Source: Published :   Updated: 2011-04-05    

The variety is selected as Jinhuali, which is the main late-maturing variety in our province. This variety has strong tree vigor, and the young trees are upright. The branches are relatively open during the peak fruiting period. The budding force is medium to strong, and the branching force is weak. Generally , 1-2 long branches are produced under the cut. It starts to bear fruit early, and generally it can bear fruit 2-3 years after planting , and enters the peak fruiting period about 5 years. It mainly bears fruit on short fruit branches and short fruit branch groups, with a large amount of pollen, high yield, and relatively stable yield. Fengshui pear is a variety with strong adaptability and moderate resistance to black spot and black spot. The plant of this variety has strong tree vigor, semi-open tree posture, strong budding force, and weak branching force. It starts to bear fruit in 3-4 years, mainly on short fruit branches, with more medium and long fruit branches and axillary flower buds, and flower buds are easy to form. The fruiting ability of the side shoots is strong, and some can produce 2-3 side shoots. The ability of the border fruiting is medium and relatively high yield. Xingshui is cultivated in all pear-producing areas in the south and is one of the main export varieties in Zhejiang Province. The yield is relatively high and stable. In the hilly areas of central Sichuan , the flower buds sprout in late February, bloom in mid-to-late March , mature in early July , and begin to shed leaves at the end of November . It has a wide adaptability, moderately strong resistance to black spot and black spot, moderate drought resistance and wind resistance, and is an ideal variety for flat-shed cultivation. Cangxi Xueli Sand Pear is one of the famous varieties, mainly produced in Guangyuan City, Sichuan. This variety begins to bear fruit in the fourth year, with perennial short fruit branches accounting for 67% , inflorescence fruiting rate 85% , and an average of 1.32 fruits per inflorescence . The continuous fruiting ability of fruit branches is weak, and the fruiting branches account for 5.55% for consecutive years . The life of the fruiting branches can reach more than 10 years, and the yield is strong. Other varieties include Xiangnan Pear, Jinshui No. 1, etc.　　

Cultivating strong seedlings Cultivating strong seedlings and breeding high-quality seedlings are important foundations for new pear orchards to achieve early fruiting, early high yield, high yield and stable yield. The quality of seedlings directly affects the survival rate of planting and the growth, uniformity, early and late fruiting, high and low yield and longevity of the plants. Standards for strong seedlings. For the one- year-old strong seedlings cultivated , the height of the aboveground part is required to be 80-120 cm, the grafting point is controlled within 8 cm from the root neck, the thickness is 0.8-1.2 cm at 5 cm above the interface, the buds above 40 cm from the root neck are full, the inclination of the seedling stem is not large, the stem bark has no shrinkage and wrinkles, no injuries, the joint is well healed, and the rootstock age is 2 years. The underground lateral roots of the strong seedlings are evenly distributed, stretched, and not curled. There are more than 5 lateral roots , each more than 20 cm long, and there are more fibrous roots.

Planting techniques for pear trees

1. Preparation before planting. Level the land before planting the pear seedlings. If conditions permit, deep plowing can be carried out in the whole garden before land preparation. After land preparation, determine the row spacing according to the production plan. Generally speaking, the spacing between pear trees is 2-4 meters, the row spacing is 4-5 meters, and 33-83 seedlings are required per mu . However, if other crops are to be interplanted between the rows, the row spacing can be increased to 6-7 meters. In addition, in order to obtain early high yields and achieve the purpose of efficient cultivation, dwarfing and dense planting can be carried out in the early production. The commonly used row spacing for dwarfing and dense planting is 1.5 meters × 1 meter, 2 meters × 1.5 meters or 3 meters × 2 meters, etc. After the row spacing is determined, it should be marked, and planting holes or planting trenches should be dug accordingly. The size of the planting hole is 80 cubic centimeters (that is, the length, width and depth are 80 centimeters each ), and the size of the planting trench is 80 centimeters deep and 80 centimeters wide. Digging planting holes or planting trenches is conducive to the growth of the pear seedling root system. 2. Planting time. The planting time of pear seedlings is divided into autumn planting and spring planting. In East China and the south, autumn planting in mid-to-late November is the best time. In this way, before the buds sprout in the spring of the following year, the roots have already healed and new roots have sprouted. The seedling acclimatization time is short and the seedlings grow fast. In the north, due to the low temperature in winter and the deep freezing of the soil, it is not conducive to the survival of seedlings, so spring planting is generally used. In general, pear seedlings have strong rooting ability and a high survival rate after planting. 3. Planting method. When planting pear seedlings, the base fertilizer should be mixed with a part of the soil and filled into the planting hole or planting ditch. In places where conditions permit, some straw, stalks and other materials can be filled in the bottom layer of the planting hole or planting ditch before applying the base fertilizer to increase the air permeability and water permeability of the soil. After filling the base fertilizer, fill the planting hole or planting ditch with soil close to the surface, and finally put the pear seedlings into the hole and cover them with soil. Note that the roots of the seedlings should be stretched out and cannot come into direct contact with the fertilizer, otherwise it will easily lead to seedling burn. When the soil is covered to a certain height, lift the seedlings lightly to allow small soil particles to leak into the gaps between the roots and fully contact the root system. After tamping, water the soil thoroughly, and then cover it with a layer of soil to retain moisture. 4. Configuration of pollination trees and land. Most pear varieties have a low self-pollination fruiting rate or cannot bear fruit, so it is generally necessary to configure pollination variety trees. The pollination variety should have the following characteristics, namely, a large amount of pollen, a flowering period that is basically the same as the main variety or 1-2 days earlier, and can be mutually pollinated with the main variety and have a strong affinity. At the same time, the economic traits of the fruit of the pollination variety should be of excellent internal and external quality and high economic value. When configuring pollination varieties, it is not advisable to have too many pear varieties as pollination trees, otherwise it will be inconvenient to manage. However, for large-scale pear orchards, several pollination varieties can be appropriately configured to meet the pollination needs of early-maturing, mid-maturing, and late-maturing varieties in the orchard to ensure that all varieties can obtain high-quality and high-yield. In general, the configuration ratio of pollination varieties to main cultivated varieties is 1:1 to 1:4 . When configuring, both the inter-row configuration method and the appropriate intra-row configuration method can be adopted.
    
    
   

