowers and vines are suitable for the spring, the dense leaves hide the singing birds, and the fragrance flows to the beauty." It vividly depicts the graceful posture and charming style of wisteria. In late spring, it is the time when wisteria blooms. You can see a bunch of huge flower spikes hanging on the branches, purple with blue, as bright as clouds. The gray-brown branches are like dragons and snakes... No wonder painters from ancient times to the present love to use wisteria as a good subject for flower and bird paintings.

After the wisteria blooms, it will produce pod-shaped fruits, which hang between the branches, which is very interesting. Sometimes it will bloom again in late summer and early autumn. The flower spikes and pods are set off by the green leaves like emerald feathers. Under normal circumstances, the remaining flowers of potted wisteria should be cut off in time to avoid nutrient consumption. Wisteria is a deciduous vine. During its dormant period, the layout can be adjusted in combination with pruning to maintain its beautiful posture. Wisteria has a long life and is easy to manage. As long as it is guaranteed to have sufficient sunlight and proper water and fertilizer, it can ensure that it blooms and leaves every year.

Uses: Indications: Repel burn insects: 10 to 15 grams of roots, decocted in water. Physical weakness: 30 grams of roots, stewed with pork. Wind-heat arthralgia: 15 grams of wisteria roots and Caragana roots each decocted in water. Muscle and bone pain: 50 grams of wisteria seeds are stir-fried and soaked in one catty of shochu. Take 25 grams each time, once in the morning and once in the evening.

[Other name] Wisteria sinensis

sweet [Source] Wisteria sinensis sweet, a plant of the genus Wisteria in the leguminous family, is used as medicine with its stem bark, flowers and seeds. It is harvested in summer and autumn and dried separately.

[Nature and flavor] Sweet, bitter, warm. Slightly toxic.

[Functions and indications] Analgesic, insecticidal. Used for abdominal pain and pinworm disease.

[Usage and dosage] 1 qian.

[Remarks] (1) The seeds contain cyanide compounds. Excessive dosage may cause poisoning. Although it can treat pinworm disease, it is not suitable for long-term use.

[Excerpt] "National Compendium of Chinese Herbal Medicines"

Wisteria sinensis (Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Synonyms] Zhaodouteng (Compendium of Materia Medica), Zhuteng (Mengxi Bitan), Tenghuacai (Jiuhuang Bencao), Xiaohuangteng (Plant Names and Realities Illustrated), Zijinteng (Jiangsu Medicinal Materials), Jiaoteng, Douteng, Tengluo, Huangxianteng (Jiangxi Herbal Manual).
    
[Source] It is the stems and leaves of the
    
plant Wisteria sinensis. [Plant morphology] Wisteria sinensis is a deciduous climbing shrub.
   The stems are twined around other objects. Odd-pinnate compound leaves, alternate; stipules are linear-lanceolate, falling early; leaflets are 7 to 11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 7 cm long, with a larger leaflet at the top; leaflets are gradually pointed at
   the tip and broadly cuneate at the base; densely covered with fine hairs when young, and glabrous when mature.
   The racemes are lateral, drooping, 15 to 30 cm long; the pedicels are weak, hairy, 1 to 2 cm long; the calyx is bell-shaped, 5-lobed, densely covered with fine hairs; the corolla is butterfly-shaped, blue-purple, the standard petal is large, outward-reflected, with 2 appendages at the base, the base of the wing petals has ears, the keel petals are blunt and sickle-shaped; there are 2 stamens; the style is inward curved, and the stigma is terminal.
   The pods are long and flat, 10 to 20 cm long, densely covered with pubescent hairs.
   The seeds are oblate, 1 to 3.
   The flowering period is March to April.
   The fruiting period is September to October.
    It is mostly cultivated in gardens.
   It is distributed in Northeast China, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places.
    The roots (Wisteria roots) and seeds (Wisteria seeds) of this plant are also used for medicinal purposes, which are detailed in the special articles.
    
[Collection] Harvested in summer and autumn.
    
[Chemical composition] The bark contains wisteria glycosides and resin.
   The leaves contain luteolin 7-glucorhamnoside, luteolin 7-rhamnosyl glucoside, and apigenin 7-rhamnosyl glucoside.
   Fresh leaves contain 109 mg of vitamin C.
   The flowers contain 0.6-0.95% volatile oil; allantoin and allantoic acid account for 27% of the total nitrogen content in the flowers.
   It also contains heptacosane and 22,23-diazastigmasterol.
    
[Pharmacological action] Wisteria glycosides and resins are toxic and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even collapse. [
    
Nature and flavor] "Supplement to Materia Medica": sweet, slightly warm, and slightly toxic.
    
[Functions and indications - the efficacy of Wisteria] "Supplement to Materia Medica": It is mainly used for water retention. It is as good
   as sugar when boiled and is good for diuresis.

Source: Internet

Wisteria sinensis

Scientific Name: Wisteria sinensis Sweet

Family: Fabaceae Wisteria

Chinese name: Wisteria

Other names: bean vine, vine tree

Morphological characteristics:

Large twining woody vine. The trunk is grayish white, and the twigs are light brown. The leaves are odd-pinnate, alternate, with 7 to 13 leaflets, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with white soft hairs on both sides when young, which gradually fall off later, and the entire margin. The racemes are drooping, growing laterally on annual branches, violet, fragrant, and the flowers bloom before or at the same time as the leaves, densely, and the corolla is butterfly-shaped. The flowering period is April-May. The pods are flat and long, hard, densely covered with silver-gray shiny hairs, and mature in September-October.

Buds appear in March and flowers bloom in April, with 20 to 80 butterfly-shaped flowers on each axis.

Origin and distribution:

It is native to the central part of China and has a very wide natural distribution range. It can be planted in the open field in most areas, from Liaoning and Ningxia in the north to Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan in the south, from the coast in the east to Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou in the west.

Reproduction method:

Wisteria is easy to propagate, and can be propagated by sowing, cuttings, layering, division, grafting and other methods. Sowing and cuttings are the main methods, but because it takes a long time to cultivate seedlings, cuttings are the most widely used method.

