1. Production and sales trends

Roses are large and beautiful, and are loved by the people. Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, praised the four-season blooming of roses with the verse "It is said that the flowers bloom for ten days, and this flower is always in the spring breeze" . Roses are also the most popular flowers that beautify people's lives and add family fun. They are one of the five major flowers in the world, and their sales volume in the flower market has always been in a leading position.

Chinese roses are strong and disease-resistant, cold-resistant and drought-resistant. As long as the soil is loose, fertile and there is plenty of sunlight, they can be cultivated. They grow vigorously when the temperature is 20-25℃, and are very suitable for planting in the Yangtze River Delta. The varieties with bright colors, large flowers and fragrance are the best. It is not only an ornamental product, but also has high economic value. The dried flowers can be used as medicine. It is sweet and warm in nature, and has the effects of promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, reducing swelling and detoxifying. A "black red" rose variety can be used to extract "black red" extract, which can replace high-grade spices. Some varieties of roses can also be used to extract rose oil, which is sold well in the international market. Eye Department Group Meeting

At present, the domestic market is in great need of precious new varieties. High-end and precious rose are far from meeting the demand, while ordinary varieties are required to be cheap and good quality. In China, due to the wide variety of flower varieties, consumers have a wide range of choices and the demand for roses tends to be more high-end. Therefore, the sales of ordinary varieties have decreased, while the social demand for high-end rose varieties is very large. Other provinces and cities have to go to Shanghai every year to pay high prices to introduce varieties.

Excellent varieties of roses, whether potted or made into cut flowers, can be sold well in the market. The demand for goods is concentrated around Arbor Day, and they are often out of stock. If you can cultivate a cold-resistant and disease-resistant cut flower variety and make it available in winter and early spring, the price will be high and the profit will be more lucrative. Some professional units need matching supplies, and they need 200 to 300 varieties at a time, which is even more in short supply. The price of potted roses depends on the time of listing and the quality of the variety, generally between 1 to 6 yuan, and cut flowers are 0.1 to 0.2 yuan per branch.

Since the cost of growing roses is low and the profits are high, if the vast rural areas can continue to cultivate new high-quality varieties or introduce good varieties from abroad for breeding in the next few years, it will still be a wealth-creating project for the collective and members. It will also be of great benefit to the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and the development of the rose planting industry.

2. Typical Economic Benefits

Xu Guoqi, a member of Guilin Team 1 of Meilong Commune, Shanghai County, became rich by planting roses and became a "7-yuan household". The roses he planted had low investment and high economic benefits. As a family sideline, in addition to a simple hotbed for cultivating seedlings (or cuttings), he also needed a private plot of land. The total investment was less than 100 or 200 yuan, and he started a family "small garden" for planting roses, which achieved high economic benefits. In this small garden, Xu Guoqi earned nearly 10,000 yuan from selling roses in 1980, and sold more than 1,000 roses of various varieties in 1982, with an actual income of 8,200 yuan. Together with the collective distribution income, the total income reached 10,400 yuan, making him one of the first batch of people in the city to get rich.

There are three tips for getting rich by growing roses:

(1) Pay attention to market information and rely on information to grow flowers. 

Xu Guoqi pays close attention to the trends of the flower market and the changes in consumer choices when growing roses. He manages rose production based on social needs and his own technical expertise. He often goes to the market to check the market conditions, understands the changing rules of the flower market and the psychology of rose lovers seeking novelty, and strives to cultivate, develop and introduce new varieties according to the principle that "scarcity makes things valuable". He keeps the varieties updated. The roses sold by Xu Guoqi always maintain the advantages of rarity and novelty, which makes them easy to sell and sell at a good price. This is the key to Xu Guoqi's wealth from growing roses.

(2) Have excellent grafting technology.

Xu Guoqi has a wealth of cultivation experience and excellent grafting technology. In the actual operation, he improved the shortcomings of the "T" bud grafting method and the sticking grafting method, which caused more cortical damage, and created the "I" shaped single bud grafting method, which increased the grafting speed and survival rate. With this method of grafting, the single bud grafted in spring can be grafted again with new branches in autumn. A single bud can quickly expand and become a commodity in a short period of time, obtaining higher returns, which is an important means to ensure economic benefits.

(3) Supply and marketing channels are unobstructed.