High-quality and high-yield pear tree planting technology

　Moderately dense planting. The spacing between rows and plants is 2.0-2.5 meters × 3-4 meters, and 66-111 plants are planted per mu. Highly dense planting. The spacing between rows and plants is 1 meter × 2-3 meters or 1.5 meters × 3 meters, and 148-333 plants are planted per mu. Flowering and pollination and fertilization. The flower buds of basin pears generally bloom in early and mid -March , and after budding and bud separation, the petals stretch and bloom. The flowering period of pears in the hilly area of ​​central Sichuan is mid-to-late March . The early and late flowering of pear trees and the length of the flowering period vary depending on the variety, climate change, and soil management. The early and late flowering period of the same variety varies greatly depending on the year, but the early and late flowering period of different varieties in different years is still relatively consistent. The representative variety of early flowering type in the Sichuan Basin is Cangxi Xueli, the representative variety of medium flowering type is Jinhuali and Fengshui, and the representative variety of late flowering type is Cuiguan, Xingshui, and Xizilu. The initial flowering period of each pear variety is about 2 days, the peak flowering period is about 4 days, and the peak flowering period to the end flowering period varies greatly among varieties. Pollination and fertilization. Pear is a cross-pollinated fruit tree. Self-pollination (of the same variety) cannot produce fruit or the fruiting rate is very low. When building a garden, you must select varieties with strong pollination affinity with the main variety, large pollen volume, high pollen germination rate, and medium or above flowering period 1-2 days earlier than the main variety or the same period as the pollination variety. Fruit setting, fruit drop and fruit development and fruit setting. Pear is a tree species with a high fruit setting rate. Under the premise of strong tree vigor, normal pollination and fertilization and proper management, it can generally meet the requirements of high yield. However, the fruit setting ability varies greatly among different varieties. According to one inflorescence, more than 3 fruits are strong (such as yellow flower and golden flower pear), 2 are medium, and 1 is weak. Varieties with high fruit setting rates often cause the phenomenon of alternate years or alternate years due to excessive fruit setting and excessive load. Varieties with low fruit setting rates often fail to meet the requirements of high yields due to the small amount of fruit set. Therefore, the amount of flower branches and thinning of flowers and fruits should be regulated according to the fruit setting characteristics and specific conditions of the variety. Fruit drop. Under normal circumstances, pears have three physiological fruit drop peaks in the annual cycle. The first is during the flowering period, when those flowers that are not fertilized or incompletely fertilized begin to fall from the flowering period. The second fruit drop peak is about 15 days after the flowering period, and the reason for this fruit drop is the same as the first fruit drop. The third fruit drop peak is about 30 days after the flowering period, and the fruits that fall this time are all fertilized fruits. The fruits have grown significantly, and they fall due to insufficient nutrition and water, or the influence of hormones. After that, the fruit setting is basically stable.

Matters Needing Attention in Autumn Fertilization of Pear Trees

Abstract : After the pear trees are harvested, timely application of basal fertilizer is conducive to the production of high-yield and high-quality pears next year. Applying basal fertilizer to pear trees in autumn has a great effect on the growth and development of pear trees: First, the pear trees

In September-November , the root system

After the pear trees are harvested, timely application of basal fertilizer is conducive to the production of high-yield and high-quality pears in the next year. Applying basal fertilizer to pear trees in autumn has a great effect on the growth and development of pear trees: First , the root system of pear trees enters the second growth peak from September to November . Fertilization at this time is conducive to the rapid decomposition of fertilizers and the absorption and storage of nutrients by new roots. To apply basal fertilizer to pear trees, the following points should be grasped: 1. Choose the best time for fertilization. Basal fertilizer can be applied from the time the pear trees are harvested to the time the young buds sprout in the spring of the second year, but autumn fertilization is the best, and it is recommended to apply fertilizer when the soil moisture is good from September to October . 2. Use high-quality organic fertilizers. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer. Generally, each pear tree is applied with about 50 kg of decomposed soil fertilizer or manure , 1 kg of superphosphate fertilizer, 0.2-0.5 kg of urea , or 0.5-2 kg of refined organic compound fertilizers such as Huimanfeng and Diledan . The amount of basal fertilizer applied accounts for 60%-70% of the annual fertilizer application . 3. Flexible fertilization methods. The basal fertilizer application method should be flexibly controlled according to the age of the tree and local habits. The newly harvested pear trees can be applied by opening a ring ditch, or by opening a ditch between the rows of pear trees according to the direction of the root system, or by digging holes. These methods should be alternated between years. In order to reduce fertilizer waste, fertilizer should be applied deeply, with a depth of 30-50 cm. In case of drought, timely irrigation should be carried out to adjust fertilizer with water.

The specific application of short cut in pear tree pruning

　　Shortening is a common technique in pear tree pruning, and the effects vary with the degree of shortening. To increase branching ability and promote new branches in predetermined locations, shortening can be performed as needed; to weaken the apical dominance of trees that are strong on top and weak on the bottom, the upper strong branches can be severely short-pruned, and some of the upper strong branches can be removed; to increase the thickness-to-length ratio of branches, stabilize the angles of branch groups and main branches, and enhance the load-bearing capacity of the tree, short-pruning is also required; to increase the density of branches and make full use of space and light and heat resources, moderate short-pruning can be performed to enhance the branching ability of the pruned branches and increase the thickness-to-length ratio, thereby increasing the branch density of the entire crown or local areas, making the branch groups compact and increasing the fruiting parts; short-pruning is performed by selecting cut buds in different directions , which can effectively change the opening angle and extension direction of branches; in order to control the growth of some branches that are too woody, the amount of branches and leaves can be reduced by pruning, thereby reducing the growth of these branches to maintain the relative balance of growth among the main branches; in order to promote the growth of local branches or branch groups, some dense or weak branches can be pruned, and strong branches and strong buds can be selected to take the lead. This method can also rejuvenate local branches and branch groups; in order to stabilize the fruiting part and prevent it from moving outward too quickly, the auxiliary branches and branch groups can be appropriately pruned to reduce the space they occupy; in order to reduce the number of flower buds in good years and improve the quality of flower buds, pruning some fruit branches is also an effective measure.
 

Pruning of old pear trees

Abstract : 　　After the pear tree enters the senescence period, the tree vigor gradually weakens, the growth volume decreases year by year, and the yield drops significantly. If the pruning is appropriate and the fertilizer and water management is good, the yield can still be maintained.

　　After the pear tree enters the senescence period, the tree vigor gradually weakens, the growth volume decreases year by year, and the yield drops significantly. If the pruning is appropriate and the fertilizer and water management is good, it can still maintain a considerable yield. The main task of pruning during this period is to enhance the growth of the tree, renew and strengthen the backbone branches and fruiting branches, and delay the aging and death of the backbone branches. When the tree vigor begins to weaken, it is necessary to take timely measures to suppress the front and promote the back to carry out local renewal. That is, in the two or three-year-old branch section at the front of the main and side branches, select the back branches with a smaller angle and relatively strong growth as the extension branches of the main and side branches, and remove the original extension branches; if the tree vigor is seriously weakened and some backbone branches are about to die, a large renewal can be carried out as soon as possible. That is, select the long branches with suitable attachment positions inside the crown, promote growth through short cutting, and use them to replace some backbone branches. If there is a large space due to the heavy damage of the backbone branches, the renewal branches sprouting from the lower part can be used to occupy the space. If the tree vigor is so old that it has no renewal value, the whole garden should be renewed in time. Renewal pruning of aging trees must be combined with increased application of fertilizer and water to restore tree vigor, stabilize the crown and maintain a certain yield.
 

The Effects of Thinning on Pear Trees

Abstract :　　Compared with pruning, thinning is more conducive to the formation of flower buds if the pruning amount is the same, because after thinning, fewer long branches are produced, and more medium and short branches are produced, which is conducive to the forward movement of nutrients.

