Rose cultivation and management

1. Early high-yield cultivation technology of big red rose plum

The Big Red Rose Plum originated in the United States . Our station introduced it from Tai'an in 1997. After several years of cultivation and observation, the fruit of this variety is large, shiny, and bright red. The flesh is dense, tender, juicy, crisp and delicious, durable in storage and transportation, and has a very high commercial value. It is a plum variety with broad market prospects.

Test garden output

                           Unit: kg /667m ²

    1   Basic information of the experimental garden and its output over the years

    The experimental garden is located in Xijing Village, Wujing Town, Linxiong County. The experimental garden covers an area of ​​2.6hm2 ^, with an annual average temperature of 12.4 ℃ , an annual average sunshine of 2558 hours, a frost-free period of 196 days, sandy loam, a deep soil layer, a pH value of 6.9 , an organic matter content of 0.86 % , and irrigation conditions. Planting was carried out in the spring of 1997 , with a row spacing of 2m×3m . The main variety is Dahongmeigui, and the pollination variety is Dashi Zaosheng. The planting ratio is 4 : 1 . The test seedlings are one- year-old grafted seedlings (the rootstock is Maotao), with a seedling height of 1.1m and a base diameter of 1.0cm .

The experimental garden began to bear fruit in the second year after planting. The average annual yield per 667m2 from the 2nd to the 5th year ^is shown in the table .

The average selling price of plum fruit is 4.0 yuan per kilogram. From 1998 to 2001 , the cumulative output value per 667m2 ^was 27,472.8 yuan , and the average annual output value was 6,868.4 yuan . After deducting the annual average investment of 400 ^{yuan per} 667m2 , the net income per 667m2 was 6,468.4 yuan .

    2   Main biological characteristics

The fruit of Dahongmeigui plum is oblong, with a flat top and shallow and obvious suture line. The flesh is thick, tender, and the flavor is sweet and sour. The soluble solid content of the fruit is 12.9 % , the titratable acid is 1.2 %, and the kernel is separated. The edible rate is 97.1 % , and it is resistant to storage and transportation. The tree is moderate to vigorous, with high germination ability and medium branching ability. Young trees bear fruit early, mainly short fruit branches and bouquet-shaped fruit branches, and the self-pollination fruiting rate is medium. Dahongmeigui blooms in early April , begins to color in mid- July , matures in mid-August, and sheds its leaves in mid- November .

    3   Main cultivation techniques

Colonization:

Before planting, dig a 1m wide and 0.8m deep trench , separate the raw soil and the mature soil, apply 3000kg of high-quality basal fertilizer and 50kg of special fertilizer for fruit trees ^per 667m2 when backfilling , prune the root system before planting, and soak the roots for 10 minutes with 800 times multi-effect spirit to sterilize. After planting , cut the stem at 60-70cm height, and leave full buds in the shaping zone 20cm below the cut . Water thoroughly after planting, cover the ground film under the tree, cut the stem, and carve the buds.

Soil, fertilizer and water management:

In late May of the year of planting , 100g of urea and 100g of compound fertilizer are applied to each plant. 0.3 % urea is sprayed on the leaves 3-4 times throughout the year. From the second year onwards, 40kg of special fertilizer , compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate ^are applied to each 667m2 before and after flowering and after fruit picking. 0.3 % urea is sprayed 3 times in the first half of the year and 0.3 % potassium dihydrogen sulfate is sprayed 3 times in the second half of the year . In autumn , 4000kg of high- quality basal fertilizer, 50kg of triple compound fertilizer and 30kg of potassium sulfate are applied to ^each 667m2 .

In early June , the whole garden is covered with grass with a thickness of about 20cm . Grass is not covered within 20-30cm from the root neck of the main trunk , and a little soil is pressed on the grass. Water is irrigated once a year before flowering, during the young fruit expansion period and before freezing . Water is irrigated in July and August depending on the drought situation. Pay attention to drainage in the rainy season. Covering with grass should be done every year without interruption.

Plastic pruning:

The tree shape is free spindle-shaped, with a trunk height of about 40cm and a tree height of about 2.5m. The whole tree has 1-15 main branches , with a branch spacing of about 15cm , naturally staggered. The lower main branches are about 1.5m long and gradually become shorter upwards. The vertical angle of the main branches is about 75-85 ° . The fruiting branches are directly attached to the main branches and the middle trunk, without obvious side branches.

In August and September of the year of planting , except for the vigorous shoots from the cut buds as the central trunk, the rest of the new shoots are pulled to 75-85 degrees to make them open, grow, bend and extend. In mid- April of the second year , pull again , leave the outer buds of the main branches and lightly cut them, let the other branches relax without cutting, and remove the overcrowded branches. After 2 years, the young branches can basically form a free spindle-shaped skeleton. When the tree is about 2.5m tall , the first branch under the cut of the middle trunk extension branch is pulled back and thrown. The main branches that result from the intersection can be renewed by retracting, thinning, and using the new branches sprouting from the arched part, which are in a single axis and then thrown. Ring barking is performed at 10cm at the base of the branch 30 days after flowering every year. The ring barking width is 1/10 of the branch diameter at that location to promote the formation of flower buds .

Flower and fruit management:

Use methods such as releasing bees and artificial pollination during the flowering period to strengthen pollination and increase the fruit setting rate. When thinning flowers, remove late flowers and weak flowers. When thinning fruits, remove deformed fruits, parallel fruits, and small fruits. Leave 3-4 fruits on long fruit branches, 2-3 fruits on medium fruit branches, and 1 fruit on short fruit branches. Spray 0.3% borax or urea solution during the flowering period. Spray 300 times 15% pp333 once 10 days after flowering to control the vigorous growth of the front fruit shoots , which is beneficial to increase the fruit setting rate and increase the fruit size. From late July to early August, spray 300 times 15% pp333 once every 15-20 days , and spray 2-3 times in a row , which can effectively control the tree vigor and promote the formation of flower buds.

Pest and disease control:

Before budding, spray the entire orchard with 3-5 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture once , spray 50 % carbofuran emulsifiable concentrate to kill plum bees before flowers fall, spray methyl thiophanate or mancozeb once in early June to control bacterial perforation disease and plum red spot disease, cut off diseased and rotten fruits, diseased leaves, and diseased branches in winter and destroy them in a centralized manner.

    Wang Sen, Li Hongfang, Sun Zhongpu (Linqu County Forestry Bureau, Shandong Province  262600 )

2. The uses and cultivation techniques of medicinal roses

 The main medicinal rose is the flower bud, and its leaves and roots can also be used for medicine. Rose has the functions of regulating qi, promoting blood circulation, and regulating menstruation. It has unique therapeutic effects on liver and stomach pain, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, the initial stage of sores and furuncle, and traumatic injuries. It can also be used for diet therapy. For example, rose tea can treat upper abdominal distension and pain caused by esophageal spasm. In addition to medicinal use, the aromatic oil extracted from roses is sold well in domestic and foreign markets. Its price is 1 to 2 times that of gold. It is not only a world-famous precious spice, but also has beauty and anti-aging effects; in addition, it is often used as a high-grade spice additive for candies, cakes, beverages, and champagne.

In recent years, the market demand for roses has been increasing year by year, and the price has been rising steadily. The market price has risen from 40 to 50 yuan/kg in 2000 to 60 to 90 yuan/kg today , and the export price has reached 100 to 120 yuan/kg . At present, the planting volume of roses is small, so it is urgent to expand the area to meet the market demand. Medicinal roses have strong adaptability and can be cultivated all over the country. Among them, the grafted medicinal red rose variety is the best. Planting 500 plants per 667m2 can recover the cost in the same year. The second year is the peak flowering period, and the yield per 667m2 is 80 to 150kg , with an average annual benefit of more than 4,800 yuan/667m2 . The high-yield cultivation technology of medicinal red roses is as follows. 1. Site selection and planting     1. Site selection and land preparation. Roses are drought-resistant, and should be selected in areas with sufficient sunlight, high and dry terrain, loose and fertile soil, and well-drained loam or sandy loam. 1. Apply compost 3000kg /667m2 , turn the soil 20-30cm deep , and then level it to make a ridge.     2. Transplant. Dig holes with a row spacing of 1.5-2m and a plant spacing of 0.6-0.8m . The hole depth is 15-25cm and the hole diameter is 30-40cm . Dig the bottom layer loose, apply appropriate amount of soil and fertilizer, cover with 5cm of fine soil, plant the grafted rose seedlings in the hole, spread the roots around to make them stretch, cover until the hole is full, tamp it down, and water it thoroughly to establish roots. 2. Field management     1. Intertillage and weeding. Weeds should be removed by hand during the seedling stage, and the intertillage should be shallow to avoid damaging the roots. The field should be kept free of weeds during the growing period.     2. Fertilization. Apply thin human and animal feces and urine in spring to promote seedling growth, and be careful not to contaminate the stems and leaves. During the bud formation period, apply human and animal manure and urine once more, and apply nitrogen fertilizer, with appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to provide sufficient nutrients and increase the number of bud formation. In winter, when the plants enter a dormant period, open a ring ditch around the plants for topdressing, mainly farmyard manure, 2000kg per 667m2 , add appropriate cake fertilizer and calcium fertilizer, mix well and apply.     3. Pruning. After flowering in late summer, cut off thin branches and white old branches, and prune again after the leaves fall in winter, mainly shortening and cutting off over-dense branches, diseased and insect-infested branches, and senescent branches, which can promote the growth of new branches and increase the number of flower buds. After 5 to 6 years of growth, roses should be rejuvenated and pruned. Around the beginning of autumn, keep a few healthy branches on the plants (clusters), dig up the rest with roots, and replant them on another piece of land, so that the cultivation area can be expanded.     4. Irrigation and drainage. Pay attention to irrigation in the dry season, as drought will reduce the yield and quality of flowers. In the rainy season, waterlogging and drainage should be prevented to prevent root rot. III. Pest and disease control     1. Powdery mildew. It often occurs in the summer when the temperature is high and humidity is high, and it harms leaves, tender stems, flowers and fruits. It manifests as white velvety mildew spots on the leaves, like a layer of flour. Control methods: ① Thoroughly clean the garden after winter pruning. ② Reasonable dense planting, improve ventilation and light conditions, and reduce field humidity. ③ Spray 50 % thiophanate 1000 times solution once every 7 to 10 days, and spray 2 to 3 times in a row. ④ Increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of plants.     2. Rust. The pathogen is a fungus that harms leaves and tender stems, causing rust-like red spots, causing leaf and bud fall, and it occurs more frequently in high humidity and rainy seasons. The control methods are the same as powdery mildew.     3. Longhorn beetle . Its larvae eat stems and roots, causing branches and trunks to wither. One generation occurs every two years, and it overwinters as eggs or pupae. Prevention and control methods: ① Cut off diseased and insect-infested branches, strengthen field management, and timely weed and clean the garden. ② Protect its natural enemies, beak bugs and ants. IV. Harvesting, processing, and storage     1. Harvesting. Medicinal flowers should be picked when the buds are fully expanded but not yet open. In the south, they can be picked three times a year, and the " first water flowers " are the best quality. When used as food, brewing, and smoking tea, they should be picked when the flowers are just opening and the flower core is just exposed.     2. Processing. It can be sun-dried, shade-dried, or oven-dried. When drying, spread the buds thinly with the corolla facing down. After drying, turn them over and quickly dry them until they are completely dry. Dry, bright red, fragrant, and without loose or broken petals are preferred.     3. Storage. Medicinal flowers should not be crushed. They should be kept away from moisture and light to avoid mold and deterioration. They should be stored in a cool warehouse in summer. Zhao Xijin , Zhao Shuai ( Hebei Anguo Chinese Medicinal Materials Research Association, zip code: 071200 , phone: 0312-35827953583376 , e- mail : [email protected] )
    


    

  


    



    



            

3. Off-season production technology of roses

1. Site selection for shed construction . 

It is better to choose a flat, well-ventilated, sunny, fertile loam with sufficient water resources and convenient drainage and irrigation to build a shed. 2. Shed construction technology. 

The greenhouse faces south and is generally 70 meters long from east to west and 7.5 meters wide from north to south. The rear wall is a brick structure with a width of 0.37 meters. The rear wall is a semi-hollow structure with three rows of pillars. Cement molding components can also be used. There are four heating stoves and flues on the rear wall. The coal-adding stove port is outside the rear wall to ensure that there is no smoke in the greenhouse. 11-14 lines of No. 8 iron wire are tightened in the east-west direction. The east and west walls are solid brick walls with a width of 0.37 meters. The spacing between the east-west pillars is 3 meters.
[Cultivation and Management] 1. Variety selection. 

You can choose varieties with strong adaptability, easy management, good quality and high yield, such as Cardinal, Sabensa, Sasa, etc. You can also buy finished grafted seedlings. 2. Fertilization and density requirements. 