Cultivation management:

When planting wisteria, you should choose a dry place with deep soil, fertile soil and good drainage. Excessive moisture will cause the roots to rot.

The planting time is generally between the time when leaves fall in autumn and before buds sprout in spring. Wisteria has a thick and long taproot and few lateral roots, and is not tolerant to transplantation. Therefore, when transplanting, the plant should be planted with or without a soil ball, and the branches should be heavily pruned. Organic fertilizer should be applied to the planting hole as a base fertilizer. Water thoroughly after planting. For larger plants, a sturdy and durable trellis should be set up before planting. After planting, the thick branches should be tied to the trellis to allow them to climb along the trellis. The daily management of Wisteria is simple, and appropriate water and fertilizer management can be carried out according to the water and fertilizer conditions of the soil.

Habits:
  
Wisteria has strong adaptability, likes light, and is slightly shade-tolerant.

It likes warm and humid environment, but also has certain cold and drought resistance.

It is not very demanding on soil and can grow in poor and slightly alkaline soil, but it prefers deep, fertile, moist sandy loam or loam. It is not resistant to transplantation.
It has a certain resistance to harmful gases (SO2, HF, Cl2, etc.) and dust.

Drug Use:

Wisteria can be found wild or cultivated everywhere. Its roots and seeds are used as medicine. They are sweet, slightly warm and slightly toxic. The bark contains quinones, the flowers contain volatile oils, and the leaves contain cytisine.

Indications:

To expel burnworms: 10 to 15 grams of root, decoct in water. For physical weakness: 30 grams of root, stew with pork.

Pain caused by wind-heat: decoct 15g each of Wisteria sinensis root and Caragana root in water and drink.

Muscle and bone pain: stir-fry 50 grams of Wisteria seeds and soak them in one pound of shochu. Take 25 grams each time, once in the morning and once in the evening.

Garden use:

Wisteria is an excellent vertical greening material. Not only can you enjoy the clusters of purple flowers and piles of pods, but the winding vines also have a unique flavor. It has the dual functions of providing shade and beautifying the environment in the garden.

It can be used to green trellises to form green pavilions and corridors, and can also be used as greening materials for dead trees and rocks to form a landscape of old and withered trees coming back to life. It can also be planted alone or in patches in the corners of the courtyard to grow into shrubs. Wisteria is also a good material for pile landscape, forming old tree branches, which are quaint and beautiful.

Rubiaceae

Scientific Name: Mussaenda erosa Champ

Family: Rubiaceae

Alias: Dragon of the Mountain

Morphological characteristics:

Perennial climbing herb. Roots are mostly clustered, with yellow-red skin and red or light red cross-section. Stems have 4 ridges with barbs on the ridges. Leaves are usually in 4 whorls, with long petioles, and the leaf blades are nearly triangular-ovate, 2-6 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, entire, with 5 basal veins. Flowers are small, with panicle cymes; corolla is light yellow, 5-lobed; stamens are 5, inserted in the throat of the corolla tube; ovary is inferior, 2-chambered, and the upper part of the style is 2-lobed. Berries are spherical, blue-black when ripe.

The flowering period is from September to October, and the fruiting period is November.

Habitat and distribution:

It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, and a few are distributed in temperate zones. They often grow in mixed forests, bushes, roadsides, ditches, and grass on hillsides.

It is distributed throughout the county, mostly in Changtu Dongjian and Gaoaoshan.

Medicinal Parts:

The dried root is called madder, and the dried vine is called gushanlong.

Flavor:

Bitter, cold. Cools blood and stops bleeding (fried to charcoal), promotes blood circulation and removes stasis (raw)

Indications:

Various bleeding, irregular menstruation, traumatic injury, rheumatism and pain.
　　
Application reference 1. Various bleeding:

6-9g of madder charcoal, decocted in water. 2. Amenorrhea, irregular menstruation: 30-45g of madder, decocted in water to wash feet, 3 times a day. 3. Rheumatic pain, traumatic injury, 120g of madder, soaked in 750ml of white wine, after 7 days, take 30ml each time, 2 times a day.

Zhu Hua, a young botanist at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently discovered more than 50 new species of the genus Crassula in the Rubiaceae family.

According to reports, the Rubiaceae family belongs to the dicotyledon class, with about 450 to 500 genera and 6,000 to 7,000 species. There are about 70 genera and more than 450 species. There are many economic plants in the Rubiaceae family, such as Cinchona, Rubia cordifolia, Uncaria rhynchophylla, coffee, and ornamental plants such as Serissa serrulata and Gardenia jasminoides. Zhu Hua's discoveries have enriched the scientific understanding of Rubiaceae plants and provided basic conditions for their future development and utilization.

Most of the more than 50 new species discovered by Zhu Hua were published in SCI source journals. For example, the new species of the genus Rubiaceae discovered in Thailand were mainly published in the Nordic Journal of Botany, and the new species of the genus discovered in Vietnam and Malaysia were mainly published in Blumea, an international core journal of plant taxonomy and biogeography. He also published his monograph "Taxonomic Research on the Genus Rubiaceae" in the international core journal of plant taxonomy "Systematics and Phytogeography", making him an internationally recognized expert in the classification of this genus. He was also funded by the Netherlands National Science Foundation and was invited to complete the international research project " Taxonomic Research on the Genus Rubiaceae in

Osmanthus fragrans, Herringbone grass, Silver grass

Scientific Name: Evolvulus alsinoides

Family: Convolvulaceae

Other names: Herringbone grass, Silver grass

Growth distribution:

It grows on dry slopes and is distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and other places.

Morphological characteristics:

Osmanthus fragrans is a perennial herb whose flowers can be seen blooming all year round, especially in the Hengchun and Kenting areas, where it is very common.

The whole plant has fine hairs, the stem is prostrate on the ground, with many branches, the leaves are alternate, the leaf shape is oblong, and the margins are entire. The flowers are monoecious, axillary, about 1 cm in size, the corolla is funnel-shaped, shallowly lobed, blue, with five stamens and two pistils, and the fruit is a capsule with four seeds.