　　Compared with thinning and pruning, if the pruning amount is the same, thinning is more conducive to the formation of flower buds than pruning, because after thinning, fewer long branches are produced, and more medium and short branches are produced, which is conducive to the early accumulation of nutrients, and the branches are sparse, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, so it is conducive to the formation of flower buds. However, the number of flowers and the quality of flower buds are determined by thinning out some long branches appropriately, lightly pruning or not pruning the remaining long branches, and slowly leaving the medium and short branches. Otherwise, it will be unfavorable for the formation of flower buds. Since thinning increases the number of medium and short branches and improves ventilation and light transmission conditions, it is also conducive to improving fruit quality and increasing economic benefits. To promote the growth of local branches that are one year old or older, one or several branches can be thinned out from the upper part of the branch to promote the growth of this branch; to promote the germination of hidden buds or to make the growth of weak and short branches more vigorous, thinning can be done at the cut end to play a role in suppressing the front and promoting the back; to weaken the growth of local branches, one or several branches can be thinned out from the lower part of this branch; to balance the growth of branch groups and prevent the phenomenon of strong front and weak back, the thinning-out-front-promoting-back pruning method can be used to maintain the balanced growth of branch groups. Appropriate thinning of weak branches and overcrowded branches is conducive to the formation of flower buds on the remaining branches. Thinning out branches that are too long, too dense or too weak can enhance the growth of the remaining branches.


   

Integrated control techniques for pear tree diseases and insect pests

Abstract : (I) Pear psyllid Pear psyllid belongs to the family Psyllidae in the order Homoptera. Both adults and nymphs can harm pear tree leaves and tender shoots, and induce the occurrence of sooty mold, causing pear trees to drop leaves and fruits, and deteriorate in quality.

1. Pear psyllid

Pear psyllids belong to the family Psyllidae of the order Homoptera. Both adults and nymphs can harm pear leaves and tender shoots, and induce the occurrence of sooty mold, resulting in pear tree leaf fall, fruit drop, and quality deterioration. Generally, the yield of damaged pear trees is reduced by about 10 %, and the yield of severely damaged pear trees is reduced by more than 30 %. In warm winter years, mid- February is the first period for the overwintering generation of adults to appear. The eggs are laid scattered. The eggs of the overwintering generation of adults are mainly laid near the pear buds or in the scales. The eggs are mainly laid on the petioles and veins; on the leaf surface and on the leaf margins, and are laid singly and sessile. The duration is 7-10 days. The first eggs are milky white, and the later ones are red. There is a red spot in the lower part of the egg. Nymphs: divided into 5 instars, from the first instar to the fifth instar, the end of the abdomen can excrete a white wax thread, and the nymphs are in the wax thread; the wing buds of the third instar nymphs can be seen; the body color of the fourth instar nymphs is green, and the wing buds are obvious and brown. The compound eyes of nymphs of all instars are red. The first generation of nymphs first appeared around March 10. The best control period is the peak period of egg hatching of each generation, that is, the peak period of 1-2 years of nymphs. Control agents: 1250-1500 times of insect mite and 3000 times of recovery for control. (II) Pear yellow aphid This insect mainly harms pears, with adults and nymphs concentrated in depressions such as fruits to feed, suck juice, and reproduce in large numbers. The affected areas on the fruit surface are small yellow sunken spots, which later expand and turn black-brown. In severe cases, the spots crack. When it is humid, the fruit is easy to rot and lose its commercial value. There are 5-10 generations a year , and the eggs overwinter in the rough bark seams of branches and trunks. When the pear trees bloom in the spring of the second year, the overwintering eggs begin to hatch into nymphs. The nymphs feed on the tender bark under the tree bark. If the nymphs are trapped in the bag when it is bagged, the damage will be more serious. Nymphs gather in the calyx of the fruit to feed. After developing into adults, they continue to lay eggs and reproduce here. At this time, adults, eggs and nymphs can be seen gathered together. During the growth period, the egg stage of each generation is 5 to 6 days, and the nymph stage is 7 to 8 days. Control methods: 1. Scrape the peel in spring to eliminate overwintering eggs. 2. Seize two key periods for spraying control. That is, after the overwintering eggs are hatched, during the crawling period of the nymphs, use 80 % dichlorvos 800?D 1000 times, 2.5 % Gongfu 2000-2500 times, and 25 % Kuaishate 1500-2000 times for control. Use the above-mentioned drugs for control again from late June . (III) Pear black spot disease Pear black spot disease is the main disease of pear trees. The disease mainly harms the young and tender tissues of pear trees (young leaves, young fruits, tender shoots, etc.). Black mold-like substances are produced in the diseased parts, and the leaves are damaged. The lesions mostly occur on the back of the leaves, showing a faded green irregular shape. The veins and petioles are long strips and elliptical. A black mold layer quickly appears on the lesions, and the leaves turn yellow and red, and they are prone to early leaf fall. The lesions on young fruits start as light yellow dots, and then expand into a circle. The black mold layer gradually sinks, hardens or cracks, and is prone to early fall. The fruit becomes ill in the late growth period. The lesions are round, with a black mold layer but not sunken. The lesions on the tender shoots are oval or nearly circular, with black mold, sunken, cracked, and scab-like. The tender shoots that grow from diseased buds have lesions mostly at the base of the tender shoots, and the bud scales are loose and do not fall off. Growing leggy branches and autumn shoots are susceptible to the disease, and in severe cases, they die. The lesions of the inflorescence are mostly at the base of the pedicel, which gradually causes the inflorescence to dry and wilt. Pear black spot disease can occur from the flowering period to the fruit ripening period, mainly harming all green and tender tissues of the aboveground part of the pear tree, such as scales, leaves, petioles, leaf scars, new shoots, flower organs, and fruits. It invades and harms from the flowering period, causing flowers and fruits to fall off. After the pathogen invades in March , the fruit core turns black during the fruit harvest and storage period in August . Prevention and control methods : 1. After the pear flowers fall, combine flower and fruit thinning to cut off the diseased shoots, which has a great effect on controlling the disease throughout the year. 2. 7-10 days after the flowers fall , use 20 % mancozeb 1000 times, 40 % Fuxing 8000-10000 times, and 62.25 % Xiansheng 167 grams for prevention and control. 3. During the peak period of the disease, use 40 % Fuxing 8000-10000 times, 62.25 % Xiansheng 167g , and 80 % Zineb 800 times for prevention and control in mid-to-late June . (IV) Pear rust Pear rust, also known as sheep's beard and red star disease, mainly harms the leaves, new shoots and fruits of pear trees. The diseased leaves are initially small yellow-orange shiny spots, which later expand into oval spots separated from the healthy parts by a yellow halo. The front of the diseased tissue is sunken and the back is raised. Gray-brown hairs grow, which are rust cavities. In the later stage, the spots turn black and die, leaving only traces. The diseased part of the fruit is slightly sunken, and the diseased parts of the new shoots, fruit stalks, and petioles are cracked and easy to break. The disease is more serious near cypress trees, and occurs from late March to the end of April . Prevention and control methods: From the leafing to the young fruiting stage of pear trees, spray the pesticide 2-3 times continuously for 10 days , using 8000-10000 times of 40 % Fuxing and 1000-1500 times of 15 % Pyrrolidone for prevention and control.
   



  
   

Pear rot disease incidence

Abstract : (1) Disease pattern: Pear rot is a disease caused by fungi. The pathogen overwinters in the bark. It spreads with wind and rain and invades through wounds. The pathogen is latent and will develop when the bark of the infected area is weak or

(1) Disease pattern: Pear rot is a disease caused by fungi. The pathogen overwinters in the bark. It spreads with wind and rain and invades through wounds. The pathogen is latent and only becomes susceptible when the bark at the infected site is weak or nearly dead. There are two peaks of disease each year, spring and autumn. The disease is more severe in spring than in autumn and stops in summer. The strength of the tree is closely related to the occurrence of the disease. Trees with good cultivation and management have strong tree vigor and less disease. Trees with poor management, weak tree vigor and many fruits have more disease. Young trees have less disease. In terms of varieties, the disease is more severe in the western pear system and less severe in the pear system. (2) Prevention and control measures: Apple tree rot. However, when scraping the bark, be careful that pear rot generally only harms the shallow layer of the bark, so be careful not to scrape too deep when scraping the lesions and try not to damage the good skin. For scars that have rotted to the wood, the skin still needs to be scraped again.

Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests before bagging pear trees

Abstract :　　Before bagging pear trees, pests and diseases should be controlled, and the pests and diseases that cause serious harm to bagged pears should be focused on. These pests and diseases mainly include Conroclaw mealybug, yellow mealworm, black spot disease, black spot disease, and nutrient deficiency. Before bagging pear trees, pests and diseases should be controlled, and the pests and diseases that cause serious harm to bagged pears should be focused on. These pests and diseases mainly include Conroclaw mealybug, yellow mealworm, black spot disease, black spot disease, and nutrient deficiency disease. The pesticides used to control Conroclaw mealybug and yellow mealworm are: 10 % imidacloprid 3000 times solution, 3 % acetamiprid 2500 times solution, 40 % Suposha 1200 times solution, 48 % Lesban 2000 times solution, etc. The pesticides used to control black spot disease and black spot disease are: 80 % Dasheng 800 times solution, 62 . 75 % 1000 times liquid, 40 % Fuxing 6000 times liquid, 12.5 % ​​diniconazole 2500 times liquid, etc. Dasheng and Yibao are protective fungicides, suitable for orchards with mild disease in previous years and little rain in the current year; Fuxing and diniconazole are systemic fungicides, suitable for orchards with severe disease in previous years and little rain in the current year. Bagging pears often suffer from physiological diseases such as fruit drop, fruit shrinkage, and poor quality due to the lack of elements such as boron and calcium and the change of temperature and humidity environment of young fruits after bagging. This can be solved by spraying high-quality foliar micro-fertilizers and applying rare earth amino acid chelated fertilizers on the trunks. When carrying out pest control before bagging pear trees, the drug should be used before the mealworms and yellow mealworms have not yet transferred from the branches to the leaves and young fruits. When applying the drug, all the branches in the inner chamber should be covered with the drug. Before bagging, pear fruits are in the young fruit stage with a thin cuticle. Improper use of pesticides can easily lead to fruit rust. Emulsions should be avoided as much as possible and the sprayer pressure should not be too high.

The yield of pear trees is high when basal fertilizer is applied in autumn

Abstract : Applying basal fertilizer to pear trees in autumn is beneficial to the rapid decomposition of fertilizer and the absorption of nutrients by new roots. When applying basal fertilizer in autumn, the following three points should be paid attention to: First, choose the best time to apply fertilizer.

Applying basal fertilizer to pear trees in autumn is beneficial to the rapid decomposition of fertilizer and the absorption of nutrients by new roots. When applying basal fertilizer in autumn, the following three points should be grasped:　　First, choose the best time for fertilization. Basal fertilizer can be applied from the time when pears are harvested to the time when young buds sprout in the spring of the following year, but it is better to apply fertilizer when the soil moisture is good in September and October .　　Second, choose high-quality organic fertilizer. The amount of basal fertilizer applied should account for 60% to 70% of the annual fertilizer application, and organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer. Generally, about　　50 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied to each pear tree. Third, the fertilization method should be flexible. The method of applying basal fertilizer should be flexible. It can be applied by opening a ring ditch, or by opening a ditch according to the direction of the root system, or by opening a ditch or digging a hole between the rows of pear trees. These methods should be carried out alternately every year. In order to avoid waste, the fertilization depth should be 30 to 50 cm. In case of drought, timely irrigation should be carried out to adjust fertilizer with water.

Key points of winter pruning techniques for pear trees

Abstract :　　Pear trees enter dormancy, which is a good time for winter pruning. Pruning techniques for different ages are as follows:　　1. Pruning young trees: The purpose of pruning is to shape the tree, cultivate the skeleton, promote branching, and expand the crown.

　When pear trees enter dormancy, it is a good time for winter pruning. Pruning techniques for different ages are as follows: 1. Pruning of young trees: The purpose of pruning is to shape the tree, cultivate a good skeleton, promote branching, expand the crown and promote early fruiting. Generally, long branches are lightly pruned and slowly released, upright and strong branches are flattened, medium and short branches are retained, and the branches that are sprouting are used as much as possible to expand the crown. Except for thinning out some overcrowded branches, thinning is generally not performed. 2. Pruning during the peak fruit-bearing period: The main purpose of pruning is to control the growth of the tree, control the tree within a predetermined range, keep the crown unshaded, facilitate ventilation and light transmission, maintain a strong, stable and moderate tree, and extend the peak fruit-bearing period. For plants with strong tree vigor, we should control the vigorous growth, do more thinning and less short pruning, remove upright branches and leave oblique branches, leave more flower buds, use fruit to suppress the tree vigor, and make it tend to be moderate tree vigor; for plants with weak tree vigor, adopt heavier pruning methods, cut strong branches in the middle, and thin out weak branches; take short pruning for some medium and short fruit branches, thin out some flower buds, change fruit-bearing branches into nutrient branches, and increase the proportion of nutrient branches; for plants with stable tree vigor, focus on pruning fruit-bearing branch groups; for pear trees with many flowers, cut off inferior flower buds, short prune axillary flower branches, and adjust the ratio of fruit-bearing branches to nutrient branches. 3. Pruning during the aging period: The purpose of pruning during this period is to restore the tree vigor, rejuvenate the branch groups, and extend the fruit-bearing years. The drooping perennial branches are retracted, and the retraction site should be selected as a good back branch. The top branch should be strong and strong, so that it grows upward, and some flower buds are cut off and weak branches are thinned out. Try to use the long branches to fill the incomplete crown, restore the tree's vigor, and regain a good harvest.

Early high yield. The key to early high yield is to increase the planting density and implement dense planting. Even if the trees can bear fruit early, it is difficult for 3-5 year old trees to achieve early high yield. Only by adopting dense planting can we achieve early high yield and realize the goal of " one year of planting and growing trees, two years of trial flowering and fruiting, three years of formal production, and four years of high yield " , so as to achieve the purpose of early fruiting, early high yield and early benefit.