Before planting roses, apply enough base fertilizer, spread it evenly, turn it into the ground, and rake it flat. Make a ridge in the north-south direction, with a width of 1 meter and a length limited to the width of the shed. Two rows can be planted in each ridge, with a row spacing of 0.4 meters and a plant spacing of 0.3 meters. Generally, 3-7 plants per square meter are appropriate. 3. Planting time. 
 

The planting season can be divided into three seasons throughout the year: the first is in spring, before the branches sprout; the second is from mid-July to early August; the third is the frost season, after the leaves fall. You can choose according to the conditions. Generally, after summer control and promotion management, the flower yield in winter will be high; planting in mid-July to early August can also produce flowers normally in winter; planting after frost will have low flower yield in the same year. 4. Post-planting management. 

Water immediately after planting, once every 3-4 days, and water three times in a row. Fertilization is prohibited during the seedling stage. After watering, inter-cultivation, loosening and weeding should be carried out in time. Pruning is an important management measure for off-season production of roses. From the end of May to September, let it dormant, leaving only branches and leaves for photosynthesis and accumulating nutrients. Remove the upper buds at any time, but keep the base buds, let them grow but not bloom, and remove the upper buds as soon as they sprout. Starting from September, only one weak branch is left as a feeding branch, and the rest of the branches are cut short with three buds. After the branches grow, they are cultivated into flower branches, and the upper buds are retained, and the upper buds are removed. When the branches and buds bud, they can be cut. When cutting flowers, keep the three buds at the base and cut them short, and repeat. It can produce flowers for 5-6 years, and the high-yield period is in the 2nd to 4th year. The length of the fresh cut flower branches is generally 80 cm.
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IV. Ornamental and medicinal flowers - rose cultivation technology

Rose is a perennial woody plant of the Rosaceae family, and is an ornamental and medicinal flower . Fresh cut flowers are sold at 3-5 yuan per bunch in the market . Dried flowers used as medicine are sold at around 60 yuan per kilogram in the market , and the per-acre output value can reach 6,000 yuan. Roses prefer warm and relatively dry climates, are not shade-tolerant, and are suitable for planting in neutral sandy loam.     ( I ) Seedling cultivation method 

(1) Cutting:

Start cutting seedlings in early spring. Choose strong and fully lignified hard branches of the current year, cut them into 10-15cm long cuttings with 3-4 buds, and soak them in 500 mg/L rooting solution for 5-10 minutes before cutting. Use bamboo chopsticks to make holes in the prepared sandy loam cutting bed according to the row spacing of locm and the plant spacing of 5cm , insert the cuttings into the holes, and the insertion depth is 1/2 of the cuttings , then compact , water once, and build a small arch shed to keep warm and moist. Every 10 days , remove the film and water at noon on a sunny day to maintain the moisture content in the bed. Roots will sprout after one month. Remove the film in mid-to - late April , manage according to the routine, and transplant with soil in June . Softwood cuttings are carried out in the rainy season every year. First, cut the softwood into 15-20cm cuttings, with 2-3 bud nodes in each section , and the cutting method is the same as above. There is no need to cover the cuttings with film after grafting, but shade should be provided during the day and the cuttings should be exposed to the open air at night.

(2) Grafting:

In production ,     bud grafting can be adopted, using rose or cutting seedlings as rootstocks, and the scion selected should be a branch with full buds and no disease . 

(1) Fertilization:

Apply farmyard manure from the time leaves fall in autumn to the end of October , till half of the soil, and mix the soil and fertilizer. Apply decomposed human and animal manure or cake fertilizer three times from the beginning of flower bud observation to the end of flower picking in the next year. This will promote the expansion of flower buds and improve quality and yield.

(2) Soil cultivation:

After fertilizing in autumn and before freezing in winter, add soil once, with a thickness of 6 - locm , to promote the germination of new branches.

(3) Pruning:

Cut off dead or diseased branches and remove them from the garden in late April or early May each year. Cut off 7-8 year old branches 20-30 cm from the ground or dig out the whole branches , cut off old and diseased branches, divide and plant them separately to avoid repeated crops.

(4) Removal of rolling

Weed once in March or April every year . During the rainy season, weeds grow fast and must be removed in time to avoid hindering the growth of roses.

(5) Pest and disease control:

Mainly prevent rust and yellow spot disease. After turning over the winter soil, do not break it up. Spray the soil surface and plants with lime sulfur mixture of 5 degrees Baume. Spray again when the flower buds first appear ( slightly lower concentration ) . If diseased branches are found, remove them and burn them in time. In July , control borers and moths. At the early stage of flower buds, use 90 % crystal trichlorfon 1000 times to control beetles. If the flowers are used for human consumption, pesticides are prohibited one month before harvesting.     ( III ) Harvesting 

If used for fresh cut flowers, it is advisable to pick fresh flowers that have just opened, cut them with scissors, and burn the cut with fire to prevent water from flowing back, which can extend the flowering period. In addition, according to market demand, single or multiple plants can be transplanted into flower pots with soil. Sell the whole pot. Rose flowers used as medicine are harvested in stages and can be divided into first-flow flowers, second-flow flowers, and other-flow flowers. The first-flow flowers have thick flesh, strong fragrance, low oil content, and the best quality. The harvesting time is from April to late May every year , that is, before the peak flowering period, the fully expanded but unopened buds are harvested and can be eaten and used as medicine .

5. Standardized cultivation technology of roses

In recent years, our farm has implemented the Science and Technology Spark Project of the Provincial Department of Science and Technology, and has introduced five new varieties of rose cut flowers from outside the province, including Meilan Lipstick, Bellamy, American Pink, Cardinal, and Red 90, and summarized a set of standardized cultivation techniques, which are now introduced as follows:

1. Variety layout:

Meilan Lipstick and Bellamy are the main varieties grown in summer, American Pink can be used as a summer or autumn and winter combination variety, and Cardinal and Red 90 are the main varieties grown in autumn and winter.

2. Planting period and density specifications:

The best time for planting in spring is from mid- April to early June , and in autumn it is from late October to mid- November . The dense planting specification is 1.5m wide ( 60cm furrow), 30cm high , 2 rows per furrow , 30 × 25cm spacing between rows , and 2,500 seedlings per mu.

3. Fertilization:

In medium soil fertility cultivation, apply 35-40kg of pure N , 31.5-36kg of P2O5 , and 35-40kg of K2O per mu . The ratio of N , P , and K is about 1 : 0.9 : 1 . Organic fertilizers should account for more than 60 %. Cardinal varieties with large fertilizer requirements should be applied more, while other varieties should be applied less according to the situation. 3000-3500kg of decomposed poultry and livestock manure, human urine, mushroom material, mountain ash, rotten rice straw, etc. per mu are used as base fertilizers. Apply topdressing after heavy pruning, dig trenches on both sides of the ridge away from the roots, and apply deep fertilizers with appropriate organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Combine inter-cultivation and soil cultivation after fertilization. Usually, after cutting flowers, topdressing can be applied by mixing water and watering according to the production situation of the plants.

4. Pruning:

Varieties mainly planted in summer should be pruned heavily in winter; varieties mainly planted in autumn and winter should be pruned heavily in summer. When pruning, you can use the branch breaking method instead of pruning for plants with fewer branches and weaker branches. To adjust the flowering period, you can refer to the accumulated temperature of the variety to calculate the appropriate pruning period. Conventional pruning: When cutting flowers, you should cut them 1-2 buds above the base of the branches. Do not cut them at a high position to prevent the formation of a hollow state.

5. Field management

( 1 ) Intertillage and weeding: Choose sunny weather to carry out intertillage and weeding. Intertillage and weeding can be combined with fertilization, and soil and ridge cultivation should be done well.

( 2 ) Irrigation and drainage: During the rainy season or heavy rain, the ditches should be cleared and the water should be drained in time. During the dry season, water should be appropriately diverted for irrigation. The first irrigation should be stopped when the water level reaches one-third of the height of the bed. After that, the water should be stopped when the water level is slightly higher than the previous irrigation and allowed to drain naturally.

6. Winter insulation:

In mid- and late November , when the night temperature is around 13 ℃, cover with film to keep warm. In sunny and warm weather, when the daytime temperature reaches 27 ℃, open the ventilation layer to cool down, and close the ventilation layer to keep warm around 4 pm .

7. Prevention and control of major diseases

( 1 ) Black spot disease: Also known as brown spot disease, the pathogen is a fungus of the genus Actinomyces. The disease can occur throughout the production period, and is generally more severe during the rainy season and typhoon season. Prevention and control methods: Clean up fallen leaves and remove diseased leaves at any time to reduce the source of infection. In winter, severely diseased plants should be heavily pruned to remove overwintering pathogens on diseased stems. In summer, when new leaves are just unfolding, spray once every 7-10 days with 50 % chloranil diluted 500-1000 times, 75 % chlorothalonil diluted 500 times, or 80 % mancozeb diluted 500 times.

( 2 ) Gray mold: The pathogen is a species of true chrysanthemum of the order Hyphomycetales. High temperatures and poor ventilation are prone to the disease. Prevention and control methods: Remove the diseased parts in time to reduce the source of infection. The withered roses should also be cut off in time. Spray with 2000 times of 50 % prochloraz , 1000-1500 times of 50 % thiophanate-methyl , or 500 times of 50 % thiophanate-methyl , once every 7-10 days , and spray 2-3 times in a row. And pay attention to the alternating use of drugs to prevent the development of drug resistance.

( 3 ) Powdery mildew: The pathogen is a fungus of the genus Monofilamentosa. The disease develops rapidly in warm and humid seasons. The disease is more severe when there is too much nitrogen fertilizer and insufficient potassium fertilizer in the soil. Prevention and control methods: Pruning and destroying all dead diseased branches and shoots can reduce the source of infection. The initial diseased leaves should be removed as soon as possible. Spray with 20 % triadimefon emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times diluted, or 50 % polysulfide suspension 300 times diluted, or 75 % thiophanate-methyl 600 times diluted, once every 7-10 days , and spray 2-3 times in a row. (Luoyuan County Flower Seedling Base)

　　Excerpted from: Fujian Science and Technology News, June 3, 2005, 8th edition

6. Off-season production technology of fresh cut roses in the north

In recent years, Hejian City, Hebei Province has developed more than 200 greenhouses for off-season production of fresh cut flowers. The quality of its fresh cut flowers is well-known in Beijing for its large heads, bright flowers, strong stems and bright colors. The quality is superior to other flowers and the benefits are considerable. The off-season production technology of roses is introduced as follows: 　　

1. Shed construction　　
   1. Shed site selection It is advisable to choose a flat terrain, ventilated and sunny, with sufficient water conditions, and fertile loam with convenient drainage and irrigation.　  2. Shed construction technology The shed faces south and is generally 70 meters long from east to west and 7.5 meters wide from north to south . The back wall is a brick structure with a width of 0.37 meters. The back wall is a semi-hollow structure with three rows of pillars. Cement-type components can also be used. The back wall is equipped with four heating stoves and flues, and the coal-filling furnace port is outside the back wall to ensure that there is no smoke in the shed. Use No. 8 iron wire to tighten 11 to 14 times in the east-west direction. The east and west walls are solid brick walls with a width of 0.37 meters. The east-west pillars are 3 meters apart. Prepare drip-free film, straw thatch, etc.　　2. Cultivation management　　  
  

The off -　season production of roses requires a production period from September to April of the following
   year , so management requires both control and promotion in the summer and greenhouse management in the winter.　　

You can choose varieties with strong adaptability, easy management, good quality and high yield, such as Cardinal, Sabensa, Sasa, etc. You can also buy finished grafted seedlings.　　
   2. Fertilization and density requirements　

Before planting roses, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. Generally, 5 cubic meters of farmyard manure and 2 liters of chicken manure should be applied to each shed . After spreading evenly, turn them into the ground and rake them flat. Make ridges in the north-south direction. The ridge width is 1 meter and the length is limited to the shed width. Two rows can be planted in each ridge. The row spacing is 0.4 meters and the plant spacing is 0.3 meters. Generally, 7 to 8 plants per square meter are appropriate.　　   3. Planting period　

The planting season can be divided into three seasons throughout the year: the first is in spring , before the branches sprout; the second is from mid- July to early August ; the third is the Frost Festival, after the leaves fall. You can choose according to the conditions. Generally, after summer control and promotion management, the flower yield in winter will be high; planting from mid- July to early August can also produce flowers normally in winter; planting after Frost Festival will have a low flower yield in the same year.　　