The rose varieties planted by Xu Guoqi are relatively valuable. In addition to pollinating, hybridizing and carefully cultivating them himself, he also exchanges them with rose celebrities and flower lovers or introduces them from abroad through friends, so the varieties come from a wide range of sources.

Because he planted many new varieties of roses with good flower quality (such as thick petals, bright colors, large flower shapes, etc.), he was quite famous in other provinces and cities. Therefore, not only was the price high (some good varieties could be sold for 10 to 20 yuan per tree), but many gardens, nurseries and other units and individuals came to introduce the roses, and the demand for goods was also relatively large. In addition to supplying part of the roses to the city and social groups, most of the roses were sold to other provinces and cities. In 1982, nearly eight units in three provinces and one city had sales relations with other places, and the supply and marketing channels were very smooth.

3. Cultivation Technology

To operate the rose planting industry, you must master the following key technologies:

(I) Reproduction technology:

Mastering the rose propagation technology is the key to shortening the production cycle and launching the product on the market as soon as possible. Rose propagation is divided into two categories: sexual propagation (sowing with seeds, suitable for cultivating new hybrid varieties) and asexual propagation. There are three types of asexual propagation: cuttings, bud grafting, and high-altitude layering. In addition, there are division and test tube seedling cultivation. Asexual propagation can maintain the characteristics of the original variety and is also a common method. Propagation technology is constantly improving. Here are some new grafting and cutting methods: tube, "T" bud grafting method.

The "TI" grafting method is developed based on the original "D" shape and "bud sticking method". First, choose a one- or two-year-old "wild rose" or "Ten Sisters" that is vigorous and disease-free as the rootstock, then make a horizontal cut on the rootstock like the "D" bud grafting method, and make two vertical cuts downward at the lower end of the cut to form a "工" shape. Then use a knife to gently peel off the middle cortex of the "I" (called opening the door), cut off a small section of the top, and then embed the grafted bud, cover the cortex, expose the grafted bud, and then use plastic film to tie the rootstock and the grafted bud tightly. Its advantage is that the "D" bud grafting method requires peeling off the cortex on both sides, the damage surface is large, and the grafted bud is not flat after embedding. If the technique is not properly mastered, it is easy to die. This method is easy to operate, and the grafted bud is flat and consistent with the surrounding cortex after embedding, the cortical damage surface is small, the wound heals faster, and the survival rate is high. The time for bud grafting should be early summer or early autumn, when the wound heals faster. The rose grafted in early summer will form a new rose in autumn and bloom. The best time for bud grafting is in the early morning, and the best time for open-field bud grafting is 3 to 4 pm. The bud used as the scion must be kept moist. It can usually be held in the mouth or covered with a wet cloth. It should not be kept for a long time. It is best to cut it immediately after grafting.

2. Cutting method:

The soil used is a mixture of rice husk ash (also known as rice husk ash or coarse husk ash) and fire slag (coal slag). This soil is used to propagate precious rose varieties, with a high survival rate and low cost. 

The time can be summer or autumn, but it is better in the rainy season. This method has been promoted in Hubei, Hunan and other places, and the economic effect is also good.

The proportion of mixed soil is: 2 parts of chaff ash and 1 part of fire slag. Use the softwood cutting method to treat the cuttings. The cuttings are 4-10 cm long, leaving 3-4 leaflets on the upper part. Before cutting, soak the cuttings with 1000ppm of indolebutyric acid stimulant. Generally, spray continuously and intermittently when the sun is strong 3-4 days after cutting, and stop spraying on cloudy days and at night. Using this method to cut the relatively good "Queen" variety of roses, if cut in June, it will take about 16 days to take root; the excellent variety "King of Tropics" roses will take root 19 days after cutting, and the average variety will take root 10-14 days. Transplanting can be done 20-25 days after rooting. Anyone with seedlings can easily obtain a large number of propagation seedlings by using this method.