How to care for pear trees from June to July

Abstract : 1. Continue to do a good job in shaping young pear trees. A good tree shape is the basis for high-quality and high-yield pear trees. We recommend the " dwarf crown open-heart shape " , that is, one main stem and 2 to 3 large main branches. This tree shape is particularly suitable for　　

　　1. Continue to do a good job in shaping young pear trees. A good tree shape is the basis for high-quality and high-yield pear trees. We advocate the " dwarf crown open heart shape " , that is, one main stem and 2 to 3 large main branches. This tree shape is especially suitable for coastal areas and is also one of the effective measures to prevent typhoons. 2. Focus on fertilizer and water management. Fertilizer and water management is fundamental. Only by meeting and promoting the rapid growth of young pear trees with high-standard fertilizer and water conditions can a high-yield skeleton be quickly formed to achieve the purpose of early production. The principle of fertilization: " thin fertilizer and frequent application " , method: apply fertilizer every 20 to 30 days. In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied. Use 0.1 kg of 45 % compound fertilizer per plant , and spread it around the roots of the pear trees when the soil is moist. 3. Focus on the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. At present, the main diseases of pear trees are " pear black spot disease " and " black spot disease " ; the main insect pests are " pear psyllids " , " pear bugs " , " beetles " , " longhorn beetles " , etc. You can use " insecticide " 3000 times + " Dasheng " 600 times + 0.2-0.3 % potassium dihydrogen phosphate for spraying in the evening, and spray again after an interval of 15 to 20 days. 4. Continue to do a good job of digging ditches and draining water in the pear orchard to lower the groundwater level. Now is the plum rain season, so the ditches must be connected, the drainage must be smooth, and there must be no water accumulation. 2. Put the pear orchard into production: 1. Quickly do a good job of finishing the work of thinning and bagging fruits. 2. Apply more fruit-swelling fertilizer: According to the age of the trees and the fruiting situation, apply more fruit-swelling fertilizer before early July, preferably in two applications . Apply 1 to 1.5 kg of 45 % compound fertilizer per plant to promote the expansion of pears and achieve high-quality and high-quality fruits. 3. Continue to do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in the pear orchard. The pear orchard in production has lush branches and leaves, and there are more diseases and insect damage. The use of pesticides is the same as that of the young pear orchard, but the spraying must be meticulous and thoughtful, and strive to reduce the damage of diseases and insects to a minimum to ensure the production of high-quality and pollution-free fruits.

Management tips for pear trees during dormancy

Abstract : 　　The dormancy period of pear trees is generally from December of the previous year to February of the following year . During this period, pear trees are in a natural or forced dormancy state, and most pests and diseases are also in a dormant　　　　state .

　The dormant period of pear trees is generally from December of the previous year to February of the following year . During this period, pear trees are in a state of natural or forced dormancy, and most of the pests and diseases are also in a dormant state. Cultivation measures Through winter pruning, the ventilation and light conditions of the tree body are improved, the balance between the root system and branches, growth and development of the pear tree is adjusted, and strong branches and flowers and a reasonable amount of flower branches are retained to create conditions for high-quality and high-yield pear trees. Pest and disease control measures taken during the dormant period can reduce the base number of pests and diseases and reduce the number of chemical pesticides, which is particularly important for the production of safe fruit. 1. Clean up the orchard and clean up the fallen leaves, broken branches, fallen fruits, etc. in the orchard, and sort them as soon as possible. Fallen leaves can be used as raw materials for high-temperature composting, and broken branches and fallen fruits can be used as fuel or buried deeply. Through garden cleaning, a large number of pear psyllids, stink bugs, brown rot, black spot, ring rot and other pests and diseases that overwinter on leaves, branches, fruits, etc. can be eliminated. 2. Scrape the bark and remove the rough, old, and warped bark and ring-shaped tumors on the branches of the pear tree, and take the scraped bark and tumors out of the orchard and destroy them in a centralized manner. In this way, it can not only promote the growth and development of the tree, but also eliminate diseases and insect pests such as ring-shaped disease, rot, pear psylla, pear borer, and hawthorn red spider. 3. Protect the cut and saw mouth. Large cut and saw mouths should be coated with Fubiqing or 343 rehabilitation agent to prevent and control bacterial infection. Choose a suitable site for orchard establishment , do a good job in site planning, prepare high-quality seedlings, and plant trees in autumn. Strengthen monitoring 1. Conduct environmental monitoring of newly built pear orchards to ensure that they meet the environmental requirements of safe fruit production, monitor existing pear orchards, and maintain and improve the ecological environment of pear orchards. 2. Monitor agricultural activities to ensure that they are managed in accordance with the safe fruit production procedures, and focus on monitoring the role of pear orchard eradication agents. 3. Monitor the growth status of pear trees, focusing on monitoring the quality of winter pruning of pear trees.

How to prune a pear tree with an unreasonable structure

At present, many pear orchards use dense planting technology for production. The single-layer high-position open-heart shape of pear trees is a tree shape suitable for densely planted pear orchards. It is suitable for planting 44 trees per mu. The tree structure is 60 to 80 cm in trunk height and 3 to 3.5 meters in tree height. The top of the central main branch (excluding the extension branch) is 1.6 to 1.8 meters from the ground. The branch group base axis or branch group is evenly arranged on the central main branch. The base axis length is less than 30 cm. The strong long branch group growing on the central main branch or base axis is required to reach 10 to 12 per plant . The whole tree has only one layer, and the final leaf curtain thickness is 2 to 2.5 meters. However, some pear orchards often prune improperly, resulting in unreasonable tree structure. The most common problem is the insufficient number of strong branches of pear trees and the " bare legs " at the bottom of the branches . Different solutions should be adopted according to specific problems. The number of strong fruiting branches is insufficient. The reason for this situation is that in previous winter pruning, the branches of the branches that were pruned or cut back were too weak. After pruning or cutting back, they could not produce strong branches and formed strong fruiting branches. The premature opening angle of the permanent branches turned them into weak branches. The strong fruiting branches were not opened in time, making the branches too vigorous, resulting in an unbalanced tree and the failure of the newly cultivated branches to grow. Solution: To cultivate strong fruiting branches, during winter pruning, the annual branches with strong growth should be pruned or the perennial branches with strong growth should be cut back. For those annual branches or perennial branches with weak growth, a combination of cultivation and cutting should be adopted to cultivate strong fruiting branches. For the weaker branches, continue to grow to increase their branches and leaves, reduce their fruiting amount, and increase the growth potential of the whole branch. For the branches whose growth potential has been restored, cut back the branches with full terminal buds during winter pruning to promote the growth of strong new branches. For the permanent branch group, the branch group and the top tip should be pulled and opened at an angle only when the length reaches more than 2 meters. For the overly strong fruiting branch group, timely pulling and opening angle can be adopted according to the specific situation, and some strong branches on it can be cut off during winter pruning, or 2 to 3 short branches can be left during winter pruning for heavy pruning, and the branch group can be renewed to balance the tree vigor. Permanent fruiting branch group " bare legs " . The main reason for this situation is that the fruiting branch group of pear trees grows upright. Solution: Pull the branch group to open the angle, adjust the growth, increase the crown width, and create good nutrition conditions and growth space for the bare-legged branch group to sprout branches. During winter pruning, the upper part of the branch group is retracted. On the one hand, it can improve the light conditions in the inner core of the crown, and on the other hand, it can suppress the front and promote the back, so as to promote the sprouting of branches in the " bare legs " part of the branch group. However, after retraction, the main axis length of the branch group should be more than 2 meters.

Let the pear trees grow evenly so that there won’t be bad years

Abstract : Like other trees, pear trees often have different yields, with more fruits in the first year and less in the second year. The reason for this uneven yield is that improper fertilizer and water regulation causes imbalance in soil nutrient supply.