4. Post-planting management　

The first is watering. Water immediately after planting, and water every 3 to 4 days, for three consecutive times. Fertilization is prohibited during the seedling stage. After watering, timely tillage, loosening and weeding are required. The second is pruning. Pruning is an important management measure for off-season production of roses. From the end of May to September , let it dormant forcibly, that is, only the branches and leaves are left for photosynthesis and accumulation of nutrients. The upper tender buds can be removed at any time, but the base buds must be retained, allowing them to grow but not blooming. The upper buds should be removed as soon as they sprout. Starting from September , only one weaker branch is left on the whole plant as a feeding branch, and the other foot buds are retained. The upper buds are removed, and the special branches and buds can be cut into flowers when buds appear. When cutting flowers, the three buds at the base are still kept short and the process is repeated. It can produce flowers for 5 to 6 years, and the high-yield period is in the 2nd to 4th year. The length of fresh cut flower branches is generally 80 cm, which is cut according to the user's requirements.　　
    5. Winter management　

In early September , the greenhouse should be covered with film and thatch. In winter, the greenhouse temperature should be kept at 15 ℃～28 ℃. The fire should be lit in time to raise the temperature. There should be no smoke in the greenhouse. The daily light time is required to be 8 hours to 10 hours. In winter, the thatch should be uncovered at 8 am , and wind should be applied from 10 am to pm . The thatch should be covered at　　5 pm.
    6. Pest and disease control　

Rose diseases mainly include powdery mildew and black spot, which need to be controlled in time. You can use pesticides such as chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, and triadimefon, and use them alternately. Insect pests mainly include red spiders and aphids, which can be controlled in time with pesticides such as miticide and omethoate. Agriculture e- line: Welcome to join our QQ group: 16647319 , 6905781 , 16647496, 16639513, 4675656 ( full ), 4656808 ( full ), 6586579 ( full )

7. Royal Rose

Cultivated by Shandong Grape Research Institute, Eurasian species, diploid.

The fruit clusters are conical and large, with an average cluster weight of 650 grams and a maximum of 2100 grams. The fruit is nearly round and relatively large, with an average weight of 7 grams, which can reach 8-10 grams after flower and fruit thinning. The fruit is medium-closely attached, matures uniformly, and has a strong rose fragrance. The fruit is yellow-green, and turns golden yellow when fully mature. It is beautiful and has the reputation of " yellow grapes " . The market price is high.

In Daze Mountain, Pingdu, the buds sprouted on April 7 , bloomed on May 23 , and the fruits matured in late July . It is a medium-early variety. It has strong disease resistance and high yield, but there is a slight fruit cracking phenomenon. The yield should be strictly controlled in cultivation.

8. New product recommendation : Nectarine Rose Red 

It matures in late June to early July , with large fruits, single fruit weight of 150 grams, and maximum fruit weight of 250 grams. The fruit skin is milky white, almost entirely rose red, and beautiful. The flesh is milky white, hard, sweet, and has a soluble solid content of 12% . It is sticky, extremely high-yielding, resistant to late frost, and has a high self-flowering fruiting rate.

IX. Breeding and cultivation techniques of roses at the Tea Research Institute (continued)

 2. Main cultivation techniques

   1. Planting mode:

Currently, there are various rose planting patterns, including rose monoculture, intercropping of flowers and grains, planting along dams, greening of barren hills and slopes, and strip planting.  

( 1 ) Rose monoculture: Close planting is recommended, with a plant spacing of 1 to 1.5 meters , a row spacing of 2 to 2.5 meters , and 180 to 300 plants per mu. In the first two years after planting, short-stem crops such as peanuts and vegetables can be planted between the rows. After three years, no other crops will be planted between the rows.  

( 2 ) Intercropping of flowers and grains: plant spacing is 0.8-1.5 meters , row spacing is 4-6 meters , and short-stem crops can be planted between the rows for a long time.  

( 3 ) Weir-side planting: This is the main method of cultivation in mountainous and hilly areas. The plant spacing is 0.3 to 0.5 meters , which is suitable for planting Pingyin rose seedlings and 0.6 to 0.8 meters for planting grafted roses . If there is no irrigation, grass or film can be covered to retain moisture.  

( 4 ) Planting on barren hills and slopes: Choose a location with thick soil layer, and dig a fish scale pit with a length of 0.6m , a width of 0.5m, and a depth of 0.5m. The weir width is 0.2m , the pit surface is high outside and low inside, and the horizontal hills are of the same height, arranged in a triangular shape. The distance between the upper and lower centers of the pit is 2m , and the distance between the left and right centers is 1m . It is suitable for planting Pingyin traditional rose self-rooted seedlings and covering with mulch.

( 5 ) Strip planting: Planting in one or more rows, with a plant spacing of 0.8 to 1.5 meters and a row spacing of 2 meters. It is suitable for green belts and ornamental gardens.    

2. Planting time: It can be done after thawing in spring but before germination or after leaves fall in autumn. Autumn planting has the highest survival rate.    

3. Planting method: Select high-quality seedlings, dig holes according to the required spacing between rows and plants, with a depth of 0.3 meters , a length and width of 0.5 to 0.6 meters , and dig trenches for dense planting. Apply sufficient basal fertilizer, and the planting depth should be 2 to 3 meters deeper than the original soil depth. After watering and seepage, cover the soil into a pile or ridge.   

 4. Soil, fertilizer and water management: In the spring, weeding should be carried out before the frost is completely thawed. In mid-to-late March , watering should be combined with 30 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu. In addition, from mid-to-late March to late April , spraying trace elements or nutrient fertilizers such as "Xi Ling No. 1" can reduce bud drop and increase the weight of single flowers. After flowering, watering should be combined with 30-50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers per mu. After autumn, if the ground weir is planted, the root soil should be cultivated in combination with the renovation of the ground weir. For planting in flat land, weeds and fallen leaves should be thoroughly removed after the leaves fall, and fertilization should be combined with shallow digging between the rows, root soil should be cultivated, and irrigation should be carried out before winter if conditions permit. Fertilization is recommended in furrows. At 30 cm beside the plant, a furrow with a depth and width of 40 cm each should be opened. 5000-6000 kg of circle fertilizer should be applied per mu, and 40 kg of nitrogen fertilizer should be added . Water should be irrigated after covering the soil.   

 5. Pruning: Pruning is mainly based on thinning. Pay attention to the following: the plant is old but the branches are not old, the branches are many but not dense, and the branches are ventilated and light-permeable. Prune after flowering, and cut off the weak branches in the cluster, especially the weak branches in the cluster and the lower part, but do not thin out too much. The amount of pruning can be increased during the dormant period. Not only can the dead branches be cut off, but the whole plant can also be pruned and adjusted. The overcrowded large branches and old branches can be cut off completely or partially according to the situation. Try to keep 1-3 year old branches, and cut short those that are too high, and consider pruning them into a certain plant shape, which is convenient for management and increases the amount of flowers.    

6. Pest and disease control: The main rose diseases are rust and black spot, and the insect pests include red spider mites, beetles, weevils, yellow-banded blue beetles, etc.  

( 1 ) Disease prevention and control measures: ① Clean up diseased leaves and branches in autumn and winter, and completely remove the source of disease in spring, bury or burn them in a centralized manner. ② Drug prevention and control: Spray 3-5 % lime sulfur mixture before budding in spring. Spray disease and insecticide once before flowering, and once every 15 days after flowering, for 3-4 times in a row. The drugs used are Penke, Dasheng M45 , Prohein, and Baolian, etc., and spray 1 : 2 : 100 Bordeaux mixture 2-3 times in the rainy season.  

( 2 ) Pest control measures: When using drugs for pest control, avoid using highly toxic pesticides that are polluting and have high residues on flowers, so as not to affect the quality of flowers. Before beetles and weevils emerge from the soil, spray the ground with 200 times phoxim poison bait, and then hoe 3-5 cm shallowly . Spray lime sulfur mixture before germination to prevent diseases. In April , when weevils and beetles are in trouble, use chlorpyrifos No. 3 for control. After flowering, mainly use cypermethrin to control red spider mites. Catch the adult yellow-banded blue bull manually, check the branches and trunks frequently, and focus on early detection and elimination of the insects during the egg-laying and egg-hatching periods.

10. Harvesting and processing of roses

( I ) Harvesting Medicinal roses are generally harvested in three stages, namely "first water flowers", "second water flowers" and "third water flowers". Among them, "first water flowers" have thick flesh, strong fragrance, high oil content and the best quality. The harvesting standard is the buds that have fully expanded but not opened. The time is about late April to late May , that is, before the peak flowering period. The flowers for extracting rose essential oil should be harvested during the peak flowering period, which is about the first and middle ten days of May . The flowers at this stage contain the highest amount of rose oil. The harvesting standard is that the flowers have just opened and are ring-shaped; if the heart of the flower remains yellow, the flower can still be harvested even though it has fully opened. If the heart of the flower turns red before harvesting, the quality will drop significantly. The flower picking time can start from early morning, and the oil content is the highest between 8 and 10 o'clock; if the temperature is low and the flower has not opened, the flower picking time can be postponed. Edible flowers only collect the loose petals in the flower picking stage.

　　( II ) Medicinal flowers need to be dried over a slow fire for processing. Specific operation method: Generally, the water is first dried and arranged in a wooden frame drying screen with a wire mesh bottom. The petals are uniformly facing downward or upward, and the slow fire is changed in sequence. When the receptacle is crushed into a thread-like shape, it means that it is completely dry. Generally , 1 kg of first water flowers is dried for 4 kg, and 1 kg of others is dried for 4.5-5 kg . When grading, the best ones are those with a dry body and red color, bright and beautiful, uniform heads, buds, strong fragrance, no mildew, and no loose or broken petals. The flowers are open and exposed to the sun. Those with loose or broken petals are generally of poor quality. The dried flowers are generally packed in paper bags, and then stored in a jar with lime and sealed with a lid. After that, new lime is replaced every year during the rainy season.

　　The processing method of edible flowers is to peel off the petals, remove the receptacle and the center of the flower. Add 5.7 kg of salt, 3.5 kg of alum powder, and 30 kg of plum brine to 100 kg of petals , rub them evenly , and keep turning and squeezing to remove the juice, so that the weight is still about 100 kg, then add 100 kg of sugar , mix them thoroughly and evenly, and then put them in a jar for use. The salt in the formula is a preservative; the alum makes the petals hard but not sticky, adding beauty to the appearance; the plum brine ( or citric acid ) is to keep the petals bright and the color does not fade. After adding sugar, it becomes a rose-red flower mud containing a small amount of sticky light brown liquid, with a strong and tangy rose oil aroma, sweet to eat, and slightly sour and salty.

　　The extraction of rose oil is carried out in the factory with special equipment and technology, and the oil yield is about 0.04% .

11. Re-prune roses in winter as needed

When pruning roses in winter, keep the new branches (new branches from the previous year) and the branches that bloomed the most in the previous spring, and discard the old branches. This can make the plants younger, and can also clean up the mixed branches, ensure ventilation and sunlight, and organize the overall plant shape. The principle is :

1. Remove unwanted branches from the roots. Dead branches, branches with diseases and insect pests, thin and weak branches, thick but not strong branches, branches extending to the inside of the plant (inner branches), branches that only emerged from the ground in the autumn of the previous year, etc., will not bloom well even if they are left, so they should be removed from the roots.

2. Prune the remaining branches. Prune the branches that bloomed the most in the previous year at about the middle to encourage the flowers to grow. The degree of pruning varies according to the variety. Some do not care about the number of flowers, but hope that the flowers bloom big and beautiful, so they need to be pruned heavily. Some, in order to make more flowers bloom, try to leave as many buds as possible, and leave about half of the whole plant, so they should be pruned lightly.

3. Cut above the full buds. After deciding the approximate location to cut the branches, choose the full buds near them and cut them 6 to 7 mm above the buds, parallel to the direction of the buds. Full and good buds are large, round and firm. Thin and pointed buds at the top are not good buds. The buds extend in all directions, and try to keep the buds extending to the outside of the plant, because once the buds extending to the inside grow into branches, they will become inner branches, which will affect ventilation and easily become the source of diseases and pests. In addition, the collision of branches may damage the leaves and flowers.

12. Prevention and treatment of rose rust

1. Symptoms

　Rose rust is the main disease of roses. It is common in the southwest. It is more serious in areas with warm seasons and foggy winter rain. According to the author's investigation over the years, the incidence rate in some areas of our province is as high as 80% . Both white and purple roses are infected, causing leaves to fall off, affecting growth and flowering. It also harms many plants of the genus Rosa. The disease infects leaves, petioles, calyxes and tender stems. First, small yellow spots or orange-red polygonal lesions appear on the front. In June and July , many apricot-yellow powdery substances appear on the back of the leaves. The lesions on the petioles and tender branches are yellow tumor-like protrusions. This is its "summer spores", which are spread by wind and rain. The pathogen is a Basidiomycetes, Pucciales, and Rose Polysporus Rust. The pathogen overwinters in the form of winter spores piled on the diseased parts and fallen leaves of stumps.

2. Prevention and control methods

1. Manual prevention and control: remove diseased buds and leaves in time and burn them in batches to reduce the spread of pathogens.