Taste of flowers:

The petite Osmanthus fragrans is a common plant on the seashore. If you bend down and look closely, you will find that it is somewhat similar to morning glory, but a little smaller in size. In fact, it is a distant relative of morning glory. Both are plants of the Convolvulaceae family. The characteristic of this family is that the flower buds are curled or twisted, hence the name Convolvulaceae.

Because it is located on the seashore, the plant has made appropriate adjustments to adapt to the harsh environment, including dense hairs on the leaves to prevent excessive evaporation, and the stems are creeping and growing close to the ground, so it is not afraid of strong sea breezes and can grow happily on the seashore.

Uses: The plant can be used as medicine.

Medicinal properties of Tudinggui

Source: The whole herb of the plant Convolvulaceae

Nature and flavor: bitter, pungent, cool.

① "Fujian Folk Herbs": "sweet, slightly bitter, neutral."

② "Nanning City Pharmacopoeia": "pungent, cool."

③ "Guangdong Chinese Medicine": "Light taste, slightly cool in nature."

Meridians: "Quanzhou Materia Medica": "Enters the liver, spleen, and kidney meridians."

Functions and Indications:

Clears away heat and promotes the flow of dampness. Treats jaundice, dysentery, stranguria, leucorrhea, carbuncle, and scabies.

① "Fujian Folk Herbs": "clears away heat and purges fire, astringes essence and nourishes yin."

② "Nanning Drug Annals": "For external use, it can stop bleeding and reduce swelling, clear liver heat, and remove cataracts."

③ "Guangdong Chinese Medicine": "clears dampness and heat. Treats red and white dysentery, damp-heat abdominal pain."

Usage and Dosage:

Internal use: decoct in water, 1-3 qian (1-2 liang for fresh); or mash and drink the juice. External use: mash and apply or decoct in water for washing.

Choice:

① Treat jaundice and hemoptysis: 1 liang of fresh cinnamon. Boil with brown sugar and drink. (Quanzhou Materia Medica)

②Treat dysentery: 1-2 liang of turmeric and 0.5 liang of brown sugar. Decoction in water and take twice a day.

③Treatment of nocturnal emission and spermatorrhea: 2 liang of turmeric, 4 liang of ginkgo, 2 liang of yellow wine. Add appropriate amount of water and stew.

④Treatment of stranguria and leucorrhea: 1-2 liang of turbid cinnamon and 0.5 liang of crystal sugar. Decoction in water.

⑤Treat enuresis: 2 liang of Tudinggui and a pig bladder. Decoction in water. (②The following recipe is from "Fujian Folk Herbs")

⑥ Treat infantile malnutrition: 50 cents to 1 liang of fresh cinnamon, or add a chicken liver, stew in water and drink. (Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine)

⑦Treat carbuncle: mash fresh cinnamon sticks and apply to the affected area.

⑧Treat scabies: Take 4 liang of fresh cinnamon each time, a little alum, boil them into a soup and wash the affected area.

⑨Treat snake bites: crush fresh , squeeze out the juice, mix with wine and take orally, apply the residue to the affected area. (The following recipes are from Quanzhou Materia Medica)

Triangle flower, Bougainvillea, Mao Bao

Academic name: Bougainvillea spectabilis

Other names: Bougainvillea, Bougainvillea, Maobao

Family: Mirabilis

Genus: Triangle Flower Origin

:  

Triangle flower is native to tropical regions of South America.

Since it was discovered in the late 18th century, it was not until the 1920s that it was introduced to the UK for cultivation that it gradually received attention and developed rapidly. Due to the cold climate in Europe, it is cultivated as a flowering potted plant and widely used for embellishment of indoor balconies, window sills and public places. To date, Stokes Tropical Plant Company and Hemet International in the United States, Agrexco Agricultural Company and Yager Nursery in Israel, Men Van Wen Company in the Netherlands and AusPacific Plant Company in Australia are all production and breeding companies of triangular flowers in the world. In recent years, new varieties have been supplied to the market by various companies. In particular, varieties such as natural dwarf, variegated leaves, and double petals provide germplasm conditions for potted flowers.

The cultivation of Triangle Flower has not been long. It was introduced in the 1950s and has only been cultivated in botanical gardens in southern provinces and exhibition greenhouses in large northern cities.

It was not until the 1980s that it was promoted in Guangdong, Yunnan and Fujian, and gradually used for potted ornamental purposes and mass production.

Morphological characteristics:

The bracts of the triangular flower are large, beautiful, and bright like flowers. When the bright red and purple bracts are displayed, they give people a bold and warm feeling. It has now become an internationally famous flowering potted plant.

A woody vine with sharp thorns, densely hairy branches and leaves, with thorns in the axils. The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate or oval, and entire. The flowers grow at the top of new shoots, often 3 clustered in 3 larger bracts, which are oval and leaf-like in shape, and are red, light purple, orange-yellow, etc., commonly known as flowers. The pedicels are fused with the midrib of the bracts, and the perianth is tubular, densely hairy, and light green. The flowering period is very long and varies from place to place.

The triangular flowers have curved spines. The leaves are alternate, entire, ovate, petiolate, dark green, and hairy. The flowers are located in three large, red bracts, small, clustered in groups of three, and yellow-green.

Growth habit:

It likes warm and humid climate, is not cold-resistant, likes sufficient sunlight, likes fertilizer, has low requirements for soil, and prefers fertile soil rich in humus. It grows strong, likes moisture and is very drought-resistant. It also avoids waterlogging. It has strong germination ability and is resistant to pruning.

The suitable temperature for the growth of triangular flower is 15-30℃, 19-24℃ from May to September, and 13-16℃ from September to May of the following year. It can withstand high temperatures of 35℃ in summer and its growth is not affected. The temperature in winter should not be lower than 7℃, and it needs to be above 15℃ for flowering. The leaves are easily damaged by frost below 3℃.