Like other trees, pear trees often have a large number of fruits in the first year and a small number in the second year. The reasons for this uneven yield between years are: first, improper fertilizer and water regulation, resulting in an imbalance in soil nutrient supply, or excessive nitrogen fertilizer application resulting in vigorous growth; second, too many fruits in a good year, which weakens the formation of flower buds in the next year; third, too much flowering in a good year, producing a large amount of gibberellins, inhibiting the differentiation of flower buds in the next year; fourth, frost damage kills some flower buds; fifth, drought and flood disasters cause a large number of flower buds and young fruits to fall off. In order to prevent pear trees from having a bad year and promote balanced growth, high and stable yields of pear trees, the following points should be taken as preventive measures. The root system of pear trees has two peaks, one in late May to early and mid -June , and the second in September-November . In order to make the root system develop and thrive, it is necessary to combine deep plowing of the rhizosphere soil, apply sufficient organic fertilizers, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The tillage depth should reach 50 cm. Only when the soil is fertile can the roots be well nourished and protected. After the new leaves unfold in spring, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used for topdressing. In June , multi-component compound fertilizer is applied . In July and August , urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed on the leaves 2-4 times in combination with insect prevention and disease treatment . In this way, the nutrient supply can be balanced and the level of flower bud differentiation can be improved. The fruiting tree should be kept neither strong nor weak. The whole branch group should be young, with 90 % of the medium and small branch groups, strong medium and short branches, and the new shoots on the outer crown of the tree are 30-40 cm long. When flowering and fruiting, weak buds and weak flowers should be thinned out first. After 30 days of falling flowers, the fruits generally no longer fall off. At this time, diseased and insect-infested fruits, deformed fruits, and delayed fruits should be thinned out to keep the yield of pear trees at the average annual yield. During the growth period, the soil in the pear orchard should be kept with budding water, post-flowering water, fruit-inducing water, and autumn and winter water. If there is insufficient water, drought resistance should be carried out in stages. At the same time, large drainage ditches should be dug around the pear orchard to prevent waterlogging. In terms of disease and insect control, the main focus is on preventing pear rust, black spot disease, red spider mites, pear psyllids, leaf miners, and pear borer.

Pear rot

Abstract : 1. Symptoms and Identification Pear rot is widely distributed, and the western pear is the most seriously affected, often resulting in tree death. Pear rot has also shown an increasing trend in recent years. It mainly harms the main branches and side branches. In the early stage of the disease, the diseased part is slightly raised,

1. Symptoms and Identification Pear rot is widely distributed, and the western pear is the most seriously affected, often resulting in dead trees. Pears have also shown an increasing trend in recent years. It mainly harms the main branches and side branches. In the early stage of the disease, the diseased part is slightly raised, water-soaked, reddish brown to dark brown. When pressed by hand, the diseased part sinks slightly and overflows with reddish brown juice. The diseased part is oval or irregular, and the diseased tissue is easy to tear. During the decay process, it emits a wine lees smell. In the later stage, the diseased part gradually shrinks and sinks, and cracks occur at the junction of the diseased and healthy parts. Many small black dots grow on the surface of the diseased part. When it rains or the air is humid, light yellow spore horns emerge from it. Large patches of lesions often form on the branches and trunks of the western pear, causing dead branches and dead trees. 2. Occurrence pattern The fungus is a weak parasite. The pathogen can invade from the wound. After invasion, it spreads to the surrounding areas with hyphae, secretes toxins to kill surrounding cells, and causes the cortical tissue to rot and die, turning reddish brown and fermenting to produce a wine smell. The mycelium, conidiophores and ascocarps overwinter in the cortex of diseased trees or dead branches, and produce conidia in spring, which are spread by wind and rain. 3. Prevention and control methods (1) Rational fertilization to enhance tree vigor and disease resistance, and increase the application of organic fertilizers, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. (2) Reasonable fruit thinning to prevent excessive application. (3) Timely application of drugs for protection. For rotten scars, the diseased skin should be scraped off in time and the drugs should be applied for protection. If the disease is mild and only the cortex is rotten, it is not necessary to scrape, but it is necessary to apply drugs for treatment. 50-100 times 40 % thiram arsenic, or 20-30 times cypermethrin, 3-5 times 9281 aqueous solution, 843 recovery agent concentrate can be applied. Uninfected branches and trunks can also be sprayed with 50-100 times thiram arsenic, 5 degrees lime sulfur mixture or 20-30 times cypermethrin for prevention.

Key technologies for artificial pollination of pear trees

Abstract : The key technology of artificial pollination of pear trees: 1. Pollination tools can be brushes, soft erasers, sheep wool, etc. Put the pollen in a clean and dry small bottle, and one bottle filled with pollen can pollinate about 10 flowers .　　

Key technologies for artificial pollination of pear trees 1. Pollination tools can be brushes, soft erasers, sheep wool, etc., and pollen can be placed in a clean and dry vial. Once covered with pollen, about 10 flowers can be pollinated . 2. Collecting pollen Collecting pollen is often combined with flower thinning. Pollen is generally collected from pear trees that bloom earlier and have more pollen, such as Huanghuali. The time for collecting pollen should be when the buds of the pear tree are about to bloom (preferably in the shape of a balloon) or when the petals have just opened. When collecting pollen, rub the flowers with both hands to separate the anthers from the filaments, and sieve the anthers with a fine-mesh sieve. After the anthers are collected, spread them flat on a plate or paper, and heat them with infrared bulbs or ordinary bulbs to keep the anther temperature at 20-25 ℃ . When the anthers crack and pollen is released, collect them for use. 3. Pollination time Pollination is effective within 5-7 days after the pear tree blooms, and within 3 days is appropriate. Pollination can be done from 8 am to 4 pm , and the specific time varies depending on the climate during the flowering period. When the temperature is below 10 ℃ , the pollination effect is poor; when the maximum daily temperature reaches about 30 ℃ , pollination should be carried out in the morning or evening. The suitable temperature for pollination is 15-20 ℃ . When the climate is bad during the flowering period, it is best to pollinate twice . 4. Pollination method In order to save pollen, pine pollen, milk powder, lotus root powder and starch and other fillers can be added to the pollen before pollination to dilute it. The dilution amount can be about 2 times the amount of pollen. If an artificial pollinator is used, it can be diluted 10-20 times and mixed well. If the pollen germination rate is lower than 30 %, it is not necessary to add fillers during artificial pollination. When pollinating, according to the fruit retention standard for flowers below 2.5 meters in height, 2 newly opened flowers are pollinated per inflorescence, and about 10,000 flowers are pollinated per mu. You can also put the diluted pollen in a gauze bag, tie it to a bamboo pole, and then gently knock the bamboo pole with a wooden stick to sprinkle the pollen on the flowers. This method requires about 50 grams of pollen per mu . Pollen can also be mixed into a 15 % sucrose solution and then sprayed on the stigma of the flower with a sprayer. This method requires about 80-100 grams of pollen per mu. In addition, methods such as hanging flower branches or using high-grafted pollination varieties and releasing bees during the flowering period can also be adopted. Spraying 0.2-0.3 % boric acid, 0.3 % urea, 0.2 % potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15 mg/kg naphthaleneacetic acid, etc. during the flowering period can also increase the fruit setting rate of pear trees.

How to fill the gaps in a pear tree

The so-called " belly grafting to fill the gaps " is to graft some branches on the bare part of the pear tree by belly grafting, so that they form a certain branch group to fill the space and increase the fruiting part. According to observation, 2 to 3 new shoots can be produced in the first year after grafting, and branch groups can be formed quickly. In the second year, a small number of small and medium-sized branch groups will begin to form, and they can develop into large and medium-sized branch groups in the third year. Some can also be cultivated into ideal side branches and begin to bear a lot of fruit. In the third year after grafting, each grafted branch group can bear about 20 fruits , and as many as 40. 1. The grafting period is from mid-September to mid - October . 2. Grafting site: As long as the bark is relatively smooth and there is no serious ring rot disease, the first-level main branches can be grafted in the bare part of the crown. 3. Grafting varieties should be selected from medium-late and early-mid-maturing varieties that mature later, have larger fruits, and grow vigorously. The same variety as the mother plant cannot be selected. 4. Management after grafting: timely pinching during the growth period to increase branches and strive to form flower buds in the same year.