(II) Cut flower (fresh flower) production technology:

In winter and spring (early spring), due to low temperatures, roses are dormant and are out of stock. In the past, the old method of growing flowers in greenhouses could supply flowers, but the investment was large, the cost was high, and the economic benefits were not significant. In recent years, various places have used new technologies to control the flowering period, explored and mastered some new experiences in producing roses, and promoted the production of roses in winter. The approach is:

1. It is necessary to choose multi-flower cut flower varieties with strong cold resistance for cultivation:

The varieties used for winter production in various places are roughly as follows: (1) "Apricot Brandy" is relatively cold-resistant and was an ideal variety for winter flower production in Shanghai in the early years. (2) "Gorgeous Star", vermilion, strong fragrance, hard stems. (3) "Marina", orange-red in color. Cold-resistant and frequent flowering, introduced from Japan. (4) "Feather Clothes", light pink, hard stems, introduced from Japan. (5) "Carinella", dark pink, tall and full-hearted, introduced from Japan. (6) "Unspeakable Blue", blue-purple with many flowers, frequent flowering, cold-resistant, introduced from Japan. (7) "Kaimei" (Japanese name Zhumei), medium-deep red with clever corners. (8) In addition, varieties such as "Paradise", "Aina", "Huang Yichun", and "French Girl" can also bloom and supply the market during the Spring Festival if they are heated in winter.

32. Instead of using a greenhouse, a simple 2-meter-high plastic arch shed is used to cover the rose bed to keep warm in winter and promote cultivation. In Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, this method of cultivation is generally used to pick flowers in batches from November to April of the following spring.

3. Insulation and dehumidification in the shed in winter: Heating is mostly carried out at night when the shed temperature is lower than 16°C. It relies on the natural heat energy of the sun for 100 days, so heating is generally not necessary. Coal-brick stoves can be used for heating facilities, but it is not easy to control the temperature. It is best to use infrared heaters and use electricity for heating. Due to different conditions in different places, you can do experiments first, gain some experience, and then put it into production. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 35°C, the ventilation window must be opened immediately to discharge the hot air. If the humidity in the shed is too high, the rose will not only grow poorly, but also easily fall leaves and suffer from black spot disease and powdery mildew, which will reduce the yield of roses. Therefore, in winter, it is more important to control humidity than temperature when cultivating roses. The way to control humidity is generally to use a blower to blow dry air into the shed when the temperature is high during the day, so that the humid air is discharged from the exhaust window, or to discharge the humid air so that the dry air outside the shed can enter naturally.

(III) Daily management of roses:

Roses can be planted in the ground or in pots, and the management requirements are slightly different.

Ground-planted roses should be planted in high and dry terrain with plenty of sunlight, good air circulation, good drainage, water-retaining and fertilizer-rich soil with organic matter. Potted roses require good management of light, fertilization and watering.

1. Light: Rose is a positive flower and requires sufficient light. However, high temperatures in summer exceeding 35°C will inhibit growth. For precious varieties, proper shade should be provided in summer. Whether ground-planted or potted, roses should be properly pruned in early spring and autumn every year, and new, old, weak branches and small diseased branches that are crowded in the center and difficult to get sunlight should be cut off to ensure light.

2. Fertilization Roses need fertilizer, especially in the rainy summer when soil nutrients are easily lost. Pay more attention to fertilization. Fertilizers are best made of fermented vegetable cakes and bean cakes, mainly liquid fertilizers; concentrated fertilizers can be applied after pruning in autumn and winter; nitrogen fertilizers can be applied once in early spring before flowering; liquid fertilizers can be applied several times after the first batch of flowers until winter. Fertilization is more effective when the soil is dry. For ground-planted roses, dig a 6-10 cm deep trench around the planted branches, sprinkle a small cup of mixed fertilizer (ammonia 18, phosphorus 6, potassium 12), and then cover with soil. At the same time, add some green manure, fish fertilizer, etc., and then water.

3. Watering: It is very important to control the amount of water, which is different for potted plants and ground plants.

Potted plants have less soil and are difficult to control, while ground plants have more soil and a well-developed root system. Therefore, potted plants should not be watered uniformly. The amount of water should be determined according to the dryness and wetness of each pot. When buds bloom in early spring, the soil can be moistened. It can be slightly wet before and after flowering to prolong the flowering period. When the climate is dry, the leaves should be sprayed with water, and attention should be paid to loosening the soil to prevent soil compaction. In the rainy season, it is better to be dry than wet. After heavy rain, water accumulation should be strictly prevented.

4. Disease prevention and pest control: Roses are prone to disease in hot, humid, poorly ventilated and insufficiently illuminated conditions, so spray "Bordeaux mixture" 3-5 degrees or multi-bacteria mixture for prevention half a month before flowering in early spring. After summer, aphids, spiders, caterpillars, etc. can be harmed. Generally, you can spray with 1,000 to 1,500 times dimethoate or oxydemeton-methyl solution with water, or spray with cigarette butts soaked in water. If you master these key points, you can ensure that roses thrive.