Triangle flower needs a lot of water, especially in the midsummer season, insufficient water supply will easily cause leaf fall, which will directly affect the normal growth of the plant or delay flowering. Watering should be timely in summer and during the flowering period, and watering can be appropriately reduced after flowering. If the soil is too wet, it will cause root rot.

Triangle flower is a light-loving plant. If there is insufficient light or too much shade, the new branches will grow thin and weak, and the leaves will be dull. Triangle flower can bloom continuously in sufficient sunlight with bright colors.

The most suitable soil is fertile, loose and well-drained sandy loam. A mixture of leaf mold, culture soil and coarse sand is used for potting.

use:

It is used as a large or medium-sized indoor bonsai ornamental plant, sometimes as a cut flower or bonsai. It is also used as a climbing plant in warm-weather gardens.

According to foreign reports, new shrub-like dwarf species have been cultivated.

Common varieties:

Albe-plena: bracts are white and double.

BarbarKarst: bracts are red.

California Gold: Bracts are light yellow.

Cherry Red (CherryBIossom): Bracts are rose red, double petals, with white to light green center.

Crimson Jewel: Dwarf, multi-flowered, with deep red bracts.

Crimson Lake: Bracts are deep red.

Jamaica White: Bracts are white with light green veins.

LavenderQueen: Bracts are large and lavender.

Manila Magic Pink: bracts are pink and have double petals.

Mary Palmer: Bracts are red and white.

Milflores: Bracts are magenta and double.

Mrs. Butt: Bracts are deep red.

Orange King: Bracts are orange.

Rosea: Bracts are rose red.

TahitianMaid: Bracts are pink and double.

The ornamental species of the same genus include B. . Its cultivars include Elizabeth Doxey, Lateriatalam, Salmonea, and Variegata, which has light grey-green leaves with wide off-white spots.

South American bindweed Tree morning glory

Scientific Name: Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy

Other name: Tree morning glory

Family: Convolvulaceae

Morphological characteristics:

An evergreen woody creeping vine with a stem height of 3 to 5 meters. The branches are erect and rarely drooping, and the young parts are pubescent. The leaves are simple and alternate, broadly cordate, with palmate veins at the base, sharp tips, cordate base, entire margin, green on both sides, smooth and hairless, only the young leaves are hairy, later papery, with 5 pairs of pinnate lateral veins, petiole 8 to 12 cm long, without stipules, leaf length 10 to 15 cm, leaf width 7 to 10 cm.

The flowers are in two cymes, axillary, with a corolla about 7 cm long, 5-7 cm in diameter, 5-lobed, 2.5-5 cm long peduncle, and 1 cm long pedicel. The capsule is brown when mature, and the seeds are densely covered with fine hairs.

The flowering period is very long, and it can continue to bloom from late spring to late autumn.

Growth habit:

It is a positive plant that likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and also tolerant of barrenness. It is not very demanding on soil, and loose, well-drained sandy loam is preferred. The optimum growth temperature is 20-32℃.

Full sun, if the cultivation location has sufficient sunlight, it is conducive to continuous flowering.

manage:

If you want to dwarf the plant into a shrub, you need to pinch the core to promote the growth of side branches. On the contrary, if you want to encourage the plant to grow taller and climb up the trellis, you need to cut off the axillary buds and side branches, leaving only 1 to 3 main branches, and then pinch the core after the branches climb up the trellis to allow the branches to expand across the entire trellis surface.

When the cold wave hits in winter, the leaves will fall. You can take this opportunity to prune and prune the branches, and perform strong pruning on old plants. Then strong new branches will sprout when the spring warms up the following year. During the flowering period, you need to add more water and prune the branches slightly.

Reproduction:

The best time for sowing and cutting is from spring to autumn, and the best temperature for seed germination is about 20 to 25 degrees.

use:

Convolvulus is easy to cultivate, grows quickly, has elegant flowers and a long flowering period. It is a rare and excellent tree species for landscaping. It is suitable for cultivation by the pool and on trellises, and can also be appreciated in potted plants.

Aristolochia, Aristolochia grandiflora, Aristolochia truncatula

Scientific name: Aristolochia debilis

Other names: Aristolochia grandiflora, Aristolochia odorifera, Aristolochia strychnos nucifera

Family: Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia

Type: Perennial climbing herb

Morphological characteristics:

The plant is thin and weak, and the whole plant is hairless. The roots are long, extending under the soil, and new plants sprout everywhere. The seedlings are dark purple when they first grow. The stems are thin and upright when they first grow, and then they twine and rise or creep. The leaves are alternate. The flowers are solitary in the axils of leaves, and the perianth is trumpet-shaped. The flowers are spherical and gradually form two halves, the upper part is shorter than the lower part and expands into a cap. The lower part forms a groove-shaped moon, and the groove is purple with white glandular hairs. The whole flower is purple and green, which is strange and beautiful. The capsule is nearly spherical, yellow-green, and the top cracks when ripe. The fruit ripens from September to October. The seeds are flat and triangular.

Ecological habits:

It is native to Mexico and also found in Japan. It can be cultivated in the open field in Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan and other provinces (regions). It grows wild in relatively shady and moist broad-leaved or coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests. It also grows scattered on the roadside, forest edge, and shrubs in the suburbs, clinging to tree trunks and rocks. It likes a warm and humid environment, and the suitable temperature is 18-28℃. It is strong and not cold-resistant. It likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant. It tolerates barrenness. It likes sandy loam rich in humus.

Garden use:

Aristolochia has a unique flower shape and bright colors. It is suitable to be planted in groups in the garden and allowed to climb as a ground cover plant. It can also be used to climb low fences for vertical greening. It is even more interesting to shape potted plants for viewing.

function:

Aristolochia is named after its shape. It has twelve ridges running vertically, and the fruit has six petals with wings. It can relieve cough, asthma, and lung heat. It can be used to treat lung heat cough, sputum, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids, and

Sores, swelling and pain, etc.