How to cure pear tree beetle

Abstract : The scarab beetles on pear trees can be controlled by combining artificial capture and pesticide control. (1) Take advantage of the scarab beetle's pseudo-death nature and shake the branches in the early morning or evening to shake off the scarab beetles on the tree.

The beetles on pear trees can be controlled by combining manual capture and pesticide control.

　　(1) Take advantage of the beetle's ability to feign death and shake the branches in the early morning or evening to shake off the beetles on the tree and kill them. (2) In pear orchards where beetles are seriously infested, spray the orchard ground and tree crowns with 1500 times diluted Nongdi Le or Lorsban, 1000 times diluted Phoxim or 2000 times diluted Kung Fu Pyrethroid in the evening, which has a significant effect on controlling beetle damage.

Planting density 

With the continuous development of science and technology, the cultivation method of pear trees has gradually changed from sparse tree planting to dwarf dense planting. Dense planting is an effective cultivation method to obtain early high yields and increase yield per unit area. It can increase leaf area, effectively utilize light energy, and economically utilize land. The commonly used planting densities in production can be summarized into  three  types. 

1. Ordinary dense planting: the row spacing is  4  meters or  5  meters , and  500  plants are planted per hectare ;   

2. Moderately dense planting: the row spacing is  2.5-3  meters  × 4  meters , and  1000-833  plants are planted per hectare ;  

3. Highly dense planting: The row spacing is  1-2  meters  × 3  meters , and  3333-1667  plants are planted per hectare .  

4) Technical measures for management of pear tree flowering period 

1. Artificial pollination to increase fruit setting rate 

Most varieties of pear trees require cross-pollination to produce fruit. If there are few or improperly planted pollination trees in a pear orchard, artificial pollination must be performed to increase the fruit setting rate. 

1.  Pollen collection: Pollen collection is generally combined with flower thinning. When the flowers of the pollinated variety are in the initial flowering period, collect the flowers and remove the anthers from the collected flowers. You can hold a flower in each hand and rub the two flowers against each other to make the anthers fall off. Dry the anthers at room temperature of  20  ℃  -25  ℃ , avoid sun exposure or fire, and store them after drying.  

2.  Pollination methods:  (1)  Artificial pollination in the field: When the varieties to be pollinated are in full bloom, artificial pollination can be carried out. You can use tools such as brushes, pencils with erasers, gauze balls, and paper sticks. Each time you dip pollen, you can pollinate  5-10  flowers. Each inflorescence can pollinate  1-2  flowers. You can pollinate as many flowers as you want, and more flowers as you want.  (2)  Feather duster pollination: When there are pollinating trees in the pear orchard in full bloom, tie the feather duster to a bamboo pole, roll it on the pollinating tree to get pollen, and then gently roll it on the pollinated tree, repeating  1-2  times. This method is not suitable for windy or rainy days.  (3)  Release bees during flowering: Although this method is not artificial pollination, it is also a good method of pollination. Generally, a bee can carry  5,000-10,000  pollen grains, and each bee box can ensure the pollination of  10  mu of pear orchard.  (4)  Spraying or liquid pollination: In order to improve work efficiency in large pear orchards, a small sprayer or sprayer can be used for pollination. When spraying, add  20-30  parts of dry starch to each part of pollen and use it immediately; for liquid pollination, make a pollen suspension. The preparation method is:  5kg  water,  10g  pollen,  250g  sugar,  15g  borax and  15g  urea, mix and filter, spray, and use immediately after preparation. 

2. Prevent freezing during flowering period to protect flowers and fruits 

Pear trees bloom early and evenly, and frost during the flowering period can cause great losses or even total crop failure, so frost prevention measures must be taken. The following measures can be taken: 

1.  Watering before flowering: It can lower the ground temperature, delay the flowering period, and reduce or avoid frost damage. 

2.  Whitewashing the tree trunks: Whitewashing the tree trunks before flowering can slow down the temperature rise of the tree, delay the flowering period by  2-3  days, and avoid or reduce frost damage. 

3.  Fumigation to prevent frost: Fumigation can reduce the radiation evaporation of soil heat. At the same time, smoke particles can absorb moisture, causing water vapor to condense into liquid and release heat, thereby raising the temperature. 

3. Thinning flowers and fruits to improve quality 

Flower and fruit thinning is to remove an appropriate amount of flowers and fruits from trees with too many flowers and fruits. Reasonable flower and fruit thinning can save nutrients, increase fruit setting rate, increase yield, rejuvenate tree vigor, overcome and reduce alternate bearing, and is an important measure to ensure high and stable yields of pear trees. 

The earlier you thin flowers and fruits, the better. Bud thinning is better than bud thinning, bud thinning is better than flower thinning, and flower thinning is better than fruit thinning. The earlier you do it, the more nutrients you save. Bud thinning should be done when the buds are budding, flower thinning should be done during the peak flowering period, and fruit thinning should be completed within one month after flowering. 

The specific operation methods of flower and fruit thinning are as follows: 

1.  Interval flower thinning: After the tree is set to produce, remove the inflorescences one by one, leaving empty branches, replacing flowers with flowers, and bearing fruit next year. Generally, thin out the inflorescences of weak branches, retain the inflorescences of strong branches, and then carry out appropriate fruit thinning. 

2.  Leave fruits according to distance: Generally, leave one fruit every  15-20 cm  on pear trees . For strong trees and strong branches, leave fruits closer,  every 10-15 cm  . For weak trees and weak branches, leave fruits farther away,  every 20-25 cm  . 

3.  Check whether the fruits are left on the side shoots of the fruit moss: if the side shoots of the fruit moss are strong,  two  side shoots will have double fruits, one side shoot or a medium-weak side shoot will have single fruits, and no fruits will be left on the inflorescence without side shoots. 

4.  Keep the fruits according to the inflorescence position: In an inflorescence, select  1-2  fruits at the bottom, whose fruit stalks are long and thick, can grow into large fruits, and have a standard fruit shape. Thin out the flowers and fruits at the top of the inflorescence. 

5.  Coordinate the layout of the whole tree: leave more branches in the inner and lower layers of the crown, and less branches in the outer and upper layers; leave more auxiliary branches and less main branches; leave more branches in the middle of the main branches and less branches in the lower parts; leave more branches on the back of the tree during the peak fruit-bearing period and less branches on the back; leave less branches when there are many flowers and the tree is weak. The overall principles of flower and fruit thinning are: ensure yield, improve quality, select the best and remove the inferior, and adjust distribution. 

(V) Key points for pear orchard management in spring 

1.  Shaping and pruning: Continue to pull and shape the pear tree to regulate its growth and facilitate ventilation and light transmission.  