2. Strengthen cultivation management and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to enhance resistance; pay attention to ventilation, light transmission and drainage to reduce the humidity of the surrounding environment and reduce the conditions for disease.

3. Chemical control: spray 1 : 1 : 150-200 times Bordeaux mixture and 0.3 degree Baume lime sulfur mixture once every two weeks from May to August ; the following pesticides can also be used for spraying: 97% sodium dimethoate 250-300 times liquid ( add 50-100 grams of soap powder per 100 kilograms of liquid ) , 20 % triadimefon (fenadone) wettable powder 2000 times liquid , 30% green debao 300-400 times liquid , 10% Shigao water dispersible granules 3000-5000 times liquid, 25% Fuxing emulsifiable concentrate 5000-8000 times liquid, 30% tefulin wettable powder 3000-5000 times liquid , etc.

13. How to make roses flourish and have beautiful plant shapes

　Only by carefully caring for roses according to their growth habits can they flourish and grow in a beautiful shape. The specific steps are as follows:

1. Plant in a sunny, ventilated place with fertile soil and good drainage. Neutral to acidic light loam is preferred.

2. Before planting, apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer in the planting hole as base fertilizer, and then apply fertilizer four times a year: germination fertilizer (between February and March ), flower fertilizer (before flowering), post-flowering fertilizer (after flowers fade), wintering fertilizer (before winter when leaves fall). Potted roses need to be applied with decomposed liquid fertilizer every 10 days during the growing season .

3. Ground-planted roses should generally be watered appropriately in early spring and when the weather is dry, and should be watered every day in summer.

4. During the rose flowering period, the flowers that have just opened into a ring must be picked in the early morning (because the number of times they bloom increases with the number of times they are picked). If the flowers are not picked, they will only bloom once a year.

5. Prune the plants every year before flowering or when they are dormant to maintain vigorous growth.

14. Main rose pests and their control ( IV ) Rose stem bee

This insect harms roses, Chinese roses and roses. The adult insects make a cut-like wound on the tender stems to lay eggs; the larvae eat along the stems, causing the stems to wither.

Prevention and control methods: ① If damaged stems and tips are found, the damaged parts should be cut off and destroyed immediately. ② If stem bees are found during the adult stage, they should be caught and killed.

15. Off-season production of fresh cut roses

 1. Build a shed

 1. Site selection

It is advisable to choose fertile loam with flat terrain, good ventilation and sunshine, sufficient water resources, and convenient drainage and irrigation.

2. Shed construction technology 

The shed faces south and is generally 70 meters long from east to west and 7.5 meters wide from north to south. The rear wall is a brick structure with a width of 0.37 meters. The rear wall is a semi-hollow structure with three rows of pillars. Cement molding components can also be used. Four heating stoves and flues are set on the rear wall. The coal-adding stove port is outside the rear wall to ensure that there is no smoke in the shed. 11 to 14 No. 8 iron wires are tightened in the east-west direction. The east and west walls are solid brick walls with a width of 0.37 meters. The east-west pillars are 3 meters apart. Prepare drip-free film, straw thatch, etc.

2. Cultivation and management

The off-season production of roses requires that the flowering period is from September to April of the following year . Therefore, management requires both control and promotion in summer and greenhouse management in winter.

1. Variety selection 

You can choose varieties with strong adaptability, easy management, good quality and high yield, such as Cardinal, Sabensa, Sasa, etc. You can also buy finished grafted seedlings.

2. Fertilization and density requirements

Before planting roses, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. Generally, 5 cubic meters of farmyard manure and 2 cubic meters of chicken manure should be applied to each shed . After spreading evenly, the soil should be turned into the ground and raked flat. The ridges should be made in the north-south direction. The ridge width is 1 meter and the length is limited to the shed width. Two rows can be planted in each ridge. The row spacing is 0.4 meters and the plant spacing is 0.3 meters. Generally, 7 to 3 plants per square meter are appropriate.

3. Planting period  

The planting season can be divided into three seasons throughout the year: the first is in spring , before the branches sprout; the second is from mid- July to early August ; the third is the Frost Festival, after the leaves fall. You can choose according to the conditions. Generally, after summer control and promotion management, the flower yield in winter will be high; planting from mid- July to early August can also produce flowers normally in winter; planting after Frost Festival will have a low flower yield in the same year.

4. Post-planting management 

The first is watering. Water immediately after planting, water once every 3 to 4 days, and water three times in a row. Fertilization is prohibited during the seedling stage. After watering, inter-cultivation, loosening and weeding should be carried out in time. The second is pruning. Pruning is an important management measure for off-season production of roses. From the end of May to September , let it dormant forcibly, that is, only leaves and branches are left for photosynthesis and nutrients are accumulated. The upper buds are removed at any time, but the base buds should be retained to allow them to grow but not bloom. The upper buds are removed as soon as they sprout. Starting from September , only one weak branch is left as a feeding branch, and the rest of the branches are cut short with three buds. After the branches grow, they are cultivated into flower branches, and the upper buds are retained and the upper buds are removed. When the branches and buds are budded, they can be cut. When cutting flowers, the three buds at the base are still cut short, and the process is repeated. It can produce flowers for 5 to 6 years, and the high-yield period is in the second to fourth year. The length of the fresh cut flower branches is generally 80 cm, which is cut according to user requirements. 

5. Winter management

In early September , the greenhouse should be covered with film and thatch. In winter, the greenhouse temperature should be maintained at 15 to 28 degrees Celsius. Fire should be lit in time to raise the temperature. No smoke should be allowed in the greenhouse. The daily light time is required to be 8 to 10 hours. In winter, the thatch should be uncovered at 8 am, and the air should be ventilated from 10 am to 1 pm , and the thatch should be covered at 5 pm .

6. Pest and disease control

Rose diseases mainly include powdery mildew and black spot, which need to be controlled in time. Pesticides such as chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, and triadimefon can be used alternately. Insect pests mainly include red spiders and aphids, which can be controlled in time with pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and omethoate.

16. Desert Rose is as brilliant as brocade

The flower is shaped like a trumpet, rose red, and very beautiful. The umbels grow in clusters of three or five, clustered at the ends of branches, brilliant like brocade, and bloom all year round. This is the desert rose. The desert rose is native to Kenya and Tanzania in Africa. It is named desert rose because its origin is close to the desert and it is as red as a rose. Desert rose, also known as Tianbao flower and small oleander, is a perennial succulent plant with a height of nearly 2 meters and fleshy roots. The trunk is large at the top and thin at the tail, with a natural transition, thick branches and thick stems, and even growth. The leaves are emerald green. In the south, it can bloom twice in spring and autumn. If properly maintained, flowers can be seen in spring, summer and autumn . When it is in full bloom, most of the leaves fall off, and the branches are full of flowers. Its posture is graceful, and the tree shape is simple and vigorous, elegant and unique. The roots, stems, leaves and flowers all have high ornamental value. It is currently a popular high-end indoor cultivation product.

Desert rose has single leaves that are alternate, obovate, with sharp tips, 8 cm to 10 cm long, 2 cm to 4 cm wide, leathery, shiny, dark green on the ventral side, gray-green on the dorsal side, and entire margins. The inflorescence is terminal, with more than 10 flowers , trumpet-shaped, 6 cm to 8 cm long ; the corolla is 5- lobed, with rose red, pink, white and complex colors. May to December is the flowering period of desert rose, and the flowers are red, rose red, pink, white and other colors. It is easier to bear fruit in greenhouse cultivation in the south. The fruit is a long pointed follicle, and the seeds have white soft hairs to help them fly and spread.

Desert rose is mainly distributed in tropical African desert arid areas. It likes dry and sunny environment. It is drought-resistant but not water-resistant, heat-resistant but not cold-resistant. The suitable temperature for growth is 20 ℃～30 ℃. When cultivated at home, it should be placed in a place with sufficient sunlight or scattered light, and fertile, loose, well-drained sandy loam rich in calcium should be used. During the high temperature period in summer, water can be applied after the topsoil is dry according to the soil conditions. Generally, water once every 3 days, and water should not accumulate in the pot, otherwise the roots will easily rot. Apply nitrogen fertilizer 2 to 3 times in the vigorous growth season in spring every year , and apply compound fertilizer containing calcium and phosphorus twice before flowering . In the dry season in winter, the plant enters a dormant period. If the temperature is below 10 ℃, the leaves will fall. At this time, watering should be controlled to keep the soil dry.

Desert roses are generally propagated by sowing and cuttings. After flowering, mature trees occasionally bear fruit. The fruit should be harvested in time after ripening, otherwise the fruit will burst on its own and the seeds will be ejected and float in the wind. Sowing is best done in spring, using the spot sowing method. When using the cutting method, usually cut 1- to 2- year-old branches in spring, summer, and autumn, 8 cm to 15 cm long, dip them in plant ash, sulfur powder, or charcoal powder, dry them, and insert them into the seedbed, which will easily take root. ( Yue Bei )

17. Rose Three-section Leaf Peak

The rose sawfly, also known as the rose leaffly and yellow-bellied sawfly, belongs to the order Hymenoptera and the family Tripterygium. It is distributed in East China and North China. It mainly harms roses, but also harms roses, roses, ten sisters, yellow roses and other flowers .

【Damage】

The larvae feed on the host leaves. Dozens of larvae often gather on the leaves to feed. In severe cases, they can eat up all the leaves, leaving only the veins.

【Morphological characteristics】

Adult: Female adults are about 7.5 mm long, with a wingspan of about 17 mm. The head and thorax are black and shiny, and the abdomen is orange-yellow. The antennae are black, whip-like, and consist of 3 sections, with the third section being the longest. The wings are black and translucent, and the legs are all black. Male adults are slightly smaller than female adults.

Eggs: Oval, about 1 mm long. Light orange-yellow when first laid, green before hatching. 

Larvae: Slightly greenish when newly hatched, with a yellowish head. When mature, the body is 18-19 mm long and yellowish brown. There are three horizontal black dot lines on each segment of the body , and short hairs grow on these black dots. There are three pairs of thoracic legs, three pairs of abdominal legs , and six pairs of abdominal legs , which grow on segments 5-9 and the tail segment.

Pupa: milky white.

Cocoon: Oval, grayish yellow. 

Life history and habits

There are two generations in a lifetime , and the larvae overwinter in the soil as cocoons. They pupate in April of the following year, and emerge as adults in May-June . They use their ovipositors to make longitudinal slits on the new shoots of the rose, and lay two rows of about 30 eggs in them. After the eggs hatch, the new shoots completely break, turn black, and bend backwards. The first generation of larvae mature in mid- July , and the first generation of adults emerge and lay eggs in late July to early August . The second generation of larvae enters the peak of damage in mid-to-late August , and they gradually burrow into the soil to overwinter from early October .

Prevention and treatment methods

1. Find the leaves that are still infested with insects and pick them off for disposal.

2. During the larval damage period, spray 50% cypermethrin at a dilution of 1000 times or 20% cypermethrin at a dilution of 2000 times.

18. Technical measures for rose cut flower production

Roses are warm temperate flowers , and the suitable growth temperature is 10-28 ℃ . Growth is inhibited when the temperature is higher than 35℃, and it will not bloom when it is lower than 10℃. When it encounters light frost, both the flowers and leaves will be damaged by frost. The annual average temperature in Guangdong is between 19 and 23℃, which is suitable for rose growth. However, the seasonal changes are obvious. From May to September, the temperature is high, the plants grow slowly, develop quickly, accumulate less nutrients, have short branches, small flowers, and dull colors, which are difficult to meet commodity standards. From October to April of the following year, except for the low temperature in the northern region, which needs to be kept warm and cold-proof, the central and southern regions are the golden season for rose growth. At this time, it is difficult to produce cut flowers in most areas due to the cold. Therefore, considering the economic benefits throughout the year, it is advisable to abandon the flowering period from May to September, remove the flower buds at any time, and do a good job in disease prevention and pest control, and protect branches and leaves, so as to concentrate on producing cut flowers in autumn and winter.

Roses have large-flowered, medium-flowered, and small-flowered varieties. Currently, only large-flowered varieties are used for cut flower production. Large-flowered varieties have only one flower on the top of the branch, with a flower diameter of more than 10 cm. The branches are long, straight, and hard, with a variety of flower colors, and the fragrance of the flowers can be fragrant or not. Currently popular varieties include red Samantha, yellow Gold Medal, pink Bellamy, white Baichenggong, and fragrant Xianghuanxi. Varieties need to be constantly updated, and varieties that are more suitable for consumer requirements should be planted.

Rose cut flowers are usually planted with grafted or cutting seedlings. Grafted seedlings are mostly rootstocks of wild rose seven sisters, which have a well-developed root system, strong plant growth, and a long high-yield period that can last for 4 to 5 years, but the cost of seedlings is relatively high. Cutting seedlings are generally renewed every 3 years.