Another species of this plant that is cultivated for viewing is A. elegans, also known as pipe flower, which is a perennial herb that climbs. The flowers grow in the axils of leaves, with slender pedicels and trumpet-shaped perianths. They bend upward, are about 8-9cm long, swollen at the base, thin in the middle, and expanded into a trumpet shape at the top. They are light purple with dark purple spots and stripes, and the throat is dark purple-black, which is very beautiful.

Ornamental Pumpkins Toy Pumpkins

Other Names: Toy Pumpkin

Because of its peculiar shape and rich colors, it is extremely ornamental and is particularly suitable for planting near towns for tourist visits and sale of toy pumpkins.

Family: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita

Type: Annual climbing herb

They mainly include small pumpkins and zucchini with novel fruit shapes, beautiful and lovely fruit colors and strong ornamental value. They are the preferred cultivated species for the development of sightseeing and tourism agriculture.

Introduction:

Ornamental pumpkins are a variety of pumpkins. They are colorful, with white, yellow, green and other colors. They are small and beautiful in shape, including spherical, pear-shaped, long spherical, crown-shaped, etc. Their surface is very hard and waxy. As long as they are not damaged, they can be stored for a long time. Therefore, consumers often put pumpkins of different shapes and colors into baskets, and then match them with some beautiful dried flowers, and display them indoors, which is refreshing and has unique ornamental value.

1. Botanical characteristics

Pumpkin has a strong root system and creeping stems, which are divided into long and short vines, and are green or dark green. The leaves are large, dark green, heart-shaped and palm-shaped, with hairs on the leaf surface. The flowers are large, bright yellow or orange-yellow, and cylindrical. The melons are flat, oblong, pear-shaped, gourd-shaped, and saucer-shaped. The melons are green, orange-red, yellow, etc., with stripes or spots. The surface is smooth or has ridges. The flesh is mostly yellow or dark yellow. The seeds are flat and oval, mostly white, light yellow or light brown.

2. Main Varieties

1. Golden Boy and Jade Girl Pumpkin:

The plants are all creeping, with small oblate fruits with obvious ridges, 6-7 cm in diameter and 4-6 cm in height. The color of the Golden Boy pumpkin is bright orange, while the Jade Girl pumpkin is milky white. The weight of a single fruit is about 100 grams. It takes about 90 days from sowing to harvesting, with 5-8 fruits per plant. The fruits are harvested when they are fully mature, and the viewing period is up to 1 year. The Golden Boy and Jade Girl are planted together and are often beautifully called "Golden Boy and Jade Girl".

2. Yuanyang Pear Pumpkin:

Small pear-shaped fruit, dark green at the bottom, golden yellow at the top, with light yellow vertical stripes, showing a distinct yellow-green bicolor. Fruit diameter 4-6 cm, fruit height 8-10 cm, single fruit weight about 100 grams. Strong fruit setting ability, good continuous fruiting.

3. Melon skin pumpkin:

　Small flat spherical fruit, with green and white stripes on the skin, like watermelon skin, 4-6 cm in diameter, 4 cm in height, 80 g per fruit, light yellow flesh, 1-2 cm thick, 5-10 fruits per plant, mainly on the main vine. Highly ornamental and durable in storage

.

　The fruit is oblate, with a golden-red skin, commonly known as "golden melon". The flesh is thick and orange, powdery and sweet, with a good flavor. A single fruit weighs about 1,400 grams. The mature fruit can be stored for a long time and can be used as a work of art for decoration. It is a precious gift for relatives and friends during festivals. It has both edible and ornamental value, and the cultivated area has been growing in recent years.

There are also Buddha's hand pumpkins whose fruit is shaped like Buddha's hand; dragon and phoenix gourd pumpkins whose fruit is shaped like a pipe or spoon; yellow flying saucer pumpkins whose fruit is golden in color and scallop-shaped; as well as Jimmy zucchini and fortune melon.

3. Biological characteristics:

Pumpkin requires slightly higher temperatures during its growth period, but it is a low-temperature plant among melons. The optimum temperature for its seeds to germinate is 25-30℃. The optimum temperature for growth is 15-30℃, and the optimum temperature for flowering and fruiting is 22-25℃. Flowers fall more frequently below 15℃, and male flowers tend to turn into bisexual flowers above 35℃. Pumpkin is a short-day plant. Under long-day conditions, there are more male flowers; under short-day conditions, there are more female flowers and the nodes are low.

Ornamental pumpkins like moisture and are not drought-tolerant, especially during the fruiting period, they should be kept moist. The soil humidity should be 70% to 80%. Viral diseases are prone to occur under high temperature and drought conditions, and powdery mildew should be noted when the air humidity is too low. Planting in protected areas can create good environmental conditions. However, if the management is improper, the humidity in the greenhouse is too high, which can easily cause the occurrence and spread of diseases.

The ornamental pumpkin has a strong and developed root system, which is deep and wide. It has a strong ability to absorb fertilizer and is quite resistant to barrenness and drought. The ideal soil is deep, well-drained loam or loose sandy loam, but pumpkin roots are very adaptable. Even in gravel soil that lacks water and fertilizer retention, as long as you pay attention to irrigation and fertilization, you can get a fairly high yield. In addition, because the soil has good aeration, it is conducive to rooting and seedling growth, which can promote early growth. The soil pH value is between 5.5 and 6.8.

Ornamental Gourds

Family: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitaceae

Origin: Tropical

Morphological characteristics:

The fruit is gourd-shaped or has a long, slender handle on the upper part and a sphere-like body on the lower part. The skin is mainly green with white spots. The skin of mature fruits is hard and very cute. It has high ornamental and artistic value and is one of the main cultivated varieties for the development of sightseeing and tourism agriculture.

use:

It is for viewing only and cannot be eaten.

In 2000, Hangzhou Vegetable Research Institute began to introduce ornamental gourds, and selected 15 varieties of ornamental gourds suitable for protected cultivation, including crane head, long handle, swan, big soldier gourd, dry soldier gourd, dry soldier gourd, small gourd, waist gourd, round gourd, ox leg gourd, pear-shaped gourd, green gourd, Changle, and line gourd.

Several main ornamental gourd varieties and their facility cultivation techniques are introduced below.