2.  Apply fertilizer before pear trees bloom: Apply fertilizer before pear trees bloom in time to quickly improve the tree's nutritional level, promote tree vigor, improve the resistance of flower buds, and make the new shoots and flower buds strong. The pollen is more active, the pollination and fertilization are good, and the fruit setting rate is high. The specific steps are as follows :  

Before the pear tree buds sprout, generally  5-10  days before and after the beginning of spring, apply pre-flowering fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer. For fruiting trees over  5  years old, apply  15-20kg  of decomposed human and livestock manure,  1kg of  decomposed peanut seedlings,  and  1.2-2kg  of  potassium dihydrogen phosphate to each tree. Dig  6-8  radial trenches with a depth  of 15-20cm  , a width of  30-40cm  , and a length of  80-100cm  under the tree canopy . After fully stirring the fertilizer, mix it with the excavated soil and fill it back into the trench. After fertilization, in case of drought, each tree must be sprinkled with  60-80kg  of clean water to promote the dissolution and transformation of fertilizers, so that the roots can absorb and use them and improve the absorption and utilization rate of fertilizers. In addition, during the bud stage, the leaves should be sprayed  2-3  times with a mixture of  0.1%  magnesium sulfate,  0.1  % borax,  0.3%  urea, and  0.5  % potassium dihydrogen phosphate. 

3.  Reasonable intercropping: It is strictly forbidden to plant tall crops in pear orchards. Only green manure and short-stem crops (such as soybeans, mung beans, peanuts, etc.) can be planted .  

4.  Preserve flowers and fruits: The fundamental measure to promote flowers and fruits is to strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer, water and pest control. In addition, you can spray 0.2% - 0.4% borax solution or 800 times vinegar semen during the flowering period ,  release  bees  ,  hang  flower  branches, artificial pollination, dance in the sky and shake the trees after the rain, and ring the prosperous trees and branches after the flowers fade  .   

5.  Disease and pest control: Before and after flowering, use  800  times of Dasheng,  600  times of Xiansheng ,  300  times of  25%  carbendazim , and  1500  times of triamcinol to control pear rust, pear black heart disease, pear brown spot , and blossom rot. Repeat  2-3  times, once every  10-15  days. Use  800  times of  30  % trichlorfon and  3000  times of  2.5  % dichlorvos to control pear borer, pear star caterpillar, and pear stem bee; use  40  % dimethoate to control pear aphids.  

(VI) Several measures for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of Fengshui pear 

Fengshui pear is a fine variety in Japan, belonging to the sand pear system. It matures in late  August  , with a single fruit weight of  236g  , containing  14  %-16  %  soluble solids , yellow-brown fruit surface, thin skin, white flesh, rich juice and sweet taste, and good quality. Fengshui pears in Feixian County are large and of good quality. The fruit is exported to several countries and regions in Southeast Asia, and the market is in short supply. Since 1999,  the  cultivation and management measures for  4-5  year old Fengshui pears have been improved, making the average fruit weight  324g  , the maximum fruit weight  776g  , the fruit setting rate increased, and the sugar content increased; the fruit surface is orange-yellow, smooth and clean, the fruit point is small and light in color, and the economic benefits have been significantly improved. 

1. Autumn pruning 

After harvesting, remove overgrown, crowded branches, diseased and dead branches. Remove low-hanging branches below  1m  from the main trunk within  1-2  years. Remove large competing branches outside the main branches and auxiliary branches. Control the crown height to about  3m  . Pull the angle of the main branches and auxiliary branches to  65° . Change the task of winter pruning to autumn, mainly thinning, to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, increase the photosynthetic capacity of the inner leaves, increase storage nutrients, and enrich flower buds. 

2. Foliar spraying and adding fungicides to protect leaves 

After autumn pruning, spray  0.3%  -  0.5%  urea solution or  0.3% - 0.5%  potassium ammonium phosphate solution on the leaves, and add  600  times  50%  carbendazim solution or  600-800  times  80%  Dasheng  M-45  solution to preserve the leaves and prolong leaf function. 

3. Apply special fertilizer for pear trees in autumn 

Apply basal fertilizer within  20  days after fruit picking . Dig furrows about  1m  wide  and 40-50cm   deep  between rows . Apply  150-200kg   of  special compound fertilizer for pear trees and 5000-8000kg of soil fertilizer  per   mu  . For leaves with severe yellow leaf disease, apply  15-20kg  of ferrous sulfate per  666.7m2  . Mix the fertilizer and the soil evenly after application, cover with soil and irrigate with enough water. 

4. Irrigate in early spring to delay flowering and prevent frost damage 

Every year, cold fronts and frosts often occur during the flowering period of Fengshui pears, which damages the flower organs and affects the fruit setting rate. If water is poured once at the beginning of the budding period, flowering can be delayed by  3-6  days, frost can be avoided, and the fruit setting rate can be increased. 

5. Fruit bagging 

 It is best to use double-layer wax paper bags, with specifications of no less than 20cm  in length and  17cm  in width. The bagging should be completed within  20-40  days after the flowers fall . Leave a side fruit with a regular shape, slender fruit stalk, and slightly thick ends every  20-25cm  on the fruiting branch. Spray fungicides and insecticides within  10-24  hours before bagging. After bagging, the good fruit rate can reach more than  98%  , the fruit surface is orange-yellow, and the skin is tender and smooth. 

6. Spraying of fungus rust 

Bacterial Rust Enzyme is a highly effective bactericidal protective agent. Spraying before bagging can effectively prevent diseases, prevent water rust, and make the fruit spots smaller and lighter in color. In bagless cultivation,  1000  times Bacterial Rust Enzyme liquid should be sprayed  3-4  times from the fruit expansion period to before maturity to sterilize and prevent rust, so that the fruit surface smoothness and fruit spot size are not inferior to bagged fruit. 

7. Spray compound potassium ammonium dihydrogen during the fruit expansion period 

 Starting from the young fruit stage, 0.3%-0.5%  compound potassium ammonium dihydrogen can be added each time fungicides and insecticides (except alkaline pesticides and hormones) are sprayed . Spray  4-6  times throughout the year. The leaves can be observed to turn green  35  hours after spraying. After  3-5  days, the leaves are obviously dark green and thick. Spraying during the fruit expansion period will make the fruit expand faster and have a good color. Spraying before maturity can make bagged fruits mature  3-5  days earlier, and unbagged fruits mature  7-10  days earlier. 

By implementing the above-mentioned improvement measures, the fruit yield, quality and first-grade fruit rate are significantly higher than those in conventionally managed gardens. The yield of  5-6  year old Fengshui pears is  1,760 kg  per mu , with significant economic benefits. 

(VII) Winter peeled pears 

In winter, eggs, pupae or larvae, adults and spores of various pests that harm pear trees mostly hibernate in the cracks of the rough bark of the pear tree. Therefore, applying " scraping " to the pear tree can kill a large number of overwintering pathogens and pests. Pay attention to the following four points when scraping the bark of the pear tree in winter: 

First, the object of scraping 

For pear trees that are over 10  years old, the bark of their main branches and trunks will have cracks to varying degrees, so they should all be scraped. 

Second, the scraping strength 

Young trees should be scraped lightly, while older trees can be scraped heavily. The bark should be scraped deeply and thoroughly. However, the action should be gentle to avoid scratching the tender bark. 

Third, the time for scraping 

When the pear tree enters the wintering period, it can last until the pear tree sprouts in early spring. 

Fourth, care after scraping 

After scraping, the dandruff should be collected and burned in time. The main branches should be whitewashed with a whitewash made of  10  kg of quicklime ,  2  kg of salt,  1  kg of sulfur powder ,  0.1  kg of animal or vegetable oil , and  20  kg of water , and sprayed with double-volume Bordeaux liquid once to better achieve the effect of winter scraping  .