The density of rose cultivation varies greatly. For sparse planting, the width of the furrow is 2 meters, and the planting is done in double rows with a spacing of 70 centimeters. There are less than 1,000 plants per mu. For dense planting, the width of the furrow is 1.5 meters , and the planting is done in double rows with a spacing of 30 centimeters. There are nearly 3,000 plants per mu. Both sparse and dense planting can produce high yields and high quality. Different management methods are used for different densities.    

Pruning is an important and difficult technique to master, and it is often necessary to perform it temporarily according to the specific conditions of the plant. Usually, blind branches that cannot bloom should be pruned to reduce nutrient consumption; dense inner branches and cross branches that affect the light and ventilation of the plant should be pruned; diseased branches infected with diseases should be pruned to prevent the spread of diseases. However, when the plant grows weakly, or the crown width is too small, or the leaves fall seriously, the pruning that should be done should be postponed. The height of the plant needs to be lowered through pruning, otherwise the plant will grow taller and taller, which will not only make it difficult to manage, but also make the flower branches shorter and shorter, and the flowers smaller and smaller. To lower the height of the plant, first, prune more intensively in spring and autumn when the dormant buds at the bottom of the plant are easy to germinate; second, leave only 1-2 short stumps under the cut when collecting flowers , so that the next flower branch can grow at a lower position. Pruning before flowering is an important measure to implement the flower production plan. Prune the trunk branches before the planned flower production to allow the axillary buds below the cut to germinate and grow into flower branches. The pruning time should be about 30 days before the planned flowering in summer, about 45 days before the planned flowering in spring and autumn, and about 65 days before the planned flowering in winter. If you want to concentrate the flowering, all the strong branches that can produce flower branches should be pruned at once, but the flowers that sprout are often weak because the plants are seriously injured. To maintain a relatively stable flower production and improve product quality, it is better to prune three times, pruning 1/3 each time. The thick and long branches growing from the base of the plant are thick but the flowers are not big. It is advisable to cut them off at 30-40 cm , so that they can sprout two or three normal flower branches under the cut to increase the flower production.

Fertile, loose, organic-rich soil is conducive to the growth of roses. Roses are highly adaptable to soil pH, and can grow normally at pH 5 to 8. Roses need a lot of fertilizer. Apply solid organic fertilizer once every one to one and a half months; apply liquid fertilizer once every seven days. Plants that are mainly fertilized with organic fertilizers have strong growth, and the leaf and flower colors are better.

Roses require a lot of water and should be watered 1 to 2 times a day on sunny days . However, stagnant water can easily cause root rot, so they should be planted in high beds and not flooded.

Guangdong has a long season of high temperature and high humidity, and there are many diseases and insect pests. The main diseases and insect pests include leaf black spot disease, brown spot disease, branch blight, powdery mildew, spider mites, thrips, moth and butterfly larvae, etc., which should be prevented and controlled in time.

19. Cultivation and management of Bulgarian international scented roses

Bulgarian International Fragrance Rose is a world-recognized high-quality rose variety. It is a deciduous shrub of the genus Rosa in the Rosaceae family. It has a thick trunk and upright branches, and is generally about 1 to 5 meters tall. It is mainly used to extract essences or make dried flower spices.

Bulgarian roses can be planted in any soil. They bloom in the same year they are planted. They are highly resistant to pests and diseases and can be used as flower walls, green walls, flower bed enclosures, and garden ornamental edible flowers. Unlike traditional roses, they have no seeds and cannot be propagated by cuttings. They can only be propagated by layering and grafting. The planting and management techniques are:

Deeply plow the land and apply base fertilizer. The plots, zones or nests where roses are planted should be plowed one foot deep to loosen the soil and apply some base fertilizer appropriately. Generally, 1,500 kg of farmyard manure or 50 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu.

The spacing is determined by pulling ropes, and the specifications are planted. The field garden is built according to the plant spacing specification of 4×0.5 meters , and 324 seedlings are planted per mu. If it is used as a breeding nursery, it will definitely be able to be planted in the winter of the second year, and it will not affect the flower picking next year. When opening the row, you can add a row of plants between the 4-meter rows to propagate flower seedlings. In the plots for hedges, flower beds or nest planting, deep plowing and preparation should also be carried out, and appropriate base fertilizer should be applied.

Planting at the right time to conserve moisture and prevent frost. The holes for planting Bulgarian roses should be dug obliquely in sequence, more than one foot long and 5 inches deep at the bottom, slanting out of the ground.

Plant the roots of the roses in the bottom of the hole, with the top 2 cm above the ground. Tamp down and loosen the soil, water to make the roots firm, and make the seedlings closely integrated with the soil. Do not flood with water to prevent the ground from hardening and cooling, so that the seedlings can sprout in winter and grow out of the ground in spring. The best time to plant is from November of the previous year to January of the current year before freezing. During this period, the seedlings are dormant, easy to adjust and easy to survive. Before planting, adjust the seedlings externally, soak them in a solution of 5 ml of Hengfeng brand Liye Mianbao mixed with 40 kg of water for 24 hours before planting, or soak them in a rooting agent of 20-200 ppm for 24 hours before planting .

Scientific management and expanding root and seedling management are the keys to increasing flower production. During the production process, the following points should be done well: timely top dressing and cultivating strong seedlings.

Remove the tops in time to promote the growth of seedlings. When the seedlings are about 6 cm tall, remove the tops to promote the growth of new buds between the leaves and increase the number of root seedlings. Pile up the soil and layer the seedlings to promote rooting. After the new seedlings are topped, pile up the soil to the tip in time to promote the new buds between the leaves to take root in the soil. It can not only cultivate two-year rose seedlings, but also increase the flower production per plant. Weed in time to reduce consumption. During the growth period of rose seedlings, weeds on the ground should be removed in time. In particular, weeds near the roots of the flower stumps should be removed many times to reduce the consumption of nutrients on the ground and cultivate strong seedlings. Prune dead branches to promote new branches. For perennial roses, weeding should be combined with cleaning in winter and spring every year between the rows. Cut off the old and dry rose branches to make the flower stumps ventilated and light-permeable, sprout new branches, and produce more flowers.

20. Six methods of rose propagation

Rose has always been one of the most popular flowers . There are generally 6 ways to propagate it: Seeding method   is spring sowing. It can be sown in holes or furrows, and usually germinates and grows into seedlings in early to mid-April. Transplantation     method   is to move rose seedlings from the nursery to the field for planting. Transplantation time is divided into spring planting and autumn planting, which is usually carried out after the leaves fall in late autumn or before the sap flows in early spring.

Division method  

Propagation by division is usually carried out in early spring or late autumn. The method is to dig out the whole rose plant with soil and divide it. Each plant has 1-2 branches and some fibrous roots. They are planted in pots or in the open field and will bloom in the same year.

Cutting method  

Generally, in early spring or late autumn, when the rose leaves fall and dormancy occurs, cut mature branches with 3-4 buds for cuttings. Proper shade should be provided and the seedbed should be kept moist. Cuttings will generally take root 30 days after cuttings, with a survival rate of 70%-80% . If the branches are dipped in rooting powder during cuttings, the survival rate will be higher.

Layering  

It is usually done in summer. The method is to bend the branch from the mother plant, peel off the lower half of the bark in the middle of the branch that is buried in the soil, and bury it in the soil, exposing the branch tip. After the branch produces adventitious roots and new leaves, it is cut off from the mother plant.

Grafting

Wild roses are usually used as rootstocks, and bud grafting and root grafting are used for grafting. Bud grafting can be done in August or September . When grafting, the grafting site should be as close to the ground as possible. The specific method is: use a bud grafting knife to make a "T"-shaped incision on the skin on one side of the rootstock stem, then select a grafted bud from the center of a well-developed branch of the current year of the rose, insert it into the "T"-shaped incision, tie it with a plastic band, and shade it appropriately. It will heal in about two weeks.  Huang Guangli)

21. New technology for rose twisting cultivation

Traditional cultivation methods have the following disadvantages:    

1.  Open-air soil cultivation is easily affected by typhoons, heavy rains, cold currents and other weather conditions, resulting in unstable yields and quality that does not meet requirements.

2.  The water supply by flooding is difficult to control, which affects the irrigation efficiency.

3.  Spread granular fertilizer for growth, but its fertilization efficiency is low, plants cannot fully absorb it, and fertilizer loss often occurs.

4.  It is difficult to control pests and diseases under open-air cultivation.

5.  Traditional pruning methods easily result in short branches, small flowers, and difficult harvesting of cut flowers. In addition, the pruning method is complicated and cannot be performed proficiently without long-term experience.

In order to improve the quality of rose cut flower production and make it more internationally competitive, we use twisting cultivation, which is different from the traditional cultivation method. This method is introduced as follows.

Twisting equipment and method    

In order to improve the quality of cut flowers, twisting branch cultivation experiments were conducted to produce higher quality cut flowers. The relevant equipment used were:

1.  Facilities: can avoid the impact of environmental climate and other factors on production quality.    

2.  Automatic spraying equipment: Roses are very susceptible to diseases and pests, and the branches overlap when twisted, so diseases and pests can spread quickly. The use of automatic spraying equipment can reduce the risk of manual spraying and reduce the cost of spraying labor. The facility uses a closed room to allow the pesticide to diffuse in the facility, which is more effective in preventing and controlling diseases and pests.

3.  Raised bed equipment: convenient for twisting cultivation.    

4.  Nutrition system: Use the original fertilizer solution with a dilution ratio device to use a drip irrigation system to supply nutrients to the roses at a fixed time and quantity. The method of twisting branches is to twist 2 to 3 branches of the roses in the early stage for nutrient growth, and the branches growing at the base are used as cutting branches.

in conclusion    

The quality of cut flowers produced is significantly better than that of traditional soil cultivation methods. The length of the branches produces more first-class products, the petals are longer, there is no black-brown phenomenon, and the leaf area is also larger.

The use of this new cultivation technology can improve the quality of rose cut flowers and enhance international competitiveness. However, because the equipment and facilities required for this technology consume more production costs than traditional soil cultivation methods, how to continue researching and reducing production costs is an important issue. In the future, we will conduct further research and utilization on this cultivation technology.

22. Key points for rose cultivation

 Key points for cultivation

Division, cuttings, grafting, and sowing are all possible. Division is done before germination in early spring. Frequent division leads to more luxuriant growth, so it is called "leaving mother grass". Cuttings are mostly done in late spring and early summer with soft branches as the main material. Grafting propagation mostly uses roses as rootstocks, and bud grafting or cut grafting can be used. The former is suitable from August to September , and the latter is best in spring. Single-petal varieties are easy to produce seeds. After collecting seeds, they should be stored in sand and sown in early spring of the following year. Roses are plants with strong adaptability. They are suitable for sunny and dry places. Waterlogging is avoided, but they should be watered in time before flowering, and withered and old stems should be cut off in time. When there are too many divisions, they should be divided in time, and ventilation and light should be maintained. Fertilization should be applied before and after flowering to promote bud formation and replenish nutrients consumed by flowering, so that the whole plant can grow strong all year round, and there are fewer diseases and insect pests.

23. Rose cutting propagation technology

( 1 ) Choose branches that are full and disease-free:

It is important to have healthy and strong branches for cuttings. "Well begun is half done", so branches with diseases and insect pests should be avoided. Leaves with thick and well-developed leaves should contain sufficient nutrients, making it easier to succeed in cuttings.

 2. Prevent pests and diseases from invading:

Diseases should be avoided in the cutting medium, potting soil or cutting environment. Diseases such as black mold and branch dieback can easily occur during cutting, so the appropriate use of fungicides is very necessary.

 ( III ) Water management :

After the rose cuttings are cut, they can no longer obtain water from the mother plant, so they must be given sufficient water to prevent wilting. Generally, a regular and quantitative water supply and facilities above a simple greenhouse are required for commercial production. Water control must pay attention to the humidity in the medium and the humidity in the air, with the principle of maintaining a thin layer of moisture on the leaf surface without getting wet.

 ( IV ) Use rooting agent to promote hair rooting:

Using IBA 1000-2000ppm can help rose cuttings to root. It should be noted that too high a concentration will make it difficult for the axillary buds of the cuttings to germinate. Therefore, an appropriate concentration can make the cuttings take root well. In addition to the above points, which are the necessary methods and procedures for rose cutting propagation, there are other matters to pay attention to.

( V ) Other matters needing attention:

The middle nodes of cut flowers are more suitable for cuttings. Cuttings with 3 nodes and 3 leaves grow faster than single-node cuttings but the cost is higher.

The cutting medium can be prepared with peat soil and pearlite. To promote the germination of axillary buds, nutrient agents containing BA can be added or refrigerated at low temperature to break the dormancy of axillary buds. In summer, cuttings can be grown into seedlings in about one month, and in winter, it takes about 50-60 days to grow seedlings. In spring, cuttings tend to grow axillary buds first and then root, thus affecting their survival rate.