1 Main varieties and characteristics

① Small gourd (Da Bing Dan, Gan Cheng Bing Dan, Ben Gan Cheng Bing Dan):

The root system is not well developed, the herb is vine-like, with soft hairs, the cross section of the stem is triangular or pentagonal, the leaves are small, the shallow notches are nearly round, and the flowers are white. The fruit is mainly produced on the sub-vines and grandchildren, and the fruit is gourd-shaped, with a constriction in the middle. The lower part is larger than the upper part, with a horizontal diameter of 3-5cm and a length of no more than 10cm. The young fruit has hairs, while the mature fruit is smooth and hairless, with a hard outer skin. Among them, the big soldier dan has a large "8"-shaped fruit, with spherical upper and lower ends and a thinner connecting part; the dry soldier dan has a smaller "8"-shaped fruit; the original dry soldier dan has a small "8"-shaped fruit.

②Long-handled gourd:

The root system is well developed, with fleshy roots, and adventitious roots are easily produced when the stem nodes touch the ground; the vine is 8-10m long, with many sub-vines and extremely vigorous growth. The leaves are relatively large, with shallow notches that are nearly round. The flowers are white, solitary, and bloom in the evening. The sub-vines and grandchild vines are the main fruit. The fruit has a slender stalk, 40-50cm long, and the lower part is like a sphere with a horizontal diameter of 14-20cm. The weight of a single fruit is 1-2kg. The skin color is mainly green with white spots, and the skin of mature fruits is hard. It is medium-ripening, with a growing period of 100-120 days, and the ornamental period can be as long as 1-2 years.

③Crane head gourd:

This is a very ornamental odd-shaped gourd variety. The fruit looks like a crane's head, with a slender handle on the top and a high spherical shape on the bottom. There are obvious ridges on the surface, and the skin is dark green. The fruit is 40-50cm long, 15-20cm in diameter, and weighs 1.5-2.5kg. It matures in the middle, with a growth period of 100-120 days, and the ornamental period can be as long as 1-2 years.

④Swan:

The origin is southern Africa. The neck of the fruit is slightly swollen like a "swan" head, 35-45cm high, and nearly spherical at the bottom, with a diameter of 15-20cm. The surface is smooth with light green markings. After the fruit is fully dried, it can be used as a long-term decoration or carving.

⑤Special long gourd:

Introduced from the United States, it needs to be cultivated on elevated platforms. Young melons are edible and delicious. Artificial pollination is required during flowering to facilitate fruiting. Only 2-3 gourds are left on each plant. Mature melons are more than 1.5 meters long and have strong ornamental value.

⑥Pear-shaped gourd:

It is very early-maturing, with about 55 days from planting to fruiting, and the fruit is shaped like a pear. It is heat-resistant, cold-resistant, and disease-resistant, and can be cultivated in spring, summer, and autumn.

Bindweed, Saddle vine, Kidney-leaved sword

Family: Convolvulaceae

Scientific Name: Calystegia soldanella

Other names: Saddle vine, kidney-leaf sword

Distribution:
　　
Bindweed is distributed on many islands in Zhoushan Archipelago. Most of them grow on coastal sand dunes or river beaches not far from the coast. They are eroded by sea fog all year round and are basically in wild state.

Morphological characteristics:

Bindweed is a perennial herb with a creeping stem that can grow by wrapping around other objects. The leaves are leathery, triangular-heart-shaped, with long petioles, and alternate leaf arrangements. The flowers are solitary, growing from the leaf axils. The flowering period is spring and summer. The corolla is funnel-shaped, light pink, with five sepals, five stamens, and one pistil. The fruit is a spherical capsule.

use:

Bindweed can adapt to conditions such as drought and barrenness, so it can be used in gardens to green coastal areas.

Using it as an embellishment among rocks in saline-alkali land can fully show the original atmosphere of the seaside. It is also a good choice as a landscape plant in a rock garden.

The whole plant can be used as medicine.

Drug source:

Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Brown.

Collect rhizomes in autumn and winter, wash and dry them; dig up the whole herb in summer and autumn, cut it into sections and dry it.

Nature and flavor: slightly bitter, warm

Function and indications:

It can dispel wind and dampness, resolve phlegm and relieve cough. It is used for cough, edema caused by nephritis, and pain in rheumatic joints.

Dosage: 3-5 qian

Taste of flowers:

Among the plants on the seashore, the number of beach bindweed is relatively small, at least compared to its relative, the saddle vine. Whether it is the size of the clusters, the geographical range of distribution, or the size of the flowers, beach bindweed is much smaller than the latter. Since its number is not as large as that of the latter, it has to win in the color of its flowers. Beach bindweed blooms a light pink color, which is very pleasing to the eye, and its bright green leaves are its best foil. In the spring season, there are fewer noisy people chasing the waves, but with the lively appearance of beach bindweed, the entire North Sea will not be lonely.

White powder vine, rhombus leaf powder vine, false tip, grape leaf spider plant

Other names: Lotus leaf pink vine, false vine, grape leaf spider plant

Family: Vitaceae

Type: Perennial vine foliage plant

Origin:

The gentian is native to tropical America and is widely distributed in tropical to temperate regions around the world. There are about 200 species of the same genus, a few of which are cultivated as ornamental plants. In addition to the gentian, there are also brocade-leaved grapevines.

Morphological characteristics:

White powder vines are creeping, with soft drooping branches or vine-like. Palmate compound leaves, 3 leaflets; each leaf is 3-5 cm long, with 2 leaflets on both sides equal, the middle leaflet is larger, rhombus-shaped, with short petioles, and the middle petiole is longer; new leaves are often covered with silver hairs, mature leaves are bright green or dark green, with small brown hairs on the back of the leaves. Tendrils grow on the nodes of the stems and vines, and the ends of the tendrils are forked and curved. It is creeping, and the leaves are composed of 3 leaflets, each leaf is about 5 cm long, rhombus-shaped, with short petioles, and the middle petiole is longer. New leaves are often covered with silver hairs, mature leaves are bright dark green, with small brown hairs on the back of the leaves. The ends of the tendrils are forked and curled. It grows fast and can grow 60-90 cm per year.