Using a heated bed can promote faster root growth and increase the propagation rate of winter cuttings. Using sucrose pretreatment can promote survival rate and seedling quality. Trace elements Fe , Mn , and Zn also help the survival of cuttings. At present, the domestic rose planting area is about 236 hectares. Farmers need to replant every 3-4 years, and some farmers have changed to dense planting. In addition to the needs of potted flowers, it is estimated that about 6 million seedlings are needed each year. The cutting propagation method provides fast and good rose seedlings, which is not only beneficial to the production of flower farmers but also reduces the production cost.

24. Rose Softwood Cutting Seedling Raising Technology

1. Cutting time: Preliminary tests can be carried out from mid-April when the roses are in bud to mid-to-late August. However, after mid-July, the quality of the cuttings is poor due to the short growth period.

2. Seedbed construction: In a well-ventilated place, use bamboo poles or wooden poles, reed mats or straw curtains to build a shade shed about 1.5 to 2 meters high in the east-west direction . Dig a seedbed of 1.5 meters , 2 meters long and 0.4 meters  deep under the shed , build bricks around the seedbed and pave the bottom with bricks.

3. Substrate and disinfection: The substrate in the bed is made of half volume of clean fresh sawdust and river sand or pure fine river sand. It is disinfected with 40 % formaldehyde 200 times solution about 10 days before cutting . Then cover with plastic film for 4 to 5 days, remove the film and dry for 3 to 5 days, and then spread it on the cutting bed. The substrate thickness is0.25m ~ 0.30m . The experiment proved that there was no significant difference in the survival rate of cuttings between the two substrates, but it was found that the mixed substrate was better in terms of root volume, transplant survival rate and later growth .

4. Selection of cuttings: Choose the top of the semi-lignified and strong nutrient branches of the current year. Cut 4 to 6 nodes in the field and place them in a basin of water to prevent water loss and wilting. During the bud and flowering period, choose nutrient branches without buds and flowers.   

 5. Cuttings: Leave three compound leaves on the top of the cuttings taken from the field, remove the leaves at the bottom and leave the petioles, and cut the first axillary bud into an inclined surface. Cut the cuttings into the substrate at a depth of 2 cm to 3 cm, with a density of 120 to 150 plants per square meter. Before cutting, use 2 % to 3 % potassium permanganate solution as the base water, with a dosage of 7.5 kg /m2 to 10 kg/m2.

6. Management: After cutting, cover the bed with an arched plastic film. Spray water 3 to 4 times a day, 1.5 kg to 2 kg per square meter each time . When the temperature in the cover is above 30 ℃, increase the number of spraying and ventilate and cool down appropriately. Experiments have shown that when the temperature is 24 ℃ to 27 ℃, the cuttings are easy to take root. When the atmosphere is dry in late spring and early summer, water the cutting bed once every 1 to 6 days, and it can be determined according to the situation in the rainy season. The substrate humidity is kept at 70 % to 80 %, and the air humidity in the cover is kept at about 95 %. According to observations, callus tissue is produced 7 days after cutting, the rooting rate is more than 85 % in 20 days , and it can be transplanted in 25 to 30 days.     

7. Transplantation: 5 days before transplanting, gradually ventilate and harden the seedlings, remove the plastic film, and transplant the seedlings and plant them as they are transplanted, and sprinkle water to prevent the roots from losing water and reducing survival. When transplanting, the seedlings should be graded according to their quality and planted in pieces and rows, so that appropriate management measures can be taken to make their later growth consistent. After transplanting, irrigate continuously for 2 to 3 times, and shade with straw curtains for 5 to 10 days. When digging trenches or holes for planting, the cultivated layer of mature soil and the lower layer of raw soil should be separated, and the mature soil should be filled at the roots during planting. Apply 4,000 to 5,000 kg of organic fertilizers and appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers per mu and mix them with the soil. In order to allow the roots of the seedlings to stretch naturally, after partially filling the soil, gently lift the seedlings by hand to allow the roots to fully contact the soil, then tamp them down and fill the remaining soil. The planting depth is slightly deeper than the original soil mark of the seedlings. After the seedlings have grown, the soil should be loosened and weeded in time. At the same time, attention should be paid to the prevention of pests and diseases and other natural disasters, and the harm of rust, black spot and powdery mildew should be controlled to facilitate the healthy growth of the planted seedlings. 

25. Rose substrate soilless cultivation technology

Rose is one of the four major cut flowers and is widely grown in countries around the world.

The application of soilless cultivation technology in rose production not only solves the various flower diseases caused by soil continuous cropping obstacles, but also greatly improves the quality of fresh cut flowers and advances the flowering period. The world, with the Netherlands as the center, has widely applied soilless cultivation technology for cut flower production. There is no report of any unit using soilless cultivation for large-scale production of roses. The purpose and objective of this project is to use soilless cultivation technology to produce high-quality roses in Guangdong. After three years of research and production by Zhuhai Agricultural Science Institute, the quality of cut flowers produced in winter and spring is comparable to that of imported ones. It grows fast, with clear green and reflective leaves, long branches of commercial flowers, 80 % of which are more than 55 cm, long flower stems, an average of more than 10 cm; large buds, flowering diameter of more than 10 cm; long flower arrangement time, an average of more than 10 days.

1. Soilless culture medium    

The rose soilless culture medium is composed of perlite and granite pebbles in a certain proportion. The particle size of perlite is 1.5-6mm , the particle size of pebbles is 0.5-1.5cm , and the thickness of the medium is 30cm . When filling the medium, first fill 15cm of pebbles at the bottom of the groove , and fill the upper 15cm with a layer of pebbles and a layer of perlite. The pH value is controlled at 6-7 .

2. Cultivated Varieties

The variety selected is the big red variety introduced from the Netherlands - Samon Sand.

The characteristics of the original variety of Samonsha cultivated in greenhouse soilless culture can be well preserved. Its branches are long and straight, the flowers are large and cup-shaped, the yield is high, the quality is good, and it is very popular with consumers. The planting time is April to May every year. Using greenhouse soilless cultivation, flowers can be produced and put on the market from October of the current year to May of the following year, and production will stop from June to September . The fixed density is 25 × 30cm , 4 rows per trough , and about 2,500 plants can be planted in each 0.5- acre greenhouse .

3. Measures for summer and winter

In summer, the temperature in the greenhouse sometimes exceeds 40 ℃. At this time, cooling measures should be taken, such as covering the roof with 45 % black sunshade net and spraying water on the roof and inside the greenhouse frequently. Generally, the temperature can be reduced by 5-10 ℃, allowing roses to grow normally.

Roses can generally survive the winter in Guangdong, but in order to speed up their growth and increase yields, plastic film and white sand nets should be covered on all sides of the shed. The temperature in the shed can be raised by 5-10 °C on sunny days, 3-5 °C on cloudy days, and 1-3 °C on rainy days, so that normal production can be maintained.

4. Nutrient solution management for rose soilless cultivation    

1. Nutrition of Rose    

According to analysis: the leaves contain 3.0 % nitrogen, 0.2 % phosphorus, 1.8 % potassium, 1.0 % calcium , and 0.25 % magnesium. To meet the nutritional requirements of roses, the content of the main elements in the nutrient solution must reach 170ppm nitrogen , 34ppm phosphorus , 150ppm potassium , 120ppm calcium, and 12ppm magnesium .

2. Rose nutrient solution formula

There are many formulas for rose nutrient solution. After testing and comparing ten formulas , the formula prepared by our institute and ourselves is the best. The formula contains n253ppm , p51ppm , k278ppm , ca162ppm , mg34ppm . The pH value of the formula is between 5.5 and 6.5 , and the total concentration is 0.23 % . This formula is relatively stable and generally does not need to adjust the pH .

3. Construction of nutrient solution pool    

In order to avoid precipitation caused by mutual reaction between nutrient solutions, two nutrient solution pools must be built, one for calcium nitrate and the other for other macroelements and trace elements. The nutrient solution pool is built outside the greenhouse, 2 meters above the ground. It is calculated that 0.5 mu of greenhouse needs two 2 cubic meters of water pools. The two water pools have the same volume, and the volume of nutrient solution should also be the same. When applying fertilizer, both water systems are opened at the same time.

4. Application of nutrient solution 

In the early stage of planting, the amount of irrigation can be less, and the formula can be one-third of the amount, and the liquid can be applied every one or two days. After entering the production period, the full amount of the formula is used, and the amount of liquid supplied is gradually increased. The liquid can be applied once a day in sunny weather, and once every two or three days in cloudy or rainy days.

5. Water Management    

In summer, spray water once every hour on sunny days. The amount of water should not be too much, just wet the leaves. Too much water will dilute the nutrient solution in the seedbed. In winter, if the temperature in the greenhouse is above 30 degrees, spray water once at noon.

6. Rose pruning techniques    

1. Picking buds

After the seedlings are planted, they will continue to sprout. The buds that sprout should be removed in time to make the branches grow fully. The buds formed in midsummer should also be removed to concentrate nutrients to cultivate the tree.

2. Thinning buds

Salmonsa will grow three flower buds on the branches. During the flowering season, the secondary buds on both sides must be removed every morning.

 3. Cut branches

Keep cutting off branches that are too long, crossed, overlapping, dead, diseased, insect-infested, or weak, and promptly remove suckers on the rootstock.   

 4. Control the flowering period. Every year, "Valentine's Day" ( February 14 ) is the golden season for rose sales. Therefore, roses should be controlled to bloom during "Valentine's Day". Roses grown in the open field in Guangdong bloom in about 65 to 75 days. Roses grown in the greenhouse without soil bloom 10 to 20 days earlier than those grown in the open field. Therefore , roses grown in the greenhouse without soil should be pruned and budded from December 5 to 15 .

5. Harvesting  Seedlings planted in April or May can produce flowers in December . The yield per mu is about 50,000 in the second year, and more than 100,000 in the third year . Cut flowers can be harvested when the green calyx has opened and the outer petals are loose. The cutting position of cut flowers mainly depends on the thickness of the branches. If the branches are strong, 3-4 buds can be left . If the flower branches are short or have fewer leaves, they can be cut in the middle or upper middle part of the flower branches to make the flower buds grow on the upper part.

26. How to identify Pingyin roses and Chinese roses

Roses and Chinese roses are both world-famous ornamental plants with beautiful colors and fragrance. In Western countries, roses, Chinese roses and wild roses are collectively referred to as roses . Most of the "roses" sold in the flower markets in big cities are Chinese roses. Many people confuse double-petaled red roses (Pingyin roses) with Chinese roses with rose fragrance. To help flower lovers identify these two flowers , the author briefly introduces their morphological characteristics to help them identify them.

1. Common Features  

Pingyin rose and Chinese rose belong to the genus Rosa in the Rosaceae family. They have many similarities in morphology. They are both deciduous shrubs with upright or climbing stems, usually with thorns; leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate compound leaves with stipules; flowers are solitary or in umbels, with five sepals and five petals each (double flowers have many petals); stamens are numerous; pistils are numerous, wrapped in a pitcher-shaped receptacle, which becomes fleshy when mature and contains many or a few bony achenes. The flowers and fruits of Pingyin rose and Chinese rose have high economic and ornamental value.

2. The difference between Pingyin rose and rose 

1. Differences in morphological characteristics

 1. Flower color: Pingyin roses are only rose-colored (purple red); Chinese roses have a variety of colors, including white, pink, red, purple, yellow, etc., with many variations and colors. Flower shape: Pingyin roses have single petals and double petals ( 38 to 48 petals, and those grown in fertile soil have large flowers and more petals), and the flower diameter is generally 6 cm to 8 cm; Chinese roses also have single petals and double petals, and the size of the flowers varies, with small flowers only 2 cm to 3 cm in diameter and large flowers 10 cm to 20 cm in diameter, and petal shapes are diverse, including pointed petals, recurved petals, cabbage leaf-shaped petals, and many other variations.

Style: The styles of Pingyin rose are united into a head shape and plugged into the mouth of the receptacle; the styles of rose are free, extending out of the mouth of the receptacle and are very long, about twice as long as the stamens (half higher than the stamens).

 Calyx: The calyx of Pingyin roses is mostly petal-shaped. When the flowers bloom, the calyx and the flowers open at the same time. When the rose flowers have not yet bloomed, the sepals open first. When the flowers bloom, the sepals curl back and are usually feather-shaped. 

2. The leaves of the flat rose are composed of 7 to 9 leaflets, which are pinnate compound leaves. The leaflets are elliptical or oblong-ovate, 2 cm to 5 cm long, shiny and wrinkled on the surface, with slightly white powder and soft hairs on the back; the petiole has velvet and thorns; the stipules are half the length of the leaf. The leaves of the Chinese rose are composed of 3 to 5 leaflets, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 2.5 cm to 6 cm long , with sharp tips and serrations, smooth and shiny surfaces; the petiole has thorns or no thorns; the stipules are 1/3 of the length of the petiole .

 3. Flat stems Rose stems are upright, bush-like, young stems are green, turn brown-red the next year, old stems are gray-brown with white powder, the stem base has thick thorns and sharp and dense small thorns, the thick thorns of stems over 3 years old fall off, and the upper part of the stem is thick thorns. Rose stems are upright, some varieties have longer branches like creepers, young stems are green, slightly red, with or without thorns, all hairless, hook-shaped thorns, scattered and few, old stems are gray-brown, and the thorns fall off.

 4. Root flat roses and Chinese roses have undeveloped taproots, but well-developed lateral roots and fibrous roots. The horizontal roots of roses can produce root suckers to propagate new plants. Chinese roses do not produce root suckers.

2. Microscopic identification of pollen

The pollen grains of roses are slightly larger than those of Pingyin roses. The cross-sectional diameter of the former is about 5 microns larger than that of the latter in terms of surface view. The diameter of the inner pores of the two pollen grains is 1 micron larger than that of the latter .

27. Why are the leaves of Michelia in the mountains withered?

 Question: I bought some Michelia scoparia seedlings from Zhejiang this year and planted them, but they are growing very poorly. The symptoms are that the upper leaves are withering, while the lower roots are good. What is the reason for this?

Answer: Michelia sempervirens, also known as white jasmine, is an evergreen ornamental plant with great development prospects. Judging from the fact that the leaves of the buds you purchased are withering but the roots are in good condition, there are three reasons for the withering of the leaves:

First, the leaves lose a lot of water during the transplanting and transportation of the seedlings. The soil at the roots is loose, and the leaves are not sprayed with water to keep them moist during transportation. In addition, the roots of the seedlings are relatively fragile and directly exposed to the air, which causes the fibrous roots to be damaged to a certain extent. It is a fleshy root, and damage to the nutrient fibrous roots is not easy to show quickly and obviously. After the seedlings are planted, some leaves are not properly cut off, resulting in the roots not restoring their absorption function, and the leaves do not get the water supply they deserve, which causes the leaves to naturally shrink and wither. 

Second, after planting, proper spray moisturizing measures were not taken, such as properly cutting off some leaves during planting, spraying the seedbed after planting, spraying water on the leaves, inserting bamboo strips on both sides of the seedbed, covering with plastic film to keep moisture, and then building a shed to cover the seedlings, so that the dehydrated leaves can gradually recover, and the film can be removed after the leaves are restored to stand upright. Because these measures were not followed up, the leaves eventually withered.

Third, the seedlings of Michelia sempervirens are relatively shade-tolerant. During the maintenance process, the cultivation soil must be sandy loam, without water accumulation, and a shed must be built in time for shade. While keeping the seedbed moist, the leaves should be sprayed frequently, otherwise the leaves will continue to wither. According to my experience, when transplanting large and medium seedlings of Michelia sempervirens, if the soil ball is not well taken care of, or even become bare-root seedlings, as long as the roots are well moisturized during transportation, the leaves are sprayed on the way, and some branches and most leaves are cut off according to the specific situation of the root soil ball during planting, and the leaves are sprayed more after planting, the survival rate of transplanting is generally high; if the root system is not good and most of the branches and leaves are not cut off, a large number of leaves often turn black and fall off, and the tips of the branches die, but the main trunk, thick branches, especially the lower part of the stem generally do not die, and it takes 1 to 2 years to restore its original plant shape. This point should be given great attention when transplanting large seedlings of Michelia sempervirens.

28. Pre-harvest management of goldenrod

 [ Scientific name ]lonicera  maackii (rupr.)maxim .

 [ Other Chinese names ] Chicken bones, honeysuckle, honeysuckle  

 [ Family ] Honeysuckle​         

 [ Origin ] North Korea, Northeast China 

 [ Gardening characteristics ] The branches of the goldenrod are luxuriant, the leaves are dark green, and the fruits are bright red, which is very ornamental. It can also grow well under extensive management conditions and is suitable for garden planting and layout.  

 [ Pre-harvest management ] The planting density is 1 plant per 2 to 3 square meters . Golden silverwood is slightly drought-resistant, but grows well in a slightly moist and dry soil environment. In addition to applying an appropriate amount of pig manure as basal fertilizer to the plants when planting, liquid fertilizer should be applied every half a month during the vigorous growth stage. Golden silverwood likes strong light and should receive direct sunlight for no less than 4 hours a day. It grows well in a sparse shade environment. A well-ventilated environment helps the photosynthesis of the plant to proceed smoothly. Golden silverwood likes a warm environment and is also relatively cold-resistant. It can overwinter in the open field in most areas in the north. Its suitable growth temperature is 14 to 28 ℃, and the overwintering temperature should not be lower than -15 ℃. Golden silverwood grows more new branches every year, so some old branches should be cut off to play the role of shaping and pruning and renewing branches. Such treatment also helps to produce high-quality golden silverwood cuttings.

29. How to increase the production of Pingyin roses

Pingyin roses are large, colorful, and have a rich, pure fragrance, and have long been famous both at home and abroad.

Pingyin roses not only have great ornamental value, but also have high economic value. They are important raw materials for spices, food industry and medicine. With the improvement of people's living standards, the market demand for roses is increasing. In recent years, there has been a situation of supply exceeding demand. Some areas introduced roses from Pingyin, Shandong, but they did not understand the cultivation and management habits of roses, so the yield of roses is often low. In order to solve the doubts of the majority of growers, the author summarizes several factors that affect the flowering amount of roses as follows for reference.

1. Temperature.

Roses require a cool climate during their flowering period, with a significant temperature difference between day and night, and an average daily temperature of around 20 °C. If the temperature is relatively stable during this period, the roses will have a long flowering period and good quality. If the temperature is below 10 °C, they will stop flowering. Normally, the amount of flowers blooming increases with rising temperatures. If the temperature suddenly rises for several days, many immature buds will bloom prematurely, greatly shortening the flowering period and reducing the yield of fresh flowers.

2. Moisture.

Although roses are relatively drought-tolerant plants, they are also sensitive to water from bud formation to flowering. According to the author's observations over the years, the soil moisture content during the flowering period is preferably around 14% . When it is lower than 11% , a large number of buds will fall off, and the quality of the flowers that bloom will also be poor. Therefore, in northern regions, it is best to water before winter and during the flowering period to meet the needs of rose growth and development.

3. Light.

Rose is a strong sun-loving plant, requiring sufficient light throughout the growth period. Insufficient light will only cause the branches to grow too long, grow thin, and cause serious diseases. The ability to survive the winter is reduced, and the amount of flowering is significantly reduced. Therefore, in production, the selection of sites, cultivation methods, density, and other management measures should be considered to make full use of space and improve the utilization rate of light energy to achieve the goal of increasing production.

4. Age of branches.

Generally, branches of the first year rarely bloom, the number of flowers on branches of two or three years old gradually increases, the number of flowers on branches of four years old reaches the peak, and the number of flowers on branches of five years old gradually decreases. Therefore, in the production management of roses, old branches in the bushes should be continuously pruned to achieve high yields year after year.

5. Fertilizer.

When planting roses, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. After planting, autumn fertilization should be carried out, with 4,000 kg of farmyard manure applied per mu. In order to meet the fertilizer needs of rose growth and development, in mid-to-late March , 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied per mu in combination with watering on the basis of autumn fertilization . In addition, spraying trace elements from late March to late April has a significant effect on reducing bud drop and increasing the weight of single flowers.

30. Cultivation technology of American hybrid apricot plum "Flavor Rose"

Hybrid apricot plum is a high-end fruit bred by American scientists through distant hybridization between apricot and plum species.

 "Flavor Rose" is the best of the American hybrid apricot and plum varieties introduced exclusively by the Academy of Forestry for the first time. This variety has particularly good early fruiting and early maturity. In the demonstration garden of the fruit office of Danshui Town, Xixia County, Henan Province, it is colored and mature from mid-to-late May to early to mid -June . The seedlings can bloom in the same year they are planted, and some can bear fruit. The fruit is oblate and juicy. The flesh is bright red, the skin is purple-red at first, and purple-black when fully ripe. The weight of a single fruit is 80 grams to 133 grams, and the average fruit weight is 100 grams. The germination rate and branching rate are both extremely strong. It is particularly drought-resistant, barren-resistant, cold-resistant, storage-resistant, and salt-alkali-resistant. It is suitable for planting wherever there are apricots and plums. The key points of its high-yield technology are as follows:

1. Site selection and land preparation.

"Flavorful Rose" is a high-end fruit, so it must be planted in a pollution-free place. Choose medium-low soil fertility and river loam for planting. The row spacing is 2 meters x 1 meter. Plough the rows twice and then ridge the land.

2. Seedling preparation and planting.

Planting can be done after the leaves fall and before the buds sprout. It is better to plant after the leaves fall within the year. In particularly dry and cold areas, planting should be done before the buds sprout in spring. It is best to contact the seedling supplier as early as possible so that they can be planted as soon as they are dug up. When transporting seedlings over long distances, water loss must be strictly prevented ( if there is water loss, soak them in clean water immediately ) . Before planting, prune the injured and overlong roots. When planting seedlings, pollination trees should be planted. The male-female ratio should be 1 : 8 , and they should be evenly distributed in the field ( see the planting diagram below ) . After planting, tamp down and water them sufficiently. After sealing the soil, cover the ground with a 1- meter-wide film along the tree row, and pay attention to sealing the soil at the base of the tree.

3. Fertilizer and water management.

Combined with land preparation, apply more than 150 kg of farmyard manure per mu and 50 kg of special fertilizer for fruit trees as base fertilizer. Spray "Liguomei" once a month from July to October , and apply 150 kg of sesame cake fertilizer per mu from September to October . Apply pollution-free fertilizers before flowering and after physiological fruit drop every year. Spray "Liguomei" once a month from flowering to 20 days before fruit picking . Peanuts and other low-stalk, high-efficiency crops can be intercropped in the year of planting. No intercropping of any crops is allowed in the second year.

4. Pest and disease control.

Main pests: borer. Main diseases: bacterial root cancer, perforation. Prevention and control: ① Dip the seedlings in 3-5 degree lime sulfur mixture before planting . Spray lime sulfur mixture once after winter pruning and before flower buds sprout every year . ② Spray pyrethroid pesticides and 70 % methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution once at the end of flowering. ③ From one month after flowering to one month before fruit picking . Spray 65 % ​​mancozeb 600 times solution and 50 % fenitrothion 1000 times solution once each . ④ Before the borer emerges from the soil, spray high concentration of dichlorvos on the tree row and rake it with a vegetable rake.

5. Flower and fruit management.

Spray 0.3 % borax and 0.5 % urea once before the flower buds sprout . Spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea once during the flowering period . Set the fruit after the first physiological fruit drop. According to the tree vigor and the total amount of fruit hanging, determine the appropriate amount of fruit to be retained . It is better to retain one fruit every 20 cm on average.

6. Shaping and pruning.

Adopt the "main trunk" tree shape. Its main features: the middle trunk is upright and strong, the plant height is 2 meters to 2.3 meters , and there are about 35 medium branches extending from a single axis evenly . The key points of shaping and pruning: after planting, the trunk is not fixed or the weak seedlings are lightly pruned. To ensure that there are many medium branches, no or few strong branches. From June to September , when the branches grow to 50 cm, they should be twisted, pulled, and pulled to make the strong branches droop and grow. Timely remove the over-strong branches, over-dense branches, and back branches. When pruning in the first year in winter, follow the principle of uniform branch vigor, remove over-strong, over-dense, and over-dense branches, and lightly cut the slender branches. After fruit picking every year, the large branches can be thinned and retracted at any time according to the tree vigor. At the same time, fertilizer and water promotion and control measures are supplemented to promote the formation of flower buds to cultivate good tree vigor and tree shape.

31. Professor of Nanjing Agricultural University helps Roselle to “carry forward the family line” in Danyang, Jiangsu

Professor Wang Kangcai from Nanjing Agricultural University and his team recently made a special trip to the Rose Technology Experimental Park in Picheng Town, Danyang, to assist farmers in the introduction of the "Mallow No. 1" roselle, so as to make the roselle, an economic crop that fills a gap in the province, bigger and stronger.

Roselle, also known as red rose, roselle, mountain eggplant, etc., is native to Africa. According to relevant experts, roselle contains 17 essential amino acids for the human body. It is not only a health food but also has medical effects. It can enhance the body's immune function and has significant effects on gynecological diseases. Since roselle grows in tropical Africa, it has not yet been promoted. Yang Wanjin from Picheng Town, Danyang City, relied on science and technology to develop agriculture. He cooperated with the scientific research department of Nanjing Agricultural University to introduce and plant African roselle, and took the lead in trial planting in the province. Three years ago, Yang Wanjin began to plant 5 mu of African roselle in Jiepai Town, and planted 10 mu in the north of Picheng Town the year before last. He founded the Rose Science and Technology Experimental Garden, which was expanded to 20 mu last year and is expected to increase to 100 mu this year. At present, African roselle has "walked" from the Picheng Rose Science and Technology Experimental Garden into families in Danyang, Dantu, Yangzhong and other places, and has been sold to Nanjing, Qingdao, Fuzhou and other places, and has been favored by many celebrities.