Ecological habits:

It is native to tropical America and is now cultivated all over the world. It prefers bright semi-shady environment and avoids direct sunlight. It can also grow in darker places. It likes warmth and humidity. It is not cold-resistant, but has strong adaptability to environmental temperature. It can still grow in an environment of 10-16℃. If the temperature is lower than 5℃, it will freeze, and the leaves will turn yellow and lose their luster.

Garden use:

  The branches of the white powder vine are soft and drooping or climbing, and the leaves are dark green and bright. It is suitable for small and medium-sized potted plants as hanging plants, which can add wildness to the interior. It can also be shaped by a bracket to make its vines entwine, which is quite ornamental.

There are about 200 species of plants in the same genus, which are widely distributed in tropical to temperate regions around the world. A few species are cultivated as ornamental plants. The main ones are: C. discolor, also known as variegated pink vine and blue-purple kudzu, is an evergreen perennial herb. The leaves are alternate, dark green on the surface, with silver-green to light pink markings between the pinnate veins, purple-red midrib, and purple on the back of the leaves, petioles, stems and branches. The stipules are purple and translucent, which is very unique. C. rhombifolia cv.Ellen Danica is an evergreen perennial herb. One to two pinnate compound leaves, the leaflets are pinnately lobed, and a small pinnula grows on one side of the leaf base. The new leaves are hairy.

Millettia reticulata, Cross River Dragon, Blood Maple Vine, Pig Blood Vine, Big Blood Vine

Chinese name: Millettia repens

Pinyin name: ji xie teng

English name: Suberect Spatholobus Stem

Latin name: Caulis Spatholobi

Aliases: Cross-river dragon, blood maple vine, pig blood vine, big blood vine

Plant form:

Woody vine. Trifoliate leaves, leaflets broadly elliptic, 10-20cm long, 7-15cm wide, short-tailed at the apex, rounded at the base, sparsely pubescent on the upper side, with yellow whiskers between the veins below, lateral leaflets oblique at the base; petioles and petiolules glabrous; stipules needle-shaped. Axillary panicles, large, with many and dense flowers; inflorescence axis and peduncle covered with yellow short soft hairs; corolla butterfly-shaped, white, fleshy; 10 stamens, dissociated; ovary with white stiff hairs. Pods tongue-shaped, 8-10cm long, with yellow hairs. 1 seed, born at the top of the pod. Flowering and fruiting period is summer and autumn.

Origin and growth habits:

It is produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. It grows in forests, thickets or ravines.

use:

Can be used for medicinal purposes.

Function and indications:

Nourishes blood, activates blood circulation, and dredges meridians. Used for irregular menstruation, blood deficiency and chlorosis, numbness and paralysis, rheumatic pain. Dosage: 9-15g. [Notes] Commercial Millettia dielsiana Harms ex Diels., Millettia reticulata Benth., Millettia nitida Benth., and Echinochloa crus-reticulata.

Nature and flavor: warm, bitter and sweet.

Chemical composition: contains catechol, volatile oil and reducing sugar.

Source: It is the stem and vine of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn., a plant of the Leguminosae family.

Processing: Harvest in autumn and winter, remove branches and leaves, slice and dry.

Link to read:

Millettia reticulata is an evergreen vine that bears beans. It blooms in August every year. The shape of the flower is like sword bean flower, and the corolla is very beautiful and dark red and purple.

The special thing about Millettia spatholobi is that its stem contains a substance that other leguminous plants do not have. When its stem is cut, its wood immediately turns light reddish brown, and soon turns bright red and sap flows out, which looks like chicken blood. Therefore, people call it Millettia spatholobi.

So, where does the "blood" of Millettia reticulata come from?

We know that the stem of woody plants is composed of xylem, cambium and phloem. There are many secretory tubes in the phloem of Millettia spatholobi, arranged in a reddish-brown ring. These secretory tubes are filled with brown-red substances. When the stem is sawed off, "blood" oozes out of the secretory tubes, and after solidification, it becomes bright and black glue-like spots. Chemical analysis shows that the "blood" contains organic substances such as tannins, reducing sugars and resins.

The stem of Millettia reticulata is a traditional Chinese medicine that has the effects of nourishing blood, promoting blood circulation, and activating blood circulation. The stem and seeds can be used to kill agricultural pests. It is distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan and other provinces.

Millettia reticulata is a large-scale, relatively low-quality Chinese medicinal material, mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, and also in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries. Millettia reticulata is not only used in formulas, but also used in large quantities to extract Millettia reticulata paste, and is a raw material for producing Chinese patent medicines for promoting blood circulation, replenishing blood, and treating rheumatism. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Millettia reticulata has become a best-seller in the Guangxi market, and its price has also risen. Before 2000, it was only 1.5 to 2 yuan (per kilogram, the same below) on the market, and it rose to 2 to 2.5 yuan from 2001 to 2003, and rose to 2.6 to 3 yuan from 2004 to May 2006. In less than 5 and a half years, its price rose by 50% to 73.3%, with an average annual increase of 9.2% to 13.5%. Since the beginning of the 21st century, why has the sales of Millettia reticulata in the Guangxi market been so prosperous? According to the investigation, it is mainly due to the following factors.