It is understood that after the introduction of Roselle, costs will be saved and industrialization will be developed. A series of products such as rose capsules, rose wine, and rose tea can also be developed.

32. Cultivation technology of medicinal roses

1. Seed selection:

Rose is a plant of the Rosaceae family. There are dozens of varieties of roses distributed, most of which are only for ornamental purposes. The only variety with real medicinal value is the fragrant red rose. It likes warm climate and an environment with plenty of sunshine and moderate rainfall. It is cold-resistant and drought-resistant, but afraid of waterlogging.

2. Site selection:

It is advisable to choose high and dry terrain, sunny, well-ventilated (away from walls), loose, fertile, well-drained loam or sandy light loam. After the soil is plowed and exposed to the sun, dig planting trenches or planting holes.

3. Planting:

Roses are resistant to adversity and easy to survive. They can be cultivated all year round, but spring and autumn planting are preferred. Rose seedlings are divided into grafted seedlings, tillering seedlings, and cutting seedlings. The planting density is: Grafted seedlings: narrow row: row spacing 1 × 0.7 meters, 1,000 plants per 667 square meters ; wide row: row spacing 2.2 × 0.7 meters, 430 plants per 667 square meters ; wide and narrow row: wide row 2.2 rows with a spacing of 2.2 meters (wide), 1 meter (narrow) × 0.7 meters, 650-700 plants per 667 square meters . The density of cutting seedlings is higher.

4. Land preparation and fertilization:

Before transplanting, apply 2000-3000 kg of decomposed human feces, manure, compost and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers per 667 square meters , plow deeply and harrow carefully, and prepare the ridges . The ridges should be 100 cm wide and 10-15 cm high . The surface of the ridges should be made into a tile-back shape, and 30 cm deep drainage ditches should be dug on both sides .

5. Reproduction method:

Roses are mainly propagated asexually by division and cuttings, but can also be propagated by layering, sowing and grafting.

6. Planting:

① Raising the seedlings: Raise the seedlings with soil, gently place them and quickly transport them to the planting site. ② Planting: There are two methods for planting roses: mud planting and ordinary planting. When planting, be careful not to let the roots of the seedlings touch the fertilizer to prevent fertilizer damage. Plant one seedling in each hole. If the weather is dry after transplanting, water frequently to keep the roots moist to help the plants survive.

7. Field management:

① Topdressing: Taking autumn planting as an example, apply germination fertilizer at the end of February , and pre-flowering fertilizer at the end of March and early April , both of which are mainly diluted human feces and urine; after picking flowers in May , apply organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer once , which can be mixed with decomposed human and animal manure and superphosphate or stable manure, and apply it by digging trenches or digging holes beside the plants; in winter, dig trenches beside the plants and apply winter fertilizer again, mainly farmyard manure, and then add 8-10 cm of soil to facilitate the safe wintering of the plants. After winter pruning, apply fertilizer again in combination with cleaning the garden and adding soil, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and apply phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and rare earth fertilizer. ② Weed frequently, loosen the soil shallowly, and keep the field free of weeds.

8. Trim and prune.

For general rose varieties, you can cut off old branches, diseased and insect-infested branches, weak branches and dense branches after flowering in June or during winter dormancy to promote the growth of new branches. After 10 years of planting, the growth of the mother tree gradually declines year by year. To rejuvenate, you can cut off the dense and flowerless branches before flowering, and appropriately select strong shoots to make the clusters full, ventilated and light-permeable. Cut off branches with insects at any time, collect and burn them. When most of the branches of the plant are aging, they can be cut flat and renewed.

9. Disease and pest control.

The main diseases of roses include black spot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, dead branch disease, tumor disease, etc.; insect pests include aphids, red spider mites, cotton bollworms, rose stem wasps, etc. Prevention should be the main method, supplemented by treatment. Prevention methods: planting strong seedlings, reasonable fertilization, pruning, spraying protective agents, etc.; chemical agents should be used for the right medicine. For early germination and susceptible to leaf-eating pests, 2000 times diluted 3.5 % Saidan emulsion can be sprayed on the leaves to effectively kill rose pests.

10. Harvesting and processing.

For medicinal roses, the buds should be harvested in batches from late April to early May when they have fully expanded but not yet opened. If you want to extract aromatic oils or make flower tea, food, or wine, you should pick the flowers when they first open. The harvesting time can be between 6 and 10 in the morning , when the fragrance is the strongest and the oil content is the highest. When harvesting, the flower stalk should not exceed 1 cm in length. After harvesting, they should be dried or air-dried immediately.

　　Excerpted from: Fujian Science and Technology News, March 3, 2006, 10th edition

33. Edible Rose Cultivation Technology

Rose is a deciduous shrub belonging to the genus Rosa in the Rosaceae family. It is a traditional ornamental flower with bright colors. The flower is beautiful and has a strong fragrance. It is known as a symbol of friendship and love. In addition, rose contains 18 kinds of amino acids and various trace elements required by the human body. It has the effects of promoting blood circulation and beautifying the skin. Domestic and foreign medical experts have shown that roses are particularly effective in treating cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, roses have the merit of medicinal diet and are a treasure among delicacies.

In recent years, the development of edible roses has been quite rapid, and as the demand for edible roses increases, the cultivated area will further expand.

1. Rose's requirements for environmental conditions. Roses like light and need at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight every day . Some varieties are sensitive to light. When there is insufficient light, they grow thin and weak, bloom less, or even do not bloom. Therefore, when cultivating, try to choose a place with good light to meet the needs of rose growth and development. Under strong light conditions in summer, the branches of roses become shorter and the epidermal thorns become abnormally hard. In particular, the color of purple roses, Pingyin No. 1 and No. 3 will turn brown or deformed flowers will appear. In order to increase the yield of flower buds or flowers, appropriate shade can be provided. Roses like warm and humid environmental conditions. The suitable temperature for most varieties is 15-18 ℃ at night . The daytime temperature is 23-25 ​​℃ , and the relative humidity of the environment is not higher than 80 % . Some varieties grow well at 21-23 ℃. If the night temperature is lower than 6 ℃ , it will seriously affect growth and flowering. Roses like loose, fertile, organic-rich, and well-drained soil. Avoid soil compaction and poor drainage. At pH 6 . It can grow in soil with a carbon content of 5-7.5 .

2. Variety selection

 (1) Double rose: This is the traditional rose. The plant is upright and open, about 2 meters tall; the flowers grow singly or in clusters, with a strong fragrance, light purple color, and 4-5 layers of double petals. The flower diameter is about 8 cm, and the flowering period is from early May to early June . It is a popular variety, but the plant has poor resistance and is prone to rust.

 (2) Purple Rose: Also known as Four-season Rose. The plant is upright and open, with a height of nearly 2 meters and a cluster width of 1 to 1.2 meters . The flowers are solitary, double petals, light purple, large, and about 9 cm in diameter. The first flowering period is at the end of April , the peak flowering period is from early May to mid- June , and then it continues to bloom until mid -October . The plant has strong resistance to rust and high yield.

 (3) Pingyin No. 1: The plant is upright and open. The plant height is about 1-1.2 meters . The flowers are solitary or clustered at the top of the branches of the current year. The flowers are double, light purple, and thousand-petal-shaped. The flower diameter is about 8 cm . The first flowering period is from the end of April to early June , and then it continues to bloom until mid- October . The plant has strong resistance and high yield. The fresh weight yield can reach 400-500 kg / mu. It has strong fruit-bearing ability. The natural bud drop rate is less than 5 %-8 % . It is an excellent variety currently promoted on a large scale.

 (4) Pingyin No. 3: The plant is compact and has double petals. The flower diameter is about 8 cm and the flower color is light purple. The flowering period is from the end of April to the end of May , and the yield is high.

Other varieties include Bulgarian Rose, Soviet Perfume No. 1-4 , Bitter Water Rose, Flower Rose and Beijing White Rose.

3. Reproduction

Roses are mainly propagated by grafting. The rootstocks used are wild roses, pink roses or thornless dog roses, with thornless dog roses being the most ideal. The rootstock is propagated by sowing or cuttings, with sowing in mid-March to early April and cuttings in mid- November to early December . It can be used after 2 years. Grafting is done during the growing season, usually in mid- March or early to mid-July to mid - September . At this time, the bark of the rootstock is easy to peel off, the operation is convenient, and the survival rate is high. When grafting, make a vertical incision on the rootstock first, then a horizontal incision to form a T- shape, then cut a shield-shaped bud on the scion and insert it into the incision, and then tie it to position. After the scion survives, cut off the part above the incision. After 3 to 5 months, it will be a seedling.

In addition to grafting, cuttings can also be used for production. However, the root system of cuttings is not strong and the life span is short.

4. Cultivation and management

 (1) Site selection and garden construction: In mountainous areas, we should make full use of ground weirs and earth slopes. This will not only increase economic benefits, but also consolidate the soil and prevent soil erosion. In plain areas, rose gardens should be established. However, whether in mountainous areas or plains, it is forbidden to plant roses on heavy clay and waterlogged land.

 (2) Soil treatment: Soil disinfection should be carried out before planting, mainly by steam disinfection. If conditions are unavailable, chloropicrin fumigation can be used. After chloropicrin fumigation, deep plowing should be carried out several times to prevent the plant root system from being affected by the pesticide. Then, farmyard manure should be applied and the soil should be plowed. For plain land, high ridges should be made with a width of 200 cm and a height of 15-20 cm .

 (3) Planting: The row spacing is 2-2.5 meters and the plant spacing is 1-1.5 meters . The row spacing can be increased appropriately on flat land. Dig a planting pit ( 60 cm in length, width and depth ) , put the seedlings in, fill the soil, tamp it down and water it.

 (4) Fertilization: Fertilization can be carried out in two times. One time is in late autumn, combined with deep plowing, 3000-3300 kg of farmyard manure is applied per mu ; the other time is after flowering, combined with loosening the soil, 5-25 kg of diammonium phosphate or other compound fertilizers are applied per mu .

 (5) Pruning: Roses have strong sprouting ability. If they are not pruned in time, the branches will often grow thin and die due to the dense clustering. Pruning should be carried out according to the age of the plant, growth status, fertilizer and water, and management conditions. The principle of thinning is mainly adopted, and short cutting is supplemented to achieve the goal that the old branches of the plant are not old, the branches are not dense, and the ventilation and light are permeable. Old branches over 5 years old should be removed in time to support the growth of new branches. For roses that are weak and have basically lost the ability to bloom, they can be heavily pruned to promote the growth of new branches.

 (6) Disease and pest control: The main diseases of roses are rust, powdery mildew, and brown spot. To prevent rust, remove the diseased buds and bury them deeply. Spraying fenadone, thiophanate-methyl, or chlorothalonil once every half a month before and during the onset of rust, powdery mildew, and brown spot has a good effect on preventing the spread of diseases. The main pests of roses are beetles, bag moths, spider mites, aphids, scale insects, and longhorn beetles . Beetles and bag moths mainly harm the tender shoots and leaves of roses. During the outbreak period, they can be sprayed with phoxim and dimethoate; red spider mites, aphids, and scale insects mainly suck the sap of roses, causing growth weakness. They can be sprayed with systemic insecticides such as dimethoate and long-lasting phosphorus for prevention and control; longhorn beetles are destructive pests. Their adults should be killed and the nectar plants from which they absorb nutrients should be removed to inhibit their occurrence.

 (7) Harvesting: The yield and quality of roses vary greatly depending on the time of harvesting. Generally, rose buds should be harvested before they open, that is, when the longitudinal diameter of the buds is three times that of the calyx. Harvesting too early will reduce the yield, while harvesting too late will affect the quality after the flowers have opened. During the peak flowering period, strong and full buds should be selected for harvesting, and petals of other weak buds should be plucked after they are fully opened. Flowers that open sporadically at other times should also be picked after they are fully opened.

5. Post-harvest processing and storage

The preservation of roses is often determined by the way they are harvested. If the buds are harvested, they are generally dried. During the drying process, the temperature should not exceed 80 %. The buds should be steamed evenly. The calyx and petals should be dried until they can be rubbed into powder flakes with fingers. The dried buds can then be put on the market. If the petals are petals, the cleaned fresh rose petals can be mixed with sugar (preferably brown sugar) in a ratio of 1 : 1 , rubbed repeatedly until the petals are broken, and then put into a container. Dry in the sun for 2-3 days , and then seal and store. The prepared rose jam can be stored for several years, and this rose jam can be used to make various sweets at any time.