　　Domestic wild resources are decreasing

　　Guangxi originally had very rich wild Millettia resources. In the jungles of southwest, west and northwest Guangxi, there are many large Millettia plants with ages ranging from dozens to hundreds of years. From the 1950s to the 1970s, people thought that there were endless resources to cut and take. Since the mid-1950s, Guangxi has increased the development and utilization of wild Millettia, and with the increase in demand, the development efforts have been continuously strengthened, and the market volume has also increased year by year. According to statistics from relevant departments, the annual purchase volume of the autonomous region was only about 500 tons in the late 1950s, and it had increased to more than 1,000 tons in the late 1970s, doubling in 15 years. By the 1980s, the purchase volume reached 1,500 tons, an increase of 50% in 5 years. Because the supply was sufficient at that time, the annual purchase volume could still meet the market demand, and there were also equal volumes in some years. However, in the late 1980s, the Chinese herbal medicine market was liberalized. After decades of development and utilization and the deterioration of the ecological environment, the amount of goods on the market tended to decline, and a gap appeared between supply and demand. It was difficult to meet the needs of the Guangxi market with the resources of the chicken blood vine in Guangxi alone. Some large operators began to enter the Yunnan production area to open up new sources of goods. After that, the chicken blood vine produced in Yunnan continued to enter the Guangxi market and was sold to various places. According to merchants, from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, the amount of goods entering the Guangxi market from Yunnan increased from 400 to 500 tons to more than 1,000 tons each year. This filled the shortage of listings in the Guangxi production area, so that there was a sufficient supply of goods in the market. However, the wild chicken blood vine resources in Yunnan Province are not as abundant as those in Guangxi. After ten years of development and utilization, the listing volume has also decreased year by year, and the amount of goods entering the Guangxi market has also declined, causing a gap in market supply again. According to merchants, by the mid-to-late 1990s, the supply of Millettia reticulata on the market in the two provinces and regions was less than 2,000 tons, while the market demand had exceeded the 2,000-ton mark. Domestic supply alone could not meet the market demand, so merchants had to seek new sources from neighboring countries.

　　In recent years, the amount of Millettia spatholobi entering the border trade market has decreased

　　Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries are located in the subtropics. These countries are lush with forests and vines, and have extremely rich wild resources of Millettia spatholobi. Before the 1980s, it had not been developed and utilized. In the 1990s, with the expansion and opening of the border trade market and the increase in trade volume, Millettia spatholobi entered the border trade market in Guangxi and became a trading variety on the market. The quantity was not too large at first. In the mid-to-late 1990s, when the domestic market was short of goods, the number of merchants entering the border trade market to absorb goods began to increase, and the trade volume continued to increase. According to Guangxi border trade merchants, in the early 1990s, the amount of goods entering the border trade market was only 400 to 500 tons per year. In the middle period, it had to surge to more than 1,000 tons. In the late 1990s, it reached about 1,500 tons, thus filling the shortage of Millettia spatholobi in the Guangxi market during this period and maintaining the balance of supply and demand. Millettia spatholobi is a large climbing woody plant that grows on trees. As the number of years of growth increases, the larger the distribution area, the more trees it climbs. When cutting down Millettia spatholobi plants for sale, forest resources are often damaged, and large-scale deforestation often occurs. Therefore, the relevant departments of the government of the country of origin have seen this situation and have taken corresponding measures since the 21st century to limit the cutting of Millettia spatholobi. Border trade merchants learned from Vietnamese merchants that Vietnam has formulated measures such as closing mountains for afforestation and cutting down Millettia spatholobi in designated areas, as well as limiting the amount of trade in border trade markets. Therefore, in the past two or three years, the amount of Millettia spatholobi entering the border trade market in Guangxi has decreased by about 20% to 30% compared with previous years, which has caused the supply of Millettia spatholobi in the Guangxi market to be in short supply from time to time, maintaining a constant and prosperous market.

　　Increase in sales

　　Millettia reticulata is commonly used in the treatment of irregular menstruation, anemia, numbness, paralysis, rheumatism and pain in traditional Chinese medicine. With the increase in population, people's awareness of disease prevention and treatment has increased, and the development of traditional Chinese medicine has led to a significant increase in the raw materials for the production of Millettia reticulata, whether in formula or Chinese patent medicine. In the planned economy era before the mid-1980s, when Chinese medicinal materials were operated in a single channel, statistics from relevant departments showed that the annual sales volume in Guangxi was only about 1,000 tons. In the late 1980s, Chinese medicinal materials were opened to multi-channel operation. According to merchants, by the mid-1990s, sales exceeded 2,000 tons, doubling in ten years. In the past few years since the beginning of the 21st century, sales have also been increasing year by year. By 2005, sales in the Guangxi market exceeded the 2,500-ton mark. A pharmaceutical company in Guangxi alone consumes 1,000 tons of Millettia reticulata in its Chinese patent medicine products produced with Millettia reticulata as raw materials. The increase in sales is also an important factor in the continued sales of Millettia reticulata in the market.

　　The influence of other factors

　　The wild resources of Millettia spatholobi in China are already very limited, and the existing resources are mostly distributed in deep mountains and old forests far away from villages and with inconvenient transportation, which is no longer convenient for cutting and selling. In addition, the distribution areas of wild Millettia spatholobi are mostly in economically underdeveloped mountainous areas. In recent years, the governments of the producing areas have organized a large number of young and strong laborers to work outside, and the number of people going into the mountains to cut and sell has decreased, resulting in a decrease in the market supply. In addition, the purchase protection price of grain has been increased in recent years, the prices of major cash crops such as sugarcane and cassava in the producing areas have risen in the market, the international crude oil prices have risen, and the freight rates have increased. These factors have also led to the continuous sales of Millettia spatholobi in recent years.

　　Industry insiders believe that the distribution area of ​​Millettia spatholobi is relatively narrow, mainly distributed in the South Asian tropical monsoon forest climate zone of Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong. After decades of continuous development and utilization, Guangdong is on the verge of exhaustion and the market volume is very small. Although there are still certain wild resources in the production areas of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces, the reserves are not much. In recent years, the annual market volume of the two production areas is only about 1,000 tons. Although some neighboring Southeast Asian countries currently have relatively rich wild Millettia spatholobi resources, the producing countries have begun to take measures to protect the ecological environment and resources, limiting the export volume. Therefore, the Millettia spatholobi entering the Guangxi market in the past two or three years has shown a downward trend. At present, relevant scientific research units in Guangxi are setting up projects to carry out research on artificial cultivation of wild Millettia spatholobi. It will take a long time to promote it to large-scale production after the results are achieved and to put the products on the market in large quantities. It is predicted that the sales of Millettia spatholobi in the Guangxi market will continue to be optimistic in the next three to five years, and there is still room for price